RESUMO
Critical thinking is a complex reasoning skill, and even though it is hard to reach a consensus on its definition, there is agreement on it being an eminently cognitive skill. It is strongly related with reflective and metacognitive skills, as well as attitudinal or motivational aspects, although no model has yet been able to integrate these three elements. We present herein the preliminary results of a study seeking to establish these relations, in a sample of Chilean university students. 435 students from three universities participated, of which 88 were men, 333 were women, and 14 did not indicate their gender. Their ages ranges between 18 and 51 years old (M = 21, SD = 3.09). Three instruments were applied, one to measure metacognitive strategies, one to measure motivation to critical thinking, and a third to measure critical thinking skills. The relation was analyzed via structural equations. The results show a positive, strong, and significant relation between metacognition and motivation to think. However, only a weak significant relation was observed between motivation to think and critical thinking, and no direct relation was found between metacognition and critical thinking. We hypothesize a significant but moderate relation between the variables, where metacognition influences motivation to think, which in turn influences critical thinking skills. Factors are discussed which could negatively affect the studied relations, as well as the importance of generating integrated models between the three variables, as they would show a theoretical and empirical link.
RESUMO
In our daily lives, we are often faced with the need to explain various phenomena, but we do not always select the most accurate explanation. For example, let us consider a "toxic" relationship with physical and psychological abuse, where one of the partners is reluctant to end it. Explanations for this situation can range from emotional or economic dependency to irrational hypotheses such as witchcraft. Surprisingly, some people may turn to the latter explanation and consequently seek ineffective solutions, such as visiting a witch doctor instead of a psychologist. This choice of an inappropriate explanation can lead to actions that are not only ineffective but potentially harmful. This example underscores the importance of inference to the best explanation (IBE) in everyday decision making. IBE involves selecting the hypothesis that would best explain the available body of data or evidence, a process that is crucial to making sound decisions but is also vulnerable to bias and errors of judgment. Within this context, the purpose of our article is to explore how the IBE process and the selection of appropriate explanations impact decision making and problem solving in real life. To this end, we systematically analyze the role of IBE in the ARDESOS-DIAPROVE program, evaluating how this approach can enhance the teaching and practice of critical thinking.
RESUMO
El objetivo de la investigación ha sido validar una versión breve de la prueba completa de pensamiento crítico (PC) PENCRISAL, en español y portugués. Aquí se presenta la primera. Esta versión breve consta de 2 factores, con 3 ítems cada uno. Un factor evalúa argumentación general, y el otro las formas de razonamiento más empleadas a diario. Además, ambos factores evalúan indirectamente la toma de decisiones y la solución de problemas, gracias a la naturaleza de los ítems, en los que se plantean problemas cotidianos que se deben resolver y, en ocasiones, hay que tomar decisiones. El análisis factorial confirmatorio nos ofrece índices de ajuste adecuados que avalan la estructura de la versión breve del test presentado. Los coeficientes de fiabilidad y validez son razonablemente robustos, lo que hace que esta prueba sirva a los objetivos de investigación establecidos (AU).
O objetivo do nosso estudo foi validar uma versão breve do Teste Completo de Pensamento Crítico (PC) PENCRISAL, em espanhol e português. Aqui apresentamos o primeiro. Esta versão resumida consiste em 2 fatores, com 3 itens cada. Um fator avalia a argumentação geral e o outro as formas de raciocínio mais utilizadas no dia a dia. Além disso, ambos os fatores avaliam indiretamente a tomada de decisão e a resolução de problemas, graças à natureza dos itens, nos quais se levantam problemas diários que devem ser resolvidos e para os quais, às vezes, devem ser tomadas decisões. A análise fatorial confirmatória nos oferece índices adequados de ajustamento que sustentam a estrutura da versão resumida do teste apresentado. Os coeficientes de confiabilidade e validade são razoavelmente robustos, o que faz com que este teste sirva para os objetivos de investigação declarados (AU).
The aim of our study was to validate a short version of the PENCRISAL complete critical thinking test, in Spanish and Portuguese. Here we present the first. This short version consists of 2 factors, with 3 items each. One factor assesses general argumentation, and the other the forms of reasoning most used on a daily basis. In addition, both factors indirectly evaluate decision-making and problem solving, thanks to the nature of the items, in which daily problems are raised that must be solved and for which decisions must sometimes be made. The confirmatory factor analysis offers us solid and consistent indices that support the structure of the short version of the test presented. The reliability and validity coefficients are reasonably robust, as to make this test serve very well for the stated objectives (AU).
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Resolução de Problemas , Pensamento , Tomada de Decisões , Estudantes/psicologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Análise FatorialRESUMO
A synthetic procedure is presented to construct new magnetic polyoxometalates (POMs) containing one or two subunits of '[CoIIICo 3II (OH)3(H2O)6-m(PW9O34)]3-' (m = 3 or 5). The substitution of the water ligands present in these subunits by oxo or hydroxo ligands belonging to other POM fragments, gives rise to four, larger POM anions: [Co7(OH)6(H2O)6(PW9O34)2]9- (2), [Co7(OH)6(H2O)4(PW9O34)2] n9n- (2'), [Co11(OH)5(H2O)5(W6O24)(PW9O34)3]22- (3) and [{Co4(OH)3(H2O)(PW9O34)}2{Kâ(H2W12O41)2}{Co(H2O)4}2]17- (4). The crystal structures, magnetic characterization and stabilities in aqueous solutions of these POM derivatives are also presented.
RESUMO
Four novel cobalt-substituted polyoxometalates having cobalt cores exhibiting cubane or dicubane topologies have been synthesized and characterized by IR, elemental analysis, electrochemistry, UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray single-crystal analysis, and magnetic studies. The tetracobalt(II)-substituted polyoxometalate [Co4(OH)3(H2O)6(PW9O34)](4-) (1) consists of a trilacunary [B-α-PW9O34](9-) unit which accommodates a cubane-like {Co(II)4O4} core. In the heptacobalt(II,III)-containing polyoxometalates [Co7(OH)6(H2O)6(PW9O34)2](9-) (2), [Co7(OH)6(H2O)4(PW9O34)2]n(9n-) (3), and [Co7(OH)6(H2O)6(P2W15O56)2](15-) (4), dicubane-like {Co(II)6Co(III)O8} cores are encapsulated between two heptadentate [B-α-PW9O34](9-) (in 2 and 3) or [α-P2W15O56](15-) (in 4) ligands. While 1, 2, and 4 are discrete polyoxometalates, 3 exhibits a polymeric, chain-like structure that results from the condensation of polyoxoanions of type 2. The magnetic properties of these complexes have been fitted according to an anisotropic exchange model in the low-temperature regime and discussed on the basis of ferromagnetic interactions between Co(2+) ions with angles Co-L-Co (L = O, OH) close to orthogonality and weakly antiferromagnetic interactions between Co(2+) ions connected through central diamagnetic Co(3+) ion. Moreover, we will show the interest of the unique spin structures provided by these cubane and dicubane cobalt topologies in molecular spintronics (molecular spins addressed though an electric field) and quantum computing (spin qu-gates).
RESUMO
El objetivo principal de este estudio fue estudiar, en población peruana, las propiedades psicométricas de la prueba de pensamiento crítico, PENCRISAL, desarrollada y validada originalmente en población española. Participaron respondiendo voluntariamente la prueba 422 estudiantes de Ciencias e Ingeniería de una universidad peruana. Se analizó el nivel de fiabilidad con el alfa de Cronbach; la fiabilidad interjueces con coeficientes de concordancia Kappa de Cohen para cada uno de los ítems; la validez de constructo con Análisis Factorial de Componentes Principales, método Varimax y la validez divergente mediante el estudio de correlaciones con otras pruebas a través del coeficiente de Pearson. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que el test PENCRISAL reúne los requisitos psicométricos necesarios para la evaluación de habilidades de pensamiento crítico en población peruana.(AU)
The main objective of this study was to study, in Peruvian population, the psychometric properties of the critical thinking test, PENCRISAL, originally developed and validated in Spanish population. 422 students of Science and Engineering of a Peruvian university participated voluntarily answering the test. Reliability was analyzed with Cronbach's alpha; interrater reliability was studied by mean of Cohen's Kappa coefficients for each of the items; construct validity was analyzed with Factor Analysis of Principal Components, Varimax method. Finally, divergent validity was studied by mean of the correlations with other tests through Pearson coefficient. It is concluded that PENCRISAL test fits with the psychometric requirements for the assessment of critical thinking skills in Peruvian population.(AU)
O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estudar, em população peruana, as propriedades psicométricas do teste de pensamento crítico, PENCRISAL, originalmente desenvolvida e validada na população espanhola. Respondendo o teste participaram voluntariamente 422 estudantes de Ciência e Engenharia de uma universidade peruana. O nível de confiabilidade foi analisada com alfa de Cronbach; a confiabilidade inter-juizes foi analisada com coeficientes Kappa de Cohen para cada um dos itens; a validade do construto foi analisada por meio da análise fatorial de componentes principais, método Varimax. Finalmente, a validade divergente foi analisada por meio do estudo de correlações com outros testes utilizando o coeficiente de Pearson. Concluí-se que o teste PENCRISAL tem os requisitos psicométricos necessários para a avaliação de habilidades de pensamento crítico na população peruana.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pensamento , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Universidades , Estudantes/psicologiaRESUMO
El objetivo principal de este estudio fue estudiar, en población peruana, las propiedades psicométricas de la prueba de pensamiento crítico, PENCRISAL, desarrollada y validada originalmente en población española. Participaron respondiendo voluntariamente la prueba 422 estudiantes de Ciencias e Ingeniería de una universidad peruana. Se analizó el nivel de fiabilidad con el alfa de Cronbach; la fiabilidad interjueces con coeficientes de concordancia Kappa de Cohen para cada uno de los ítems; la validez de constructo con Análisis Factorial de Componentes Principales, método Varimax y la validez divergente mediante el estudio de correlaciones con otras pruebas a través del coeficiente de Pearson. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que el test PENCRISAL reúne los requisitos psicométricos necesarios para la evaluación de habilidades de pensamiento crítico en población peruana...
The main objective of this study was to study, in Peruvian population, the psychometric properties of the critical thinking test, PENCRISAL, originally developed and validated in Spanish population. 422 students of Science and Engineering of a Peruvian university participated voluntarily answering the test. Reliability was analyzed with Cronbach's alpha; interrater reliability was studied by mean of Cohen's Kappa coefficients for each of the items; construct validity was analyzed with Factor Analysis of Principal Components, Varimax method. Finally, divergent validity was studied by mean of the correlations with other tests through Pearson coefficient. It is concluded that PENCRISAL test fits with the psychometric requirements for the assessment of critical thinking skills in Peruvian population...
O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estudar, em população peruana, as propriedades psicométricas do teste de pensamento crítico, PENCRISAL, originalmente desenvolvida e validada na população espanhola. Respondendo o teste participaram voluntariamente 422 estudantes de Ciência e Engenharia de uma universidade peruana. O nível de confiabilidade foi analisada com alfa de Cronbach; a confiabilidade inter-juizes foi analisada com coeficientes Kappa de Cohen para cada um dos itens; a validade do construto foi analisada por meio da análise fatorial de componentes principais, método Varimax. Finalmente, a validade divergente foi analisada por meio do estudo de correlações com outros testes utilizando o coeficiente de Pearson. Concluí-se que o teste PENCRISAL tem os requisitos psicométricos necessários para a avaliação de habilidades de pensamento crítico na população peruana...