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This work aims to shed light on the scale-up a combined electrokinetic soil flushing process (EKSF) with permeable reactive barriers (PRB) for the treatment of soil spiked with clopyralid. To do this, remediation tests at lab (3.45 L), bench (175 L) and pilot (1400 L) scales have been carried out. The PRB selected was made of soil merged with particles of zero valent iron (ZVI) and granular activated carbon (GAC). Results show that PRB-EKSF involved electrokinetic transport and dehalogenation as the main mechanisms, while adsorption on GAC was not as relevant as initially expected. Clopyralid was not detected in the electrolyte wells and only in the pilot scale, significant amounts of clopyralid remained in the soil after 600 h of operation. Picolinic acid was the main dehalogenated product detected in the soil after treatment and mobilized by electro-osmosis, mostly to the cathodic well. The transport of volatile compounds into the atmosphere was promoted at pilot scale because of the larger soil surface exposed to the atmosphere and the electrical heating caused by ohmic losses and the larger interelectrode gap.
Assuntos
Recuperação e Remediação Ambiental , Herbicidas , Poluentes do Solo , Carvão Vegetal , Solo , Poluentes do Solo/análiseRESUMO
This work focuses on the treatment of gaseous perchloroethylene (PCE) using electro-scrubbing with diamond electrodes and cobalt mediators. PCE was obtained by direct desorption from an aqueous solution containing 150 mg L-1, trying to a real pollution case. The electro-scrubber consisted of a packed absorption column connected with an undivided electrochemical cell. Diamond anodes supported on two different substrates (tantalum and silicon) were used and the results indicated that Ta/BDD was more successful in the production of Co (III) species and in the degradation of PCE. Three experimental systems were studied for comparison purposes: absorbent free of Co (III) precursors, absorbent containing Co (III) precursors, and absorbent containing Co (III) precursors undergoing previous electrolysis to the electro-scrubbing to facilitate the accumulation of oxidants. The most successful option was the last, confirming the important role of mediated electrochemical processes in the degradation of PCE. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were found as the primary reaction products and ethyl chloroacetate esters were also identified. A comprehensive mechanism of the processes happening inside electro-scrubber is proposed.
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Tetracloroetileno , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Cobalto , Diamante , Eletrodos , Eletrólise , Gases , OxirreduçãoRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto que tiene el uso de catéteres de hemodiálisis en la permeabilidad de fístulas arteriovenosas. Materiales y Método: Estudio observacional, analítico, tipo cohorte retrospectiva. Se calculó un tamaño muestral de 195 pacientes, seleccionados aleatoriamente a partir del total de pacientes diagnosticados con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) terminal, a quienes se les realizó su primera fístula arteriovenosa (FAV) entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2018. Como variables resultado se consideraron la trombosis de FAV y el tiempo de permeabilidad. Para el análisis inferencial se utilizaron las pruebas de Chi cuadrado; RR (IC 95%); curvas Kaplan-Meier; regresión de Cox; considerando un valor de p significativo < 0,05. Resultados: El 52,3% utilizó catéter de hemodiálisis, de los cuales el 49,5% presentó trombosis de su FAV versus el 17,7% del grupo sin este antecedente (p < 0,001); estimándose en el análisis univariado un riesgo de trombosis 2,7 veces mayor en pacientes con catéter previo a la confección de su FAV (IC 95% 1,7 a 4,4). En el análisis multivariado, se identificó como único factor significativo el antecedente de catéter de hemodiálisis, estimándose que los pacientes usuarios de catéter previo a la confección de su FAV tienen 2,8 veces más riesgo de trombosis en el tiempo que quienes no utilizaron catéter (IC 95% 1,6 a 4,9), quienes además presentaron un tiempo de permeabilidad significativamente menor (p < 0,001) en comparación con pacientes sin antecedente de catéter (28,1 vs 43,9 meses). Conclusión: Identificamos el uso del catéter de hemodiálisis como un factor de riesgo de trombosis de fístulas arteriovenosas, afectando significativamente su permeabilidad en el tiempo.
Objective: To evaluate the effects of hemodialysis catheter on arteriovenous fistula (AVF) permeability. Materials and Method: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, including 195 patients randomly selected from all patients diagnosed with chronic renal failure, who had their first arteriovenous fistula between January 2014 and December 2018. The outcomes were arteriovenous fistula thrombosis and permeability. For data analysis we used Chi-square test; Relative-Risk (CI 95%); Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression; p value less than 0.05 were considered as significant. Results: The 52.3% of the patients used hemodialysis catheter, from this group, the 49.5% had AVF thrombosis versus the 17.7% of the group without history of hemodialysis catheter (p < 0.001), estimating in the univariate analysis a risk of thrombosis 2.7 times higher in patients with catheter before the creation of their AVF (CI 95% 1.7 a 4.4), as well as, in the multivariate analysis the risk of AVF thrombosis was 2.8 times higher in this group of patients, being identified the history of hemodialysis catheter as the only significative risk factor for thrombosis. Additionally, the AVF permeability time in this group was significantly less (p < 0.001) than patients without history of hemodialysis catheter (28.1 vs 43.9 months). Conclusion: We identified the hemodialysis catheter as a risk factor of arteriovenous fistula thrombosis, decreasing significantly its permeability time.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Derivação Arteriovenosa Cirúrgica/efeitos adversos , Fístula Arteriovenosa/etiologia , Catéteres/efeitos adversos , Trombose/etiologia , Fístula Arteriovenosa/diagnóstico , Período PerioperatórioRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: La resistencia antibiótica y una inadecuada adherencia terapéutica son fenómenos que favorecen la proliferación de la tuberculosis. Los cambios sociodemográficos nos desafían a conocer la realidad actual de la enfermedad a través de antecedentes que nos permitan contextualizar un nuevo escenario. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el perfil biopsicosocial del paciente con tuberculosis y su relación con la adherencia terapéutica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, correlacional. Muestra de 90 pacientes tratados en 35 Centros de Salud Familiar de los Servicios de Salud de Iquique, Metropolitano Norte, Concepción y Reloncaví. RESULTADOS: los componentes biopsicosociales como edad, antecedentes de enfermedad mental, autoestima, situación sentimental, pertenencia a grupos de riesgo, alcoholismo, drogadicción y situación de calle presentaron una relación estadísticamente significación con la adherencia terapéutica. CONCLUSIONES: La caracterización biopsicosocial del paciente con tuberculosis visibiliza nuevos factores relacionados con la adherencia que deben ser considerados para una atención interdisciplinaria.
BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance and inadequate therapeutic adherence are phenomena that promote the proliferation of tuberculosis. Sociodemographic changes challenge us to know the real situation of the disease and allows us to contextualize a new scenario. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the biopsychosocial profile of the patient with tuberculosis and its relationship to therapeutic adherence. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Descriptive, cross-sectional, correlational study. Sample of 90 patients treated at 35 Family Health Centers from the following Chilean Public Health Services: Iquique, Metropolitan northern (Santiago), Concepción and Reloncaví. RESULTS: Biopsychosocial components such as age, history of mental illness, self-esteem, sentimental status, belonging to risk groups, alcoholism, drug addiction and homeless situation presented a statistically significant relationship with therapeutic adherence. CONCLUSIONS: The biopsychosocial characterization of the TB patient evidence a new adherence-related factors that should be considered for interdisciplinary care.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Tuberculose/psicologia , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Adesão à Medicação/psicologia , Cooperação e Adesão ao Tratamento/psicologia , Autoimagem , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Grupos de Risco , Pessoas Mal Alojadas , Chile , Saúde da Família , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Adesão à Medicação/estatística & dados numéricos , Cooperação e Adesão ao Tratamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Correlação de Dados , Antituberculosos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Four different technologies have been compared (photolysis, ZVIâ¯+â¯photolysis, electrolysis and ZVIâ¯+â¯electrolysis) regarding the: (1) degradation of clopyralid, (2) extent of its mineralization, (3) formation of by-products and main reaction pathways. Results show that photolysis is the less efficient treatment and it only attains 5 % removal of the pollutant, much less than ZVI, which reaches 45 % removal and that electrolysis, which attains complete removal and 78 % mineralization within 4â¯h. When ZVI is used as pre-treatment of electrolysis, it was obtained the most efficient technology. The identification of transformation products was carried out for each treatment by LCMS. In total, ten products were identified. Tentative pathways for preferential clopyralid degradation for all processes were proposed. This work draws attention of the synergisms caused by the coupling of techniques involving the treatment of chlorinated compound and sheds light on how the preferential mechanisms of each treatment evaluated occurred.
RESUMO
In this work, nine types of combination advanced oxidation processes/zero-valent iron (AOP-ZVI) were tested, in order to determine if any of these combinations demonstrate good chances as pretreatment for the biological degradation processes of organochlorinated pollutants. To do this, the changes undergone in the respirometric behavior, toxicity and short-term biodegradability were compared. The three AOPs studied were anodic oxidation with mixed metal oxides anodes (AO-MMO), with boron doped diamond anodes (AO-BDD) and photolysis and they were evaluated in three different modes: without any addition of ZVI, with ZVI-dehalogenation as pre-treatment and with ZVI-dehalogenation simultaneous to the AOP treatment. Clopyralid has been used as a model of chlorinated hydrocarbon pollutant. Results show that technologies proposed can successfully treat wastes polluted with clopyralid and the biological characteristics of the waste are significantly modified by dehalogenating the waste with ZVI, either previously to the treatment or simultaneously to the treatment, being the information provided by the three techniques very important in order to evaluate later combinations of the advanced oxidation technologies with biological treatments.
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Eletrólise , Boro , Diamante , Eletrodos , Oxirredução , FotóliseRESUMO
In this work, a new soil washing process in which Soil-Liquid extraction technology is enhanced by adding iron particles (zero valent iron nanoparticles or granules) was investigated to remove clopyralid from spiked soils. This novel approach can be efficiently used to extract chlorinated hydrocarbons from soil and aims to obtain soil-washing wastes with low content of hazardous chlorinated species. The iron particles used were subsequently removed from the treated soil using magnetic fields. Then, the complete mineralization of the produced soil washing effluents was successfully achieved by applying anodic oxidation with diamond anodes in an electrochemical flow cell. Results demonstrated that, opposite to what it was initially expected, no improvements in the efficiency of the electrochemical process were observed by adding iron particles during the soil washing. This behavior is explained in terms of the lower electrochemical reactivity of the dechlorinated derivatives produced. Although results are not as promising as initially expected, it does not mean a completely negative outcome for the use of ZVI during washing, because the hazardousness of the pollutants is rapidly decreased in the initial stages of the soil-washing, opening the possibility for the combination of this technology with other processes, such as biological treatment.
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RESUMEN El carcinoma sebáceo es una neoplasia anexial poco común que puede originarse en cualquier lugar del cuerpo donde existan glándulas sebáceas, siendo la principal ubicación la cabeza y el cuello, existiendo la presentación ocular y extraocular. Alcanza entre 0,2% a 4,6% de todas las neoplasias cutáneas malignas, con mayor incidencia en los adultos mayores caucásicos. La presentación clínica habitual corresponde a un nódulo duro o quístico subcutáneo eritematoso o amarillento, indoloro, de crecimiento acelerado. Sin embargo, puede manifestarse como una amplia gama de lesiones cutáneas, lo que, agregado a su baja incidencia, sea altamente subdiagnosticado. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 64 años con tumor exofítico malar izquierdo con ulceraciones y áreas de necrosis en la superficie, sin compromiso de párpado inferior, de agudeza visual ni motilidad ocular. Se realiza resección del tumor, cuya biopsia definitiva confirma diagnóstico de carcinoma sebáceo extraocular.
ABSTRACT Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare anexal neoplasm that can develop on any part of the body containing sebaceous glands, but nearly the 70% of sebaceous carcinoma occur on the head and neck, being two ways of presentation, ocular and extraocular. It represents 0.2-4.6 % of all malignant neoplastic cutaneous lesions, whit a peak incidence in the eighth decades of life, in caucasian people. Typical clinical presentation of sebaceous carcinoma is a painless, firm or cystic subcutaneous nodule described as pink to red-yellow, however clinical features can be quite varied, which added to its low incidence leads to the diagnosis is often delayed for months to years. We present the case of a 64 years old patient whit an exofitic malar tumor ulcerated and necrotic in the surface, without compromising the lower eyelid, vision or ocular mobility. The biopsy of the tumor resection shows an extraocular sebaceous carcinoma.
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Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias das Glândulas Sebáceas/cirurgia , Neoplasias das Glândulas Sebáceas/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Adenocarcinoma Sebáceo/cirurgia , Adenocarcinoma Sebáceo/patologia , Biópsia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , NecroseRESUMO
This work focuses on the evaluation of the electrochemical dewatering of sludge polluted with model hazardous species. To do this, two sludge samples taken from the outlet of the anaerobic digesters of the municipal Wastewater Treatment Facility of Ciudad Real were polluted with herbicide clopyralid (CP) and with antibiotics amoxicillin (AMX) and ampicillin (AMP), respectively. These sludge samples underwent first dewatering by press filtration and then, the dewatering continued by the application of an electrochemically assisted driven process with increasing electric fields (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0â¯Vâ¯cm-1). Results demonstrate that the electrochemically-assisted process can help to exhaust the pollutant adsorbed onto the sludge and attain a supplemental removal (up to 15%) of water in both cases. This is a highly important result, because it can help to develop technologies for sludge treatment that avoid the diffusion of hazardous pollution during the land application of the sludge. No reactivity of the pollutants was observed during the tests.
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Esgotos , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , Eletricidade , Filtração , Águas Residuárias , ÁguaRESUMO
RESUMEN La coexistencia de una mola completa y un feto vivo es una condición infrecuente que puede evolucionar con múltiples complicaciones tanto maternas como fetales; entre ellas aborto, preeclampsia, hipertiroidismo, metrorragia, parto pretérmino y enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional persistente. No existe consenso internacional respecto al manejo de esta condición, aun conociéndose el mal pronóstico para el feto y los elevados riesgos maternos asociados. El siguiente es un reporte de un caso clínico de embarazo gemelar con feto vivo y mola completa, diagnosticado a las 12+1 semanas. Luego de realizar consejería, y en contexto de la legislación chilena en el año 2015, se decide continuar con el embarazo. La paciente es monitorizada en policlínico de alto riesgo obstétrico con controles seriados de b-HCG, ecografía fetal y RNM pélvica. Desde las 13 semanas presenta hipertensión arterial que se maneja con antihipertensivos orales; posteriormente, a las 20+2 semanas, desarrolla un cuadro de preeclampsia severa por lo que, en conjunto con la paciente, se decide realizar histerectomía en bloque. Dada la persistencia de valores de b-HCG elevados a las 12 semanas post interrupción del embarazo, se decide tratamiento con metotrexato. El caso fue analizado en Comité de Ginecología Oncológica donde se decidió seguimiento con b-HCG, lográndose la negativización a las 38 semanas post metotrexato. Se confirmaron valores negativos de b-HCG por 6 meses, tras lo cual fue dada de alta.
ABSTRACT The coexistence of a complete mole and an alive fetus is a rare condition that can evolve with multiple complications both maternal and fetal; among them abortion, preeclampsia, hyperthyroidism, uterine bleeding, preterm labor and persistent gestational trophoblastic disease. There is no international consensus regarding the management of this condition, despite the poor prognosis for the fetus and the associated high maternal risks. The following is a report of a clinical case of twin pregnancy with live fetus and complete mole, diagnosed at 12+1 weeks. After counseling, and in the context of Chilean legislation in 2015, it is decided to continue with pregnancy. The patient is monitored in a high-risk pregnancy outpatient clinic with follow ups b-HCG, fetal ultrasound and pelvic MRI. From 13 weeks, the patient presents high blood pressure that is managed with oral antihypertensives; and later, with 20+2 weeks, developed severe preeclampsia which is why, in conjunction with patient, it was decided to perform a block hysterectomy. Given the persistence of elevated b-HCG values at 12 weeks post-termination of pregnancy, treatment with methotrexate was decided. The case was analyzed in the local Committee of Oncological Gynecology, in which it was decided to follow the b-HCG curve, achieving negative values at 38 weeks post-methotrexate. Negative values of b-HCG were confirmed for 6 months, after which it was discharged.