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Ammonium and hexyltrimethylammonium thiomolybdates (ATM and ATM-C6) and thiotungstates (ATT and ATT-C6) were synthesized. Their toxicity was evaluated using both in vitro and in vivo approaches via the zebrafish embryo acute toxicity assay (ZFET), while the copper-thiometallate interaction was studied using cyclic voltammetry, as well as in an in vivo assay. Cyclic voltammetry suggests that all thiometallates form complexes with copper in a 2:1 Cu:thiometallate ratio. Both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated low toxicity in BALB/3T3 cells and in zebrafish embryos, with high IC50 and LC50 values. Furthermore, the hexyltrimethylammonium ion played a crucial role in enhancing viability and reducing toxicity during prolonged treatments for ATM and ATT. In particular, the ZEFT assay uncovered the accumulation of ATM in zebrafish yolk, averted by the incorporation of the hexyltrimethylammonium ion. Notably, the copper-thiometallate interaction assay highlighted the improved viability of embryos when cultured in CuCl2 and ATM-C6, even at high CuCl2 concentrations. The hatching assay further confirmed that copper-ATM-C6 interaction mitigates inhibitory effects induced by thiomolybdates and CuCl2 when administered individually. These results suggest that the incorporation of the hexyltrimethylammonium ion in ATM increase its ability to interact with copper and its potential application as a copper chelator.

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Realising the benefits of systematic secondary fracture prevention requires supporting local sites to get started and becoming effective. We here describe the development, implementation and impact of a regional fracture liaison service (FLS) mentorship programme in Latin America that led to 64 FLS getting started and coverage of 17,205 patients. INTRODUCTION: Despite treatments and service models to deliver effective secondary fracture prevention, most patients are left untreated after a fragility fracture. To improve the capability to get FLS started and more effective, we describe the development, implementation and evaluation of an international programme to develop national communities of FLS mentors as part of the Capture the Fracture Partnership in Latin America. METHODS: The IOF regional team and the University of Oxford developed the curriculum and associated resources for training mentors in setting up FLS, service improvement and mentorship. Mentors were selected during a preparatory meeting, trained using live online sessions followed by regular mentor-led post-training meetings. The programme was evaluated using a pre-training needs assessment and post-training evaluation based on Moore's outcomes. RESULTS: The mentorship programme was initiated in Mexico, Brazil, Colombia and Argentina. The mentors were multidisciplinary, including orthopaedic surgery, rehabilitation, rheumatology, endocrinology, geriatrics, gynaecology and internal medicine. There was 100% participation in training sessions and reported satisfaction with the training. Since the initiation of the training programme, 22 FLS have been set up in Mexico, 30 in Brazil, 3 in Colombia and 9 in Argentina, in comparison with two in Chile and none in any other LATAM countries that were not involved in the mentorship programme. This equates to approximately 17,025 additional patients identified from 2019 to 2021 after initiation of mentorship. The mentors have engaged with 58 FLS for service development. Post-training activities include two published national best practice guidelines and other country-specific resources for FLS in the local language. CONCLUSION: Despite the COVID pandemic, the mentorship pillar of the Capture the Fracture Partnership has developed a community of FLS mentors with measurable improvement in national FLS provision. The programme is a potentially scalable platform to develop communities of mentors in other countries.

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Apoptosis is the best-known programmed cell death that maintains tissue homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. The morphological characteristics include nuclear and cytoplasmic contraction and cytoplasmic blebbing, its biochemical hallmarks include caspase protease activity and DNA fragmentation. In rat ovaries, cell death is a normal process that occurs throughout the organism's life. Granulosa cells, the more abundant cell type forming the ovarian follicles, are eliminated via different routes of cell death. Most granulosa cells are eliminated through apoptotic cell death. In this work, we analyzed the behavior of nuclear components throughout the apoptotic process and determined how they are regionalized and conserved during follicular atresia in rat ovaries. Apoptosis was detected based on caspase-3 activity and DNA fragmentation using the TUNEL technique. We identified the transcription markers H3ac and RNA Pol II, and splicing factor SC35 by immunodetection. The nucleolar components were analyzed via light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy through immunodetection of the proteins nucleolin and nucleophosmin-1. The nuclear ultrastructure was analyzed using standard contrast and preferential ribonucleoprotein contrast. Our results demonstrate that during the progression of apoptosis, chromatin is remodeled to constitute apoptotic bodies; transcription and spliceosome elements are reorganized along with the nucleolar components. Additionally, the splicing and transcription factors are segregated into specific territories inside the apoptotic bodies, suggesting that transcriptional elements are reorganized during the apoptotic process. Our results indicate that apoptotic bodies not only are compacted, and chromatin degraded but all the nuclear components are progressively reorganized during cell elimination; moreover, the transcriptional components are preserved.

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INTRODUCTION: Pompe disease (PD) is a rare metabolic myopathy with an ample and heterogeneous clinical spectrum, particularly late onset PD (LOPD), which is characterized by appearance at older age and slower disease progression, leading to diagnostic confirmation difficulty and delay. AIM: To describe the genotype and clinical characteristics of Mexican patients with LOPD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical information from 19 Mexican patients with LOPD confirmed with enzyme activity and GAA gene analysis was reviewed. Genetic information of our population was crossed with international genetic databases. RESULTS: Median age between onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 19 years (range 2-43) and diagnostic confirmation 36 years (range 9-52). Most frequently referred symptoms were proximal axial weakness (n = 17; 89.5%), waddling gait (n = 17; 89.5%) and hyperlordosis (n = 7; 36.8%). Sixteen patients (84.2%) were evaluated with electromyography; a myopathic pattern was reported in 11 (57.8%), but only in 5 patients (26%) paraspinal muscle evaluation was included. The most pathogenic mutations in our group were c.-32-13T>G, c.1799G>A and c.1082C>T. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to other international publications, LOPD in Mexico is clinically heterogeneous; patients may delay years before diagnosis is established. Axial and proximal weakness is the most frequent clinical feature; thus, electromyography with paraspinal muscle evaluation is essential. Except for one, the mutations found in our patients have been previously reported in PD genetic databases.

TITLE: Enfermedad de Pompe de inicio tardío: análisis de una casuística de 19 pacientes mexicanos.Introducción. La enfermedad de Pompe es una miopatía metabólica rara con espectro clínico heterogéneo, especialmente la de inicio tardío, cuya sintomatología es de progresión más lenta y representa un gran reto diagnóstico. Objetivo. Describir el genotipo y las características clínicas de pacientes mexicanos con Pompe de inicio tardío (LOPD). Material y métodos. Se incluyó a 19 pacientes mexicanos con LOPD confirmada mediante actividad enzimática y estudio molecular del gen GAA. Se evaluaron datos clínicos y se revisaron las mutaciones en bases de datos genómicas. Resultados. La mediana de edad de inicio de los síntomas fue de 19 años (rango: 2-43 años), y la edad de diagnóstico, de 36 años (rango: 9-52 años). Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron debilidad axial y proximal (n = 17; 89,5%), marcha basculante (n = 17; 89,5%) e hiperlordosis (n = 7; 36,8%). A 16 pacientes (84,2%) se les realizó electromiografía; 11 (57,8%) describieron patrón miopático y sólo en cinco pacientes (26%) se incluyó la valoración de los músculos paraespinales. Las variantes patogénicas más frecuentes en nuestra casuística fueron c.-32-13T>G, c.1799G>A y c.1082C>T. Conclusiones. Parecido a lo comunicado en publicaciones internacionales, la LOPD en México es clínicamente heterogénea; los pacientes pueden tardar años en llegar al diagnóstico. La debilidad muscular axial y proximal es el dato clínico más frecuente, por lo que la electromiografía debe incluir valoración de los músculos paraespinales. A excepción de una, las mutaciones encontradas en nuestra serie de casos se encuentran previamente descritas en las bases de datos de enfermedad de Pompe.

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An annotated checklist of the helminth parasites associated with reptiles from Peru is provided, as the result of a compilation of parasitological papers published between 1963 and January 2022 and records of species deposited in national and international collections. The list provides data on hosts, developmental stage, sites of infection, geographical distribution in Peruvian territory, code of material deposited in helminthological collections, references and taxonomic notes. The database includes records of 106 different species of helminth parasites (82 nominal species and 24 taxa identified at the generic level), the majority in the adult stage. These helminth parasites come from 18 of the 25 official Peruvian regions. Nematodes have the highest richness in number of species (79 species), followed by trematodes (17 species) and cestodes (nine species). The acanthocephalans are represented by only one species. The parasites with the highest number of records were Physaloptera retusa Rudolphi, 1819 (11 hosts), Physalopteroides venancioi (Lent, Freitas & Proença, 1946) (nine hosts), Strongyluris oscari Travassos, 1923 (seven hosts), and Parapharyngodon scleratus Travassos, 1923 (five hosts), all of which are nematodes. The 106 taxa of helminth parasites have been reported infecting 55 species of reptiles in Peru, distributed in 34 genera and 14 families. The reptile species harbouring the highest number of helminth parasites are the yellow-footed tortoise Chelonoidis denticulatus (Linnaeus) with 18 species (three trematodes and 15 nematodes), followed by the Peru desert tegu Dicrodon guttulatum Duméril & Bibron (Teiidae) with 11 species (three cestodes and eight nematodes) and the yellow-spotted Amazon River turtle Podocnemis unifilis Troschel (Podocnemididae) with 10 species (five trematodes and five nematodes). Of the 524 species of reptiles reported in Peru, only 55 (>10%) are reported as hosts of helminths representing a small proportion considering the great variety of reptile hosts that inhabit the various tropical and subtropical geographical areas of Peru.

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INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is known to be capable of causing chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa that slowly progresses through the premalignant stages, reaching localized gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). Its outcome is closely related to the stage at which diagnosis is made. The aim of the present study was to determine cost-benefit by comparing esophagogastroduodenoscopy, serum pepsinogen detection, and no screening at all. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Utilizing Markov chains and Monte Carlo simulation, the costs and effects of various detection modalities were simulated to analyze the cost-benefit of each strategy. For our population, we used the published data of patients with gastric cancer, applicable to the Mexican population. RESULTS: The results were reported as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. The best strategy was serum pepsinogen determination, followed by the strategy of endoscopic examination with continued monitoring every 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of serum pepsinogen serology and directed endoscopic examination (and continued monitoring, if necessary) for GAC screening could be a cost-effective intervention in Mexico, despite the low-to-moderate general prevalence of the disease.

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The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate linear, quadratic, and allometric models to predict live weight (LW) using the body volume formula (BV) in crossbred heifers raised in southeastern Mexico. The LW (426.25±117.49kg) and BV (338.05±95.38 dm³) were measured in 360 heifers aged between 3 and 30 months. Linear and non-linear regression were used to construct prediction models. The goodness-of-fit of the models was evaluated using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), coefficient of determination (R²), mean squared error (MSE), and root MSE (RMSE). In addition, the developed models were evaluated through cross-validation (k-folds). The ability of the fitted models to predict the observed values was evaluated based on the RMSEP, R² and mean absolute error (MAE). The quadratic model had the lowest values of AIC (2688.39) and BIC (2700.05). On the other hand, the linear model showed the lowest values of MSE (7954.74) and RMSE (89.19), and the highest values of AIC (2709.70) and BIC (2717.51). Despite this, all models presented the same R² value (0.87). The cross-validation (k-folds) evaluation of fit showed that the quadratic model had better values of MSEP (41.49), R2 (0.85), and MAE (31.95). We recommend the quadratic model to predictive of the crossbred beef heifers' live weight using the body volume as the predictor.

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar os modelos linear, quadrático e alométrico para predizer o peso vivo (PV), usando-se a fórmula do volume corporal (VC) em novilhas mestiças criadas no sudeste do México. O PV (426,25+117,49kg) e o VC (338,05±95,38dm³) foram medidos em 360 novilhas, com idade entre três e 30 meses. Regressões lineares e não lineares foram utilizadas para construir os modelos de predição. A adequação dos modelos foi avaliada utilizando-se o critério de informação de Akaike (AIC), o critério de informação bayesiano (BIC), o coeficiente de determinação (R), o quadrado médio do erro (QME) e a raiz do QME (ROME). Além disso, os modelos desenvolvidos foram avaliados por meio de validação cruzada (k-folds). A capacidade dos modelos ajustados em prever os valores observados foi avaliada com base no ROME, no R² e no erro médio absoluto (EMA). O modelo quadrático apresentou os menores valores de AIC (2688,39) e de BIC (2700,05). Por outro lado, o modelo linear apresentou os menores valores de QME (7954,74) e de ROME (89,19); esse modelo apresentou os maiores valores de AIC (2709,70) e de BIC (2717,51). Apesar disso, todos os modelos apresentaram o mesmo valor para o R (0,87). A avaliação de ajuste por validação cruzada (k-folds) mostrou que o modelo quadrático teve melhores valores de ROME (41,49), R² (0,85) e EMA (31,95). Recomenda-se o modelo quadrático para predição do peso vivo de novilhas de corte mestiças utilizando-se o volume corporal como preditor.

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INTRODUCTION: Knee dislocation is a rare injury but considered serious clinically since it can be accompanied by vascular and neurological injuries that if they do not have a timely diagnosis and treatment can lead to the loss of the limb. Regarding vascular injury, the optimal diagnostic method for the identification of this type of lesion is of the utmost importance. OBJECTIVE: To present the literature review on the epidemiology, classification and diagnostic approach of knee dislocation with or without associated vascular injury. METHODS: Report of the literature found in databases and analyses based on clinical experience and synthesis of these documents. CONCLUSION: Vascular injury is not an uncommon finding in the context of knee dislocation, with a high risk of complications and even amputation if an early diagnosis is not made, the authors recommend angio-CT to confirm the suspected diagnosis and not delay treatment.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La luxación de rodilla es una lesión poco común, pero considerada grave clínicamente, ya que puede acompañarse de lesiones vasculares y neurológicas que si no tienen un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno pueden llegar a la pérdida de la extremidad. Respecto a la lesión vascular es de suma importancia el método diagnóstico óptimo para la identificación de este tipo de lesiones. OBJETIVO: Presentar la revisión bibliográfica sobre la epidemiología, clasificación y aproximación diagnóstica de la luxación de rodilla con o sin lesión vascular asociada. MÉTODOS: Reporte de la literatura encontrada en bases de datos y análisis basados en experiencia clínica y síntesis de estos documentos. CONCLUSIÓN: La lesión vascular no es un hallazgo infrecuente en el contexto de una luxación de rodilla, tiene un riesgo elevado de complicaciones e incluso de amputación si no se realiza un diagnóstico temprano, los autores recomiendan la angio-TAC para confirmar la sospecha diagnóstica y no retrasar el tratamiento.

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INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is known to be capable of causing chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa that slowly progresses through the premalignant stages, reaching localized gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). Its outcome is closely related to the stage at which diagnosis is made. The aim of the present study was to determine cost-benefit by comparing esophagogastroduodenoscopy, serum pepsinogen detection, and no screening at all. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Utilizing Markov chains and Monte Carlo simulation, the costs and effects of various detection modalities were simulated to analyze the cost-benefit of each strategy. For our population, we used the published data of patients with gastric cancer, applicable to the Mexican population. RESULTS: The results were reported as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. The best strategy was serum pepsinogen determination, followed by the strategy of endoscopic examination with continued monitoring every 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of serum pepsinogen serology and directed endoscopic examination (and continued monitoring, if necessary) for GAC screening could be a cost-effective intervention in Mexico, despite the low-to-moderate general prevalence of the disease.