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Las quemaduras son un problema de interés en salud pública ya que generan un alto índice de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial, las quemaduras térmicas son las más prevalentes y pueden alterar la integridad anatómica, funcional y estética de la piel, aspectos fundamentales para la autoestima del paciente y su capacidad para reintegrarse a la sociedad. Al revisar la literatura sobre el tratamiento de estas afecciones encontramos diversos tratamientos, entre ellos el uso de membrana amniótica humana, la cual ha tenido un impacto importante en el manejo de quemaduras al funcionar como andamio biológico con cualidades regenerativas y antiinflamatorias. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo sintetizar la información actual que describe las aplicaciones de membranas amnióticas humanas en quemaduras, realizamos una revisión exploratoria sistemática de la literatura desde 2010 hasta 2021.

Burns are a problem of interest in public health since they generate a high rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide, thermal burns are the most prevalent and can alter the anatomical, functional and aesthetic integrity of the skin, fundamental aspects for the patient's self-esteem and their ability to reintegrate into society. At review literature about the treatment of these conditions, we find various treatments, including the use of human amniotic membrane, which has had a significant impact on burn management by functioning as a biological scaffold with regenerative and anti-inflammatory qualities. The present article aims to synthesize the current information that describes the applications of human amniotic membranes in burns. We carry out a systematic exploratory review of the literature from 2010 to 2021.

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Periodos extensos de hipoxia provocan cambios adaptativos que permiten responder a las demandas impuestas por el ambiente. Sin embargo, existen casos donde esta exposición es intermitente, como es el caso de los trabajadores en zonas andinas. El objetivo de esta comunicación fue comprobar los efectos morfológicos y mecánicos en diafragma y pulmones de ratas sometidas a la hipoxia intermitente. Se utilizaron 4 ratas Sprague Dawley de 6 meses de edad. Dos ratas fueron sometidas a 10 ciclos de hipoxia hipobárica intermitente (HHI) de 96 h (~428 torr; PO2 90 mm Hg), seguidos de 96 h de normoxia normobárica, durante 80 días. Se realizaron pruebas tracción uniaxial y de tinción con HematoxilinaEosina y Picrosirius red de Junqueira. Al comparar las curvas de los diafragmas, los sometidos a hipoxia reducen levemente su esfuerzo respecto a la condición de normoxia, en el tejido pulmonar la hipoxia afecta negativamente su resistencia, estas muestran una pendiente menor respecto a las normóxicas. En el análisis histológico, el parénquima pulmonar presentó menor cantidad de vasos sanguíneos y celularidad, como una mayor fracción de área de los espacios alveolares y cantidad de colágeno total en el grupo HHI. En el diafragma, el grupo HHI presentó menor cantidad de miocitos distribuidos irregularmente y de colágeno total. En conclusión, los principales hallazgos indican que el diafragma y el tejido pulmonar sometido a HHI sufren cambios estructurales, que se traducen en una disminución en su capacidad de resistencia tensil.

Extensive periods of hypoxic cause adaptive changes that make it possible to respond to the demands imposed by the environment. However, there are cases where this exposure is intermittent, as is the case of workers in andean areas. The objective of this communication was to verify the morphological and mechanical effects on diaphragm and lungs of rats subjected to intermittent hypoxic. Four 6-monthold Sprague Dawley rats were used. Two rats were subjected to 10 cycles of intermittent hypobaric hypoxic (IHH) of 96 h (~428 torr, PO2 90 mm Hg), followed by 96 h of normobaric normoxia, for 80 days. Uniaxial traction and staining tests were performed with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Picrosirius red de Junqueira. When comparing the curves of the diaphragms, those subjected to hypoxic slightly reduce their effort with respect to the condition of normoxia, in the lung tissue the hypoxic negatively affects its resistance, these show a lower slope with respect to the normoxics. In the histological analysis, the pulmonary parenchyma had a lower number of blood vessels and cellularity, such as a greater area fraction of alveolar spaces and amount of total collagen in IHH group. In the diaphragm, IHH group had a lower number of irregularly distributed myocytes and a lower amount of total collagen. In conclusion, the main findings indicate that the diaphragm and lung tissue subjected to IHH undergo structural changes, which result in a decrease in tensile strength.

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Erythropoietin is a glycoproteic hormone that regulates hematopoiesis by acting on its specific receptor (EpoR). The expression of EpoR in the central nervous system (CNS) suggests a role for this hormone in the brain. Recently, we developed a new Epo variant without hematopoietic activity called EpoL, which showed marked neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress in brain ischemia related models. In this study, we have evaluated the neuroprotective effects of EpoL against oxidative stress induced by chronic treatment with Aß. Our results show that EpoL was neuroprotective against Aß-induced toxicity by a mechanism that implicates EpoR, reduction in reactive oxygen species, and reduction in astrogliosis. Furthermore, EpoL treatment improved calcium handling and SV2 levels. Interestingly, the neuroprotective effect of EpoL against oxidative stress induced by chronic Aß treatment was achieved at a concentration 10 times lower than that of Epo. In conclusion, EpoL, a new variant of Epo without hematopoietic activity, is of potential interest for the treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress in the CNS such as Alzheimer disease.

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Aquatic ecosystems of the Bolivian Altiplano (∼3800 m a.s.l.) are characterized by extreme hydro-climatic constrains (e.g., high UV-radiations and low oxygen) and are under the pressure of increasing anthropogenic activities, unregulated mining, agricultural and urban development. We report here a complete inventory of mercury (Hg) levels and speciation in the water column, atmosphere, sediment and key sentinel organisms (i.e., plankton, fish and birds) of two endorheic Lakes of the same watershed differing with respect to their size, eutrophication and contamination levels. Total Hg (THg) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) concentrations in filtered water and sediment of Lake Titicaca are in the lowest range of reported levels in other large lakes worldwide. Downstream, Hg levels are 3-10 times higher in the shallow eutrophic Lake Uru-Uru than in Lake Titicaca due to high Hg inputs from the surrounding mining region. High percentages of MMHg were found in the filtered and unfiltered water rising up from <1 to ∼50% THg from the oligo/hetero-trophic Lake Titicaca to the eutrophic Lake Uru-Uru. Such high %MMHg is explained by a high in situ MMHg production in relation to the sulfate rich substrate, the low oxygen levels of the water column, and the stabilization of MMHg due to abundant ligands present in these alkaline waters. Differences in MMHg concentrations in water and sediments compartments between Lake Titicaca and Uru-Uru were found to mirror the offset in MMHg levels that also exist in their respective food webs. This suggests that in situ MMHg baseline production is likely the main factor controlling MMHg levels in fish species consumed by the local population. Finally, the increase of anthropogenic pressure in Lake Titicaca may probably enhance eutrophication processes which favor MMHg production and thus accumulation in water and biota.

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La actividad portuaria se desarrolla dentro de un contexto donde la salud de los trabajadores se ve constantemente expuesta, dadas las múltiples situaciones peligrosas que conlleva esta actividad. Es en este contexto que las altas presiones ejercidas por la organización, traducidas en la constante presión por movilizar el mayor número de carga y cumplir con rendimientos de productividad, sumado a las relaciones interpersonales, el contenido del trabajo y la realización de la tarea, entre otras, pueden afectar tanto al desarrollo del trabajo como a la salud del trabajador, lo cual se conoce como riesgos psicosociales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el nivel de riesgo psicosocial de los trabajadores de diferentes áreas de un puerto del norte de Chile. Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, sobre 298 trabajadores, seleccionados mediante un muestreo no probabilístico. Se aplicó el instrumento SUSESO ISTAS-21, versión corta de la superintendencia de seguridad social del gobierno de Chile. En cuanto a las secciones en las que los trabajadores desempeñan sus funciones, el porcentaje mayor correspondió a personal operativo con un 45,3 por ciento (135), y el menor fue AG. Con un 9,1 por ciento (27). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las distintas áreas en las dimensiones exigencias psicológicas, trabajo activo y desarrollo de habilidades y compensación. Para futuras investigaciones e intervenciones organizacionales se sugiere la incorporación de metodologías de trabajo cualitativas. Se concluye que el personal portuario presenta una elevada exposición de riesgos psicosociales en el ambiente laboral.

The port activity is developed within a context where the health of the workers is constantly exposed, giving the multiple dangerous situations that this activity entails. Is in this context that the high demands that the organization requires traduced in the constant pressure to mobilize the most amount of load and achieve with the productivity requirements, added to the interpersonal relations, the workload, the realization of the task, among others; might affect the development of the task, like, as well, the health of the worker, this is known like psychosocial risk. The objective of this research is to determine the level of psychosocial risks at the workplace of members in different areas at a port in the north of Chile. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out on 298 workers, who were selected through a non-probability based sampling. An abridged version of the SUSESO ISTAS -21 (instrument provided by the government of Chile), was applied. Regarding the sections in which workers perform their duties, the highest percentage corresponded to operational staff with a 45.3 percent (135) and the lowest to management and administration with a 9.1 percent (27). Significant statistical differences between the areas were found in the dimensions of psychological requirements, active work & skill development, and compensation. For future research and interventions, it is recommended to incorporate qualitative work methodologies to do a more detailed analysis. Data suggests that port workers have high exposure to psychosocial risks in their workplace.

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Background: Some rural non-Caucasian ethnic groups have genetic protective factors for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases. Studies performed in Mapuche and Aymara ethnic groups in Chile, found significantly lower prevalence rates. Aymaras are the second most common ethnic population in Chile. Aim: To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in a native Aymara ethnic population. Material and Methods: We studied 276 native Aymara people with a median age of 53 years (63% women), registered in the rural clinics of Camiña and Putre. The frequency of hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2), dyslipidemia, overweight, obesity and smoking were determined. Results: The frequency of overweight and obesity was 38% and 38.4% respectively. The prevalence of hypertension and DM2 were 18.5% and 6.9% respectively. Thirty-five percent had elevated total cholesterol, 21% had high LDL cholesterol, 48% had low HDL cholesterol and 45.7% had high triglyceride levels. Two percent smoked. Conclusions: In this group of Aymara individuals, we found a markedly lower prevalence of hypertension and DM2, despite the high prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia.

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BACKGROUND: Some rural non-Caucasian ethnic groups have genetic protective factors for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases. Studies performed in Mapuche and Aymara ethnic groups in Chile, found significantly lower prevalence rates. Aymaras are the second most common ethnic population in Chile. AIM: To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in a native Aymara ethnic population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 276 native Aymara people with a median age of 53 years (63% women), registered in the rural clinics of Camiña and Putre. The frequency of hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2), dyslipidemia, overweight, obesity and smoking were determined. RESULTS: The frequency of overweight and obesity was 38% and 38.4% respectively. The prevalence of hypertension and DM2 were 18.5% and 6.9% respectively. Thirty-five percent had elevated total cholesterol, 21% had high LDL cholesterol, 48% had low HDL cholesterol and 45.7% had high triglyceride levels. Two percent smoked. CONCLUSIONS: In this group of Aymara individuals, we found a markedly lower prevalence of hypertension and DM2, despite the high prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia.

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Subunit recombinant vaccines against classical swine fever virus (CSFV) are a promising alternative to overcome practical and biosafety issues with inactivated vaccines. One of the strategies in evaluation under field conditions is the use of a new marker E2-based vaccine produced in the milk of adenovirally transduced goats. Previously we had demonstrated the efficacy of this antigen, which conferred early protection and long-lasting immunity in swine against CSFV infection. Here, we have used a simpler downstream process to obtain and formulate the recombinant E2 glycoprotein expressed in the mammary gland. The expression levels reached approximately 1.7 mg/ml, and instead of chromatographic separation of the antigen, we utilized a clarification process that eliminates the fat content, retains a minor amount of caseins, and includes an adenoviral inactivation step that improves the biosafety of the final formulation. In a vaccination and challenge experiment in swine, different doses of the E2 antigen contained within the clarified whey generated an effective immune response of neutralizing antibodies that protected all of the animals against a lethal challenge with CSFV. During the immunization and after challenge, the swine were monitored for adverse reactions related to the vaccine or symptoms of CSF, respectively. No adverse reactions or clinical signs of disease were observed in vaccinated animals, in which no replication of CSFV could be detected after challenge. Overall, we consider that the simplicity of the procedures proposed here is a further step toward the introduction and implementation of a commercial subunit vaccine against CSF.

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This work is devoted to the study of steady states in two hydrodynamic traffic models. The first model to be analyzed is the Kerner-Konhäuser model and the second is called kinetic Navier-Stokes model. The study is made through an analysis in the phase space. Taking into account the analogy with the description of the one-particle motion, we can give a sensible meaning to the dynamical functions which determine the stability of the steady states. Lastly, we constructed the phase plane paths in several cases for both models.

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Cohorte única de 121 pacientes portadores de pie diabético (PD) tratados entre 1998 y 2005. Se analiza la evolución, a través de incidencia de cicatrización, recidiva, amputación al año, a los tres años y letalidad. El origen del PDfue predominantemente neuropático en 52 pacientes (43 por ciento), predominantemente isquémico en 44 (36.4 por ciento) y mixto en 25 casos (20.6 por ciento). En 78 casos (64.5 por ciento) había infección asociada. Las lesiones mayores que Wagner 1 tuvieron cicatrización significativamente menor, p < 0.05. La media de antigüedad de la úlcera fue 10.8 semanas. La tasa de cicatrización, 31.4 por ciento y el tiempo medio de cicatrización, 6.2 semanas; la tasa de recidiva de la úlcera durante el primer año fue 52.1 por ciento. La media de tiempo para la recidiva de la úlcera fue 5.1 meses. La tasa de amputación al año de diagnosticada la úlcera fue 95.9 por ciento y 98.3 por ciento a los tres años. La tasa de reamputación de amputaciones menores fue 55.4 por ciento y de amputaciones mayores fue 24.4 por ciento, p < 0.05. La media entre el inicio del tratamiento y la amputación fue 11 semanas. La cirugía de rescate no modificó el desenlace de amputación (p =0.98). La letalidad fue 4.1 por ciento. Los grupos de riesgo de amputación fueron: diabéticos tipo 2 y lesiones Wagner 2 y superiores. Nuestro pobre desenlace del PD requiere implementar un plan de educación para reducir la aparición de úlcera y/ o infección local, disminuir la recidiva, mejorar la educación de los diabéticos respecto al cuidado de los pies y, replantear los niveles de amputaciones en el PD avanzado.

Background: Fifteen percent of diabetic patients will develop a foot ulcer during their lifetime. The predisposing conditions are neuropathy, ischemia and infections. Aim: To report the incidence of healing, relapse, amputation and mortality of diabetic foot in a period of eight years. Material and methods: A cohort of 134 patients hospitalized in a Surgical Service with the diagnosis of diabetic foot was studied; however in 13 patients, the clinical history was not available. Therefore the series included 81 males aged 68 + 11 years and 40 females aged 72 + 11 years. Results: Diabetic foot was predominantly neuropathic in 52 patients (43 percent), predominantly ischemic in 44 (36 percent) and mixed in 25 (21 percent). An associated infection was found in 78 patients (65 percent). The mean ulcer duration was 11 weeks. The rate of healing was 31 percent and the mean healing lapse was 6.2 weeks. The rate of relapse in the first year was 52 percent. The mean relapse time was 5.1 months. The amputation rate was 96 percent one year after diagnosis and 98 percent, three years after diagnosis. Minor and major amputation rates were 55 and 24 percent, respectively. The mean lapse between treatment onset and amputation was 11 weeks. Rescue surgical procedures did not modify the evolution of diabetic foot. Four percent of patients died. Conclusions: The overall results of diabetic foot treatment are poor. Therefore the efforts must be placed on prevention and education of patients to prevent the appearance of foot ulcers, local infections, diabetic foot relapse.

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