RESUMO

Plant-based analogs have been developed to mimic foods from animal sources by using ingredients from vegetable sources. Among the strategies to produce plant-based structures is the gelation of mixtures between plant proteins and polysaccharides. In this study, our aim was to investigate gels of pea proteins and gellan gum with high protein concentration and the addition of salt (potassium and sodium chloride). In the first step, a qualitative mapping was performed to select pea protein and gellan gum concentrations to produce self-sustainable gels. After that, the effect of salt addition was investigated for the formulations containing 10-15 % (wt) pea protein and 0.5-1 % (wt) gellan gum. The results showed that the gels containing potassium ions were more rigid and less deformable, with lesser water loss by syneresis. The morphological analysis showed a spatial exclusion of pea protein from the gel network mainly structured by the gellan gum. While potassium ions led to a more compact network, calcium ions promoted higher pores in the structure. Depending on the composition, the mechanical properties of gels were similar to some products from animal sources. So, the information obtained from these gels can be applied to the structuring of formulations in the development of plant-based analogs.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Xylella fastidiosa is a plant-pathogenic bacterium that lives inside host xylem vessels, where it forms biofilm which is believed to be responsible for disrupting the passage of water and nutrients. Pectobacterium carotovorum is a Gram-negative plant-specific bacterium that causes not only soft rot in various plant hosts, but also blackleg in potato by plant cell wall degradation. Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, has been commonly treated with nifurtimox and benzonidazole, two drugs that cause several side effects. As a result, the use of natural products for treating bacterial and neglected diseases has increased in recent years and plants have become a promising alternative to developing new medicines. Therefore, this study aimed to determine, for the first time, the chemical composition of essential oil from Psidium guajava flowers (PG-EO) and to evaluate its in vitro anti-Xylella fastidiosa, anti-Pectobacterium carotovorum, anti-Trypanosoma cruzi and cytotoxic activities. PG-EO was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus while its chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Major compounds identified in PG-EO were alpha-cadinol (37.8%), beta-caryophyllene (12.2%), nerolidol (9.1%), alpha-selinene (8.8%), beta-selinene (7.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.2%). Results showed that the PG-EO had strong trypanocidal activity against the trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi (IC50 = 14.6 ug/mL), promising antibacterial activity against X. fastidiosa (MIC = 12.5 ug/mL) and P. carotovorum (MIC = 62.5 ug/mL), and moderate cytotoxicity against LLCMK2 adherent epithelial cells in the concentration range (CC50 = 250.5 ug/mL). In short, the PG-EO can be considered a new source of bioactive compounds for the development of pesticides and trypanocide drugs.(AU)

Xylella fastidiosa é uma bactéria patogênica que vive dentro dos vasos do xilema hospedeiro, onde forma um biofilme responsável por interromper a passagem de água e nutrientes. Pectobacterium carotovorum é uma bactéria Gram-negativa que causa não só podridão macia em várias plantas hospedeiras, mas também canela-preta na batata por degradação da parede celular da planta. A doença de Chagas, causada pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, é comumente tratada com nifurtimox e benzonidazol, duas drogas que causam vários efeitos colaterais. Como resultado, o uso de produtos naturais para o tratamento de doenças bacterianas e negligenciadas aumentou nos últimos anos e as plantas continuam sendo uma alternativa promissora para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar, pela primeira vez, a composição química do óleo essencial de flores de Psidium guajava (PG-EO) e avaliar suas propriedades anti-Xylella fastidiosa, anti-Pectobacterium carotovorum, anti-Trypanosoma cruzi e citotóxica in vitro. PG-EO foi obtido por hidrodestilação em um aparelho Clevenger, enquanto sua composição química foi determinada por cromatografia em fase gasosa com detecção por ionização por chama (CG-DIC) e por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (CG-EM). Os principais compostos identificados no PG-EO foram alfa-cadinol (37,8%), beta-cariofileno (12,2%), nerolidol (9,1%), alfa-selineno (8,8%), beta-selineno (7,4%) e óxido de cariofileno (7,2%). Os resultados mostraram que o PG-EO apresentou forte atividade tripanocida contra as formas tripomastigotas de T. cruzi (CI50 = 14,6 ug/mL), promissora atividade antibacteriana contra X. fastidiosa (MIC = 12,5 ug/mL) e P. carotovorum (MIC = 62,5 ug/mL) e citotoxicidade moderada contra células epiteliais aderentes (LLCMK2) na faixa de concentração (CC50 = 250,5 ug/mL). Em suma, o PG-EO pode ser considerado uma nova fonte de compostos bioativos para o desenvolvimento de pesticidas e drogas tripanocidas.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract Xylella fastidiosa is a plant-pathogenic bacterium that lives inside host xylem vessels, where it forms biofilm which is believed to be responsible for disrupting the passage of water and nutrients. Pectobacterium carotovorum is a Gram-negative plant-specific bacterium that causes not only soft rot in various plant hosts, but also blackleg in potato by plant cell wall degradation. Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, has been commonly treated with nifurtimox and benzonidazole, two drugs that cause several side effects. As a result, the use of natural products for treating bacterial and neglected diseases has increased in recent years and plants have become a promising alternative to developing new medicines. Therefore, this study aimed to determine, for the first time, the chemical composition of essential oil from Psidium guajava flowers (PG-EO) and to evaluate its in vitro anti-Xylella fastidiosa, anti-Pectobacterium carotovorum, anti-Trypanosoma cruzi and cytotoxic activities. PG-EO was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus while its chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Major compounds identified in PG-EO were α-cadinol (37.8%), β-caryophyllene (12.2%), nerolidol (9.1%), α-selinene (8.8%), β-selinene (7.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.2%). Results showed that the PG-EO had strong trypanocidal activity against the trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi (IC50 = 14.6 μg/mL), promising antibacterial activity against X. fastidiosa (MIC = 12.5 μg/mL) and P. carotovorum (MIC = 62.5 μg/mL), and moderate cytotoxicity against LLCMK2 adherent epithelial cells in the concentration range (CC50 = 250.5 μg/mL). In short, the PG-EO can be considered a new source of bioactive compounds for the development of pesticides and trypanocide drugs.

Resumo Xylella fastidiosa é uma bactéria patogênica que vive dentro dos vasos do xilema hospedeiro, onde forma um biofilme responsável por interromper a passagem de água e nutrientes. Pectobacterium carotovorum é uma bactéria Gram-negativa que causa não só podridão macia em várias plantas hospedeiras, mas também canela-preta na batata por degradação da parede celular da planta. A doença de Chagas, causada pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, é comumente tratada com nifurtimox e benzonidazol, duas drogas que causam vários efeitos colaterais. Como resultado, o uso de produtos naturais para o tratamento de doenças bacterianas e negligenciadas aumentou nos últimos anos e as plantas continuam sendo uma alternativa promissora para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar, pela primeira vez, a composição química do óleo essencial de flores de Psidium guajava (PG-EO) e avaliar suas propriedades anti-Xylella fastidiosa, anti-Pectobacterium carotovorum, anti-Trypanosoma cruzi e citotóxica in vitro. PG-EO foi obtido por hidrodestilação em um aparelho Clevenger, enquanto sua composição química foi determinada por cromatografia em fase gasosa com detecção por ionização por chama (CG-DIC) e por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (CG-EM). Os principais compostos identificados no PG-EO foram α-cadinol (37,8%), β-cariofileno (12,2%), nerolidol (9,1%), α-selineno (8,8%), β-selineno (7,4%) e óxido de cariofileno (7,2%). Os resultados mostraram que o PG-EO apresentou forte atividade tripanocida contra as formas tripomastigotas de T. cruzi (CI50 = 14,6 μg/mL), promissora atividade antibacteriana contra X. fastidiosa (MIC = 12,5 μg/mL) e P. carotovorum (MIC = 62,5 μg/mL) e citotoxicidade moderada contra células epiteliais aderentes (LLCMK2) na faixa de concentração (CC50 = 250,5 μg/mL). Em suma, o PG-EO pode ser considerado uma nova fonte de compostos bioativos para o desenvolvimento de pesticidas e drogas tripanocidas.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Exchange bias properties of MnFe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text]@[Formula: see text]-Fe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] core-shell nanoparticles are investigated. The measured field and temperature dependencies of the magnetization point out a well-ordered ferrimagnetic core surrounded by a layer with spin glass-like arrangement. Quasi-static SQUID magnetization measurements are presented along with high-amplitude pulse ones and are cross-analyzed by comparison against ferromagnetic resonance experiments at 9 GHz. These measurements allow one to discern three types of magnetic anisotropies affecting the dynamics of the magnetic moment of the well-ordered ferrimagnetic NP's core viz. the easy-axis (uniaxial) anisotropy, the unidirectional exchange-bias anisotropy and the rotatable anisotropy. The uniaxial anisotropy originates from the structural core-shell interface. The unidirectional exchange-bias anisotropy is associated with the spin-coupling at the ferrimagnetic/spin glass-like interface; it is observable only at low temperatures after a field-cooling process. The rotatable anisotropy is caused by partially-pinned spins at the core/shell interface; it manifests itself as an intrinsic field always parallel to the external applied magnetic field. The whole set of experimental results is interpreted in the framework of superparamagnetic theory, i.e., essentially taking into account the effect of thermal fluctuations on the magnetic moment of the particle core. In particular, it is found that the rotatable anisotropy of our system is of a uniaxial type.

RESUMO

Microorganisms have been efficiently used for the biological control of phytopathogens through the production of antimicrobial substances. However, the objectives of this work were: to study the germination of Butia purpurascens Glassman and Butia archeri Glassman seeds in different substrates, to select and identify the endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial isolates of B. purpurascens and B. archeri, and to perform antibiosis tests based on the isolated microorganisms of these tree species. No difference was found between the cultivation substrates for the percentages of germination, hard seeds, and fungal contamination in the B. purpurascens seeds. The Bacillus subtilis isolated showed the best capacity for suppressing the growth of the two deteriorative fungi tested in B. purpurascens seeds. No difference was found for inhibition of the growth of Aspergillus niger fungus (deteriorative fungus of B. archeri seeds) between the microorganisms with Bacillus sp. and Brevibacillus brevis compared to the control. In the microbiolization of B. purpurascens and B. archeri seeds performed with microbiological solutions produced from the endophytic and rhizospheric strains of Bacillus sp., no differences were observed in the percentages of germination and contamination by fungi. For B. archeri seeds, there was contamination by fungi and bacteria after one day of cultivation, primarily in the regions with lesions caused by the extraction and scarification process.(AU)

Microorganismos específicos tem sido usados eficientemente para o controle biológico de fitopatógenos através da produção de substâncias antimicrobianas. Portanto, os objetivos deste estudo foram: estudar a germinação de sementes de Butia purpurascens Glassman e Butia archeri Glassman em diferentes substratos; selecionar e identificar isolados bacterianos rizosféricos e endofíticos de B. purpurascens e B. archeri, e realizar testes de antibiose a partir de microorganismos isolados dessas espécies arbóreas. Não houve diferença entre os substratos de cultivo para as porcentagens de germinação, de sementes duras e de contaminação por fungos nas sementes de B. purpurascens. O isolado bacteriano Bacillus subtilis apresentou melhor capacidade de supressão do crescimento dos dois fungos deterioradores testados nas sementes de B. purpurascens. Não foi encontrada diferença para a inibição do crescimento do fungo Aspergillus niger (fungo deteriorador de sementes de B. archeri) entre os microorganismos com Bacillus sp. e Brevibacillus brevis em comparação ao controle. Na microbiolização das sementes de B. purpurascens e B. archeri realizada com soluções microbiológicas produzidas a partir de cepas endofíticas e rizosféricas de Bacillus sp. não foram observadas diferenças na porcentagem de germinação e contaminação por fungos. Para B. archeri houve contaminação por fungos e bactérias após um dia de cultivo, principalmente nas regiões de lesão proporcionadas pelo processo de extração e escarificação.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract Microorganisms have been efficiently used for the biological control of phytopathogens through the production of antimicrobial substances. However, the objectives of this work were: to study the germination of Butia purpurascens Glassman and Butia archeri Glassman seeds in different substrates, to select and identify the endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial isolates of B. purpurascens and B. archeri, and to perform antibiosis tests based on the isolated microorganisms of these tree species. No difference was found between the cultivation substrates for the percentages of germination, hard seeds, and fungal contamination in the B. purpurascens seeds. The Bacillus subtilis isolated showed the best capacity for suppressing the growth of the two deteriorative fungi tested in B. purpurascens seeds. No difference was found for inhibition of the growth of Aspergillus niger fungus (deteriorative fungus of B. archeri seeds) between the microorganisms with Bacillus sp. and Brevibacillus brevis compared to the control. In the microbiolization of B. purpurascens and B. archeri seeds performed with microbiological solutions produced from the endophytic and rhizospheric strains of Bacillus sp., no differences were observed in the percentages of germination and contamination by fungi. For B. archeri seeds, there was contamination by fungi and bacteria after one day of cultivation, primarily in the regions with lesions caused by the extraction and scarification process.

Resumo Microorganismos específicos tem sido usados eficientemente para o controle biológico de fitopatógenos através da produção de substâncias antimicrobianas. Portanto, os objetivos deste estudo foram: estudar a germinação de sementes de Butia purpurascens Glassman e Butia archeri Glassman em diferentes substratos; selecionar e identificar isolados bacterianos rizosféricos e endofíticos de B. purpurascens e B. archeri, e realizar testes de antibiose a partir de microorganismos isolados dessas espécies arbóreas. Não houve diferença entre os substratos de cultivo para as porcentagens de germinação, de sementes duras e de contaminação por fungos nas sementes de B. purpurascens. O isolado bacteriano Bacillus subtilis apresentou melhor capacidade de supressão do crescimento dos dois fungos deterioradores testados nas sementes de B. purpurascens. Não foi encontrada diferença para a inibição do crescimento do fungo Aspergillus niger (fungo deteriorador de sementes de B. archeri) entre os microorganismos com Bacillus sp. e Brevibacillus brevis em comparação ao controle. Na microbiolização das sementes de B. purpurascens e B. archeri realizada com soluções microbiológicas produzidas a partir de cepas endofíticas e rizosféricas de Bacillus sp. não foram observadas diferenças na porcentagem de germinação e contaminação por fungos. Para B. archeri houve contaminação por fungos e bactérias após um dia de cultivo, principalmente nas regiões de lesão proporcionadas pelo processo de extração e escarificação.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Microorganisms have been efficiently used for the biological control of phytopathogens through the production of antimicrobial substances. However, the objectives of this work were: to study the germination of Butia purpurascens Glassman and Butia archeri Glassman seeds in different substrates, to select and identify the endophytic and rhizospheric bacterial isolates of B. purpurascens and B. archeri, and to perform antibiosis tests based on the isolated microorganisms of these tree species. No difference was found between the cultivation substrates for the percentages of germination, hard seeds, and fungal contamination in the B. purpurascens seeds. The Bacillus subtilis isolated showed the best capacity for suppressing the growth of the two deteriorative fungi tested in B. purpurascens seeds. No difference was found for inhibition of the growth of Aspergillus niger fungus (deteriorative fungus of B. archeri seeds) between the microorganisms with Bacillus sp. and Brevibacillus brevis compared to the control. In the microbiolization of B. purpurascens and B. archeri seeds performed with microbiological solutions produced from the endophytic and rhizospheric strains of Bacillus sp., no differences were observed in the percentages of germination and contamination by fungi. For B. archeri seeds, there was contamination by fungi and bacteria after one day of cultivation, primarily in the regions with lesions caused by the extraction and scarification process.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Xylella fastidiosa is a plant-pathogenic bacterium that lives inside host xylem vessels, where it forms biofilm which is believed to be responsible for disrupting the passage of water and nutrients. Pectobacterium carotovorum is a Gram-negative plant-specific bacterium that causes not only soft rot in various plant hosts, but also blackleg in potato by plant cell wall degradation. Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, has been commonly treated with nifurtimox and benzonidazole, two drugs that cause several side effects. As a result, the use of natural products for treating bacterial and neglected diseases has increased in recent years and plants have become a promising alternative to developing new medicines. Therefore, this study aimed to determine, for the first time, the chemical composition of essential oil from Psidium guajava flowers (PG-EO) and to evaluate its in vitro anti-Xylella fastidiosa, anti-Pectobacterium carotovorum, anti-Trypanosoma cruzi and cytotoxic activities. PG-EO was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus while its chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Major compounds identified in PG-EO were α-cadinol (37.8%), ß-caryophyllene (12.2%), nerolidol (9.1%), α-selinene (8.8%), ß-selinene (7.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.2%). Results showed that the PG-EO had strong trypanocidal activity against the trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi (IC50 = 14.6 µg/mL), promising antibacterial activity against X. fastidiosa (MIC = 12.5 µg/mL) and P. carotovorum (MIC = 62.5 µg/mL), and moderate cytotoxicity against LLCMK2 adherent epithelial cells in the concentration range (CC50 = 250.5 µg/mL). In short, the PG-EO can be considered a new source of bioactive compounds for the development of pesticides and trypanocide drugs.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Body weight records of 231,416 Nellore females obtained from the Brazilian Association of Zebu Breeders were used to determine a linear combination between visual appraisal scores (body structure, precocity and muscling) using principal components analysis (PC), and to verify their genetic association with body weight at 12 months (BW) and age at first calving (AFC). The mixed linear model included the fixed effect of the contemporary group and the linear and quadratic effects of age at calving, random effects of genetic additive, maternal environment and temporary environment. Heritability estimates for BW, PC and AFC were 0.51, 0.30 and 0.17, respectively. Genetic additive correlations between BW and PC; BW and AFC, and PC and AFC were 0.48; -0.31 and -0.55; respectively. Spearman's correlations for the best-ranked bulls based on PC prediction were positive between BW and PC and negative among the other combinations. Heritability estimates and correlations indicate potential genetic gains for BW and CP with reduced AFC in cows. The use of PC allows positive responses on precocity and body weight development.(AU)

Utilizaram-se registros de pesos corporais de 231.416 fêmeas bovinas da raça Nelore, oriundos dos registros da Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Zebu-ABCZ, com o objetivo de estabelecer, por componentes principais, uma combinação linear (CP) das características de escores visuais de estrutura (E), precocidade (P) e musculosidade (M), bem como verificar sua associação genética com o peso corporal aos 12 meses (PC) e à idade ao primeiro parto (IPP). O modelo linear misto utilizado incluiu os efeitos fixos de grupo de contemporâneos e os efeitos linear e quadrático da idade da vaca ao parto, os efeitos aleatórios genético aditivo, ambiente materno e ambiente temporário. Estimativas de herdabilidade para PC, CP e IPP foram iguais a 0,51; 0,30 e 0,17, respectivamente. Correlações genéticas aditivas entre PC e CP; PC e IPP; e, ainda, CP e IPP foram iguais a 0,48; -0,31 e -0,55, respectivamente. As correlações de Spearman para os melhores reprodutores classificados em relação à predição de CP foram positivas entre PC e CP e negativas entre as demais combinações. Estimativas de herdabilidade e de correlações indicam possibilidade de ganhos genéticos expressivos para PC e CP com redução para IPP nas fêmeas. A utilização de CP possibilita respostas favoráveis para precocidade sexual e desenvolvimento ponderal.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Body weight records of 231,416 Nellore females obtained from the Brazilian Association of Zebu Breeders were used to determine a linear combination between visual appraisal scores (body structure, precocity and muscling) using principal components analysis (PC), and to verify their genetic association with body weight at 12 months (BW) and age at first calving (AFC). The mixed linear model included the fixed effect of the contemporary group and the linear and quadratic effects of age at calving, random effects of genetic additive, maternal environment and temporary environment. Heritability estimates for BW, PC and AFC were 0.51, 0.30 and 0.17, respectively. Genetic additive correlations between BW and PC; BW and AFC, and PC and AFC were 0.48; -0.31 and -0.55; respectively. Spearman's correlations for the best-ranked bulls based on PC prediction were positive between BW and PC and negative among the other combinations. Heritability estimates and correlations indicate potential genetic gains for BW and CP with reduced AFC in cows. The use of PC allows positive responses on precocity and body weight development.(AU)

Utilizaram-se registros de pesos corporais de 231.416 fêmeas bovinas da raça Nelore, oriundos dos registros da Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Zebu-ABCZ, com o objetivo de estabelecer, por componentes principais, uma combinação linear (CP) das características de escores visuais de estrutura (E), precocidade (P) e musculosidade (M), bem como verificar sua associação genética com o peso corporal aos 12 meses (PC) e à idade ao primeiro parto (IPP). O modelo linear misto utilizado incluiu os efeitos fixos de grupo de contemporâneos e os efeitos linear e quadrático da idade da vaca ao parto, os efeitos aleatórios genético aditivo, ambiente materno e ambiente temporário. Estimativas de herdabilidade para PC, CP e IPP foram iguais a 0,51; 0,30 e 0,17, respectivamente. Correlações genéticas aditivas entre PC e CP; PC e IPP; e, ainda, CP e IPP foram iguais a 0,48; -0,31 e -0,55, respectivamente. As correlações de Spearman para os melhores reprodutores classificados em relação à predição de CP foram positivas entre PC e CP e negativas entre as demais combinações. Estimativas de herdabilidade e de correlações indicam possibilidade de ganhos genéticos expressivos para PC e CP com redução para IPP nas fêmeas. A utilização de CP possibilita respostas favoráveis para precocidade sexual e desenvolvimento ponderal.(AU)

Assuntos