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Anaerobic systems for domestic sewage treatment, like septic tanks and anaerobic filters, are used in developing countries due to favorable economic and functional features. The anaerobic filter is used for the treatment of the septic tank effluent, to improve the COD removal efficiency of the system. The microbial composition and diversity of the microbiome from two wastewater treatment systems (factory and rural school) were compared through 16S rRNA gene sequencing using MiSeq 2 × 250 bp Illumina sequencing platform. Additionally, 16S rRNA data were used to predict the functional profile of the microbial communities using PICRUSt2. Results indicated that hydrogenotrophic methanogens, like Methanobacterium, were found in higher abundance in both systems compared to acetotrophic methanogens belonging to Methanosaeta genus. Also, important syntrophic microorganisms (Smithella, Syntrophus, Syntrophobacter) were found in the factory and rural school wastewater treatment systems. Microbial communities were also compared between stages (septic tank and anaerobic filter) of each wastewater treatment stage, revealing that, in the case of the rural school, both microbial communities were quite similar most likely due to hydraulic short-circuit issues. Meanwhile, in the factory, microbial communities from the septic tank and anaerobic filter were different. The school system showed lower COD removal rates (2-30%), which were probably related to a higher abundance of Firmicutes members in addition to the hydraulic short-circuit and low abundance of Chloroflexi members. On the other hand, the fiberglass factory presented higher COD removal rates (60-83%), harboring phyla reported as the core microbiome of anaerobic digesters (Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Proteobacteria phyla). The knowledge of the structure and composition of wastewater treatment systems may provide support for the improvement of the pollutant removal in anaerobic process.
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Microbiota , Esgotos , Anaerobiose , Biodegradação Ambiental , Reatores Biológicos , Microbiota/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , Águas ResiduáriasRESUMO
In a prospective study we evaluated the use of the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in urine samples to diagnose canine distemper virus in dogs with progressive neurological disease. A fragment of the nucleoprotein gene of canine distemper virus was amplified from the urine of 22 distemper dogs. The body fluids and leukocytes of 12 asymptomatic dogs were RT-PCR negative. RT-PCR of urine samples was more sensitive than serum and leukocytes and at least as sensitive as cerebrospinal fluid to screen for distemper in dogs with neurological signs and extraneural systemic signs.
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Vírus da Cinomose Canina/genética , Vírus da Cinomose Canina/isolamento & purificação , Cinomose/urina , Cinomose/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/veterinária , Animais , Cinomose/diagnóstico , Cães , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
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The objectives of this program were to educate the parents in the importance of preventive care and to establish protocols for oral health treatment and maintenance that reflected the oral disease risk of the infant. Since its inception, more than 1,000 infants have been enrolled in the program and compliance has been excellent.
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Assistência Odontológica para Crianças , Cuidado do Lactente , Doenças Dentárias/prevenção & controle , Cariostáticos/administração & dosagem , Cariostáticos/uso terapêutico , Suscetibilidade à Cárie Dentária , Comportamento Alimentar , Fluoretos/administração & dosagem , Fluoretos/uso terapêutico , Educação em Saúde Bucal , Humanos , Lactente , Higiene Bucal , Relações Pais-Filho , Pais/educação , Cooperação do Paciente , Ensino/métodosRESUMO
The triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was studied as a means to detect yeasts growth in liquid medium, aiming its application to microbial limit test using Multiple-tube method, for testing pharmaceuticals or cosmetics samples with opacity. The results from most probable number (MPN) using TTC and sub-culture techniques obtained from the tests of simulated samples, spiked with Candida albicans and Sacharomyces cerevisiae, showed to be equivalents.
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Cosméticos/normas , Contaminação de Medicamentos/prevenção & controle , Sais de Tetrazólio , Leveduras/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To observe the reported cases of tuberculosis (TB) with HIV infection in Japan, in terms of their main clinical features and related factors. METHODS: A voluntary reporting network has been organized by the authors who are specialists of TB or respiratory medicine in tuberculosis institutions located roughly all over the country. The members have been encouraged to report not only their own cases but cases seen by their friends or in other institutions. RESULTS: By the end of 1996, a total of 71 cases have been reported of which 59 were TB and 12 NTM cases. Nationality of the cases were; Japan 48, Other Asian countries 16, Others 7. All of the NTM cases were Japanese. 30% of the cases were aged less than 30 years, 24% were thirties, 24% forties, 17% fifties and 6% were those aged 60 years or older. The cases were clearly younger than the TB cases in the national TB registry, and older than HIV-infected persons as known from the HIV surveillance system. 97% of the TB cases were bacteriologically confirmed cases. Eight of NTM cases were positive for MAC, others for M.kansasii. 42% of the cases had extra-pulmonary disease, including disseminated infections seen among 19%. Of TB cases 25% were excreting bacilli resistant to any of the anti-TB drugs which was higher than in the case of general TB population (10-15%). 11% of TB cases had past history of TB treatment. The cases had severe immunological impairment, 79% of the cases having CD4+ cell count less than 100. The route of HIV infection were; 51% heterosexual, 13% homosexual, 13% through blood preparations, etc. DISCUSSION: Although there may be many cases not included in this observation, it is considered to well reflect the real situation of the problem of Japan. More attention should be paid to HIV infection of the patients in the clinical practice of TB in Japan.
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Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/epidemiologia , HIV-1 , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Sudeste Asiático/etnologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções por Mycobacterium/epidemiologia , Programa de SEER , América do Sul/etnologia , Tuberculose/imunologiaRESUMO
An alternative method was developed for counting viable microbial contaminants in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics with insoluble materials and low bioburden. The method uses triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). The inhibitory effect of TTC on microbial growth observed by others was eliminated by adding it as an overlay, after incubation of sample in culture medium for 48 h. Six samples of pharmaceutical suspensions and 6 samples of cosmetics were evaluated by most-probable number (MPN) and pour-plate techniques with TTC in comparison with MPN with subculturing. The equivalence between MPN technique with TTC and subculturing was demonstrated for all samples and between pour-plate and subculturing for 10 samples. The differences were probably due to some error inherent in both techniques and not from application of TTC. Comparison of coefficients of variation showed that plate countings were more precise than the MPN method, as expected.
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Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/métodos , Cosméticos/análise , Indústria Farmacêutica/normas , Sais de Tetrazólio , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , CorantesRESUMO
The ethylene oxide sterilization process control should take into account several parameters, so that only the biological monitor can integrate in all of them, presenting a biological challenge similar to the product under sterilization conditions. The authors evaluated spore resistance on several different carriers: paper, aluminum foil and plastic. The influence was studied through the challenge of sub-lethal cycles, followed by the lethality study and the D-value calculation. There was a significant statistical difference in spore resistance between paper and plastic carriers.
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Óxido de Etileno , Teste de Materiais , Esporos , Esterilização/métodos , Esterilização/normas , Bacillus subtilis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Modelos Lineares , Papel , PlásticosRESUMO
During the past 25 years, numerous studies relating to medical device biocompatibility have appeared world-wide. Development of biomaterials for grafting cardiovascular applications has contributed to an increase in knowledge of the compatibility between synthetic or biological surfaces and blood. The biocompatibility of one of the materials most commonly used in the fabrication of xenograft heart valves, bovine pericardium, treated with glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde is assessed comparison to a synthetic material, Dacron tricot. An in vitro tissue culture assay, by the agar overlay method, using RC-IAL and Hela cell lines, was applied to treated pericardium and attested the intense toxicity of the treating agents. The subcutaneous grafting of treated pericardium and Dacron was carried out in Wistar rats of 1 to 3 months of age. After the use of the usual histological methods, an evaluation of hematoxylin-eosin stained specimens demonstrated an absence of histocompatibility, mainly as regards for the formaldehyde treated pericardium. Comparatively, the evaluation of implanted Dacron confirmed it's perfect biocompatibility. In conclusion, some improvement in xenograft heart valves is necessary, before the surgical implantation procedure takes place.