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BACKGROUND: Molecular biomarkers of maternal leptin resistance associated with infant weight are needed. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate gene expression of leptin receptor (LEPR), suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) and insulin receptor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of lactating women and their relationship with infant body weight and adiposity. METHODS: At day 10 postpartum, maternal gene expression in PBMCs as well as leptin and insulin concentrations in plasma and milk were assessed (n = 68). Infant weight and BMI z-scores, skinfolds and arm circumference were obtained at 10 days and/or at 3 months old. RESULTS: In mothers with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (OW/OB), LEPR expression was reduced (p = 0.013) whereas plasma and milk leptin and milk insulin concentrations were elevated. LEPR expression was positively related with infant weight z-score (Beta (95% CI): 0.40 (0.17, 0.63), p = 0.001) but not with leptin concentrations. SOCS3 expression was positively related with infant weight z-score (Beta (95% CI): 0.28 (0.04, 0.51), p = 0.024) and arm circumference (Beta (95% CI): 0.57 (0.32, 0.82), p < 0.001). Relationships remained significant after adjusting for maternal and infant confounders. CONCLUSIONS: LEPR and SOCS3 gene expression in PBMCs are novel maternal molecular biomarkers that reflect leptin resistance and are associated with infant body weight and adiposity.

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Introducción. La deficiencia de hierro (DH) es la carencia nutricional más prevalente y la principal causa de anemia en lactantes. Existe consenso en la suplementación diaria con hierro como estrategia de prevención; también se demostró que la suplementación semanal es eficaz, pero la evidencia en lactantes es escasa. El objetivo fue comparar la efectividad de la administración diaria de hierro frente a la semanal para la prevención de la anemia por DH del lactante. Población y métodos. Ensayo clínico controlado y aleatorizado. Lactantes atendidos en un centro de salud público, sin anemia a los 3 meses de edad, aleatorizados en tres grupos: suplementación diaria (1 mg/kg/día), semanal (4 mg/kg/semana) o sin suplementación (grupo control con lactancia materna exclusiva [LME]). Se evaluó anemia y DH a los 3 y 6 meses. Se registró grado de adherencia y efectos adversos. Los datos se analizaron con el software R versión 4.0.3. Resultados. Participaron 227 lactantes. A los 6 meses el grupo de lactantes con LME sin suplementación (control) presentó prevalencias de DH y anemia por DH (ADH) mayores que los grupos intervenidos (diario y semanal). DH: 40,5 % vs. 13,5 % y 16,7 % (p = 0,002); ADH: 33,3 % vs. 7,8 % y 10 % (p < 0,001). No hubo diferencias entre los grupos diario y semanal. Tampoco hubo diferencias en el porcentaje de alta adherencia a la suplementación (50,6 % diaria vs. 57,1 % semanal), ni en los efectos adversos. Conclusiones. No se hallaron diferencias significativas en la efectividad entre la administración diaria y semanal para la prevención de ADH del lactante.

Introduction. Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency and the main cause of anemia in infants. There is consensus on daily iron supplementation as a preventive strategy; and weekly iron supplementation has also been shown to be effective, but evidence in infants is scarce. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of daily versus weekly iron administration for the prevention of ID anemia (IDA) in infants. Population and methods. Randomized, controlled clinical trial. Infants seen at a public health center, without anemia at 3 months of age, were randomized into 3 groups: daily supplementation (1 mg/kg/ day), weekly supplementation (4 mg/kg/week), or no supplementation (control group with exclusive breastfeeding [EB]). Anemia and ID were assessed at 3 and 6 months old. Adherence and adverse events were recorded. Data were analyzed using the R software, version 4.0.3. Results. A total of 227 infants participated. At 6 months, the group of infants with EB without supplementation(control) had a higher prevalence of ID and IDA than the intervention groups (daily and weekly). ID: 40.5% versus 13.5% and 16.7% (p = 0.002); IDA: 33.3% versus 7.8% and 10% (p < 0.001). There were no differences between the daily and weekly supplementation groups. There were also no differences in the percentage of high adherence to supplementation (50.6% daily versus 57.1% weekly) or adverse events. Conclusions. No significant differences in effectiveness were observed between daily and weekly administration for the prevention of infant IDA.

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Introduction. Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency and the main cause of anemia in infants. There is consensus on daily iron supplementation as a preventive strategy; and weekly iron supplementation has also been shown to be effective, but evidence in infants is scarce. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of daily versus weekly iron administration for the prevention of ID anemia (IDA) in infants. Population and methods. Randomized, controlled clinical trial. Infants seen at a public health center, without anemia at 3 months of age, were randomized into 3 groups: daily supplementation (1 mg/kg/day), weekly supplementation (4 mg/kg/week), or no supplementation (control group with exclusive breastfeeding [EB]). Anemia and ID were assessed at 3 and 6 months old. Adherence and adverse events were recorded. Data were analyzed using the R software, version 4.0.3. Results. A total of 227 infants participated. At 6 months, the group of infants with EB without supplementation (control) had a higher prevalence of ID and IDA than the intervention groups (daily and weekly). ID: 40.5% versus 13.5% and 16.7% (p = 0.002); IDA: 33.3% versus 7.8% and 10% (p < 0.001). There were no differences between the daily and weekly supplementation groups. There were also no differences in the percentage of high adherence to supplementation (50.6% daily versus 57.1% weekly) or adverse events. Conclusions. No significant differences in effectiveness were observed between daily and weekly administration for the prevention of infant IDA.

Introducción. La deficiencia de hierro (DH) es la carencia nutricional más prevalente y la principal causa de anemia en lactantes. Existe consenso en la suplementación diaria con hierro como estrategia de prevención; también se demostró que la suplementación semanal es eficaz, pero la evidencia en lactantes es escasa. El objetivo fue comparar la efectividad de la administración diaria de hierro frente a la semanal para la prevención de la anemia por DH del lactante. Población y métodos. Ensayo clínico controlado y aleatorizado. Lactantes atendidos en un centro de salud público, sin anemia a los 3 meses de edad, aleatorizados en tres grupos: suplementación diaria (1 mg/kg/día), semanal (4 mg/kg/semana) o sin suplementación (grupo control con lactancia materna exclusiva [LME]). Se evaluó anemia y DH a los 3 y 6 meses. Se registró grado de adherencia y efectos adversos. Los datos se analizaron con el software R versión 4.0.3. Resultados. Participaron 227 lactantes. A los 6 meses el grupo de lactantes con LME sin suplementación (control) presentó prevalencias de DH y anemia por DH (ADH) mayores que los grupos intervenidos (diario y semanal). DH: 40,5 % vs. 13,5 % y 16,7 % (p = 0,002); ADH: 33,3 % vs. 7,8 % y 10 % (p < 0,001). No hubo diferencias entre los grupos diario y semanal. Tampoco hubo diferencias en el porcentaje de alta adherencia a la suplementación (50,6 % diaria vs. 57,1 % semanal), ni en los efectos adversos. Conclusiones. No se hallaron diferencias significativas en la efectividad entre la administración diaria y semanal para la prevención de ADH del lactante.

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BACKGROUND: Further investigation is needed to define the impact of long-term pandemic lockdown in children. OBJECTIVES: To examine changes in body mass index z-score (zBMI), lifestyle, Health-Related Quality of Life and proportion of overweight or obesity (OW/OB) in 6- to 9-year-old children in Argentina. METHODS: Observational study with baseline measurements prior to lockdown and follow-up after eight months of strict restrictive measures (November 2020, first visit, n = 144) and after ten months of partial reopening (September 2021, second visit, n = 108). Anthropometric changes from baseline to first visit in lockdown group (LG) were compared with a historical control group (HCG, n = 134). Follow-up visits included anthropometric measures, lifestyle questionnaire and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. RESULTS: Change in zBMI was higher in LG [median, IQR: 0.46 (-0.00; 0.83)] vs HCG [median, IQR: 0.02 (-0.31; 0.27)]; p < 0.001, particularly in children with pre-existing OW/OB. In LG, zBMI was higher at first and second visit vs baseline (p < 0.001) and in second visit vs first visit for boys (p = 0.037) but not for girls. The proportion of children with OW/OB increased from baseline (43.5%) to first (56.5%) and second visit (58.3%) (p = 0.029). Unlike girls, the proportion of boys with OW/OB increased from baseline to first and second visit (p = 0.045). Change in zBMI was higher in children with less healthy habits (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Weight gain continued to increase in boys when lockdown measurements were eased, although sedentary behaviors decreased and quality of life improved, indicating that the effects of pandemic lockdown could be difficult to reverse.

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The implications of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown measurements and social isolation in children and their parents are still unknown. The aims of this study were to examine the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on emotional state, feelings and lifestyle of children and their parents, to explore the association between parental characteristics and child well-being and to examine whether the impact of lockdown depends on socio-economic status. Parents completed an online survey including data about socio-demographic information, parent and child feelings and lifestyle during lockdown. Logistic regression and correlation analysis were used to establish associations between variables. In total, 814 parents with children between 4 and 11 were included in the study. According to parents, 69.5% of the children showed changes in their emotional state, 55.3% altered their routine and 62.6% showed sleep disorders. Families with lower socio-economic status were more worried about health, shortage of food and household income (p < 0.01). Parent and children concern about food/essential items were highly associated [OR (CI 95%) 13.0 (6.81, 26.5), p < 0.01]. Adverse children's emotional state was associated with parental feeling of loneliness (r = 0.35) and inversely associated with keeping a routine (r = -0.11). Sleep changes were inversely associated with keeping a routine and having a balcony/garden (r = -0.53 and -0.16). We conclude that lockdown affected emotional state and lifestyle of children and parents, which were strongly related. Routine and positive parental attitude supported children's well-being. Economic issues were an important concern in families with lower socio-economic status. Our findings can help to promote child health during lockdown.

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Introducción: La primera infancia es el período de mayor neuroplasticidad. La detección temprana de alteraciones del desarrollo permite la intervención oportuna para reducir secuelas y/o complicaciones. Objetivo: Evaluar el desarrollo psicomotor y cognitivo en lactantes asistidos en el sector público de salud, entre los 6 y 9 meses de edad. Población y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de seguimiento, de niños nacidos a término, clínicamente sanos en la evaluación, con peso, talla y perímetro cefálico adecuados para la edad. Se utilizó la Escala de Evaluación del Desarrollo Psicomotor y la Escala Argentina de Inteligencia Sensorio-motriz entre los 6 y 9 meses. En los casos en que se detectaron riesgo o retraso, se intervino con estimulación temprana. Se determinaron las prevalencias de riesgo/retraso del desarrollo psicomotor e inteligencia sensorio-motriz. Se utilizó el paquete estadístico R, versión 3.3.1. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 102 niños. A los 6 meses, el 22,5 % presentó riesgo/retraso en el desarrollo. Las prevalencias de resultados no esperados para la edad en desarrollo psicomotor y en inteligencia sensorio motriz fueron del 13,7 % y del 16,7 %, respectivamente. Estos niños recibieron estimulación temprana y todos mejoraron sus resultados. A los 9 meses, la prevalencia de riesgo/retraso fue del 20,6 %: el 14,7 % en desarrollo psicomotor y el 9,8 % en inteligencia sensorio motriz. Conclusión: El 22,5 % de los lactantes presentó riesgo/retraso del desarrollo a los 6 meses; la prevalencia a los 9 meses fue del 20,6 %. La evaluación temprana del desarrollo permitió detectar alteraciones e intervenir tempranamente.

Introduction: Infancy is the period of greatest neuroplasticity. The early detection of developmental disorders helps to provide a timely intervention aimed at reducing sequelae and/or complications. Objective: To assess psychomotor and cognitive development in infants between 6 and 9 months old assisted in the public health sector. Population and methods: Descriptive study with follow-up of full-term infants who were clinically healthy at the time of assessment and had an adequate weight, height, and head circumference for their age. The Assessment Scale of Psychomotor Development and the Argentine Scale of Sensorimotor Intelligence were used in infants aged 6-9 months. Early stimulation was the intervention provided to those who showed a risk or delay. The prevalence of risk/delay of psychomotor development and sensorimotor intelligence was determined. The statistical software package R, version 3.3.1 was used. Results: A total of 102 children were assessed. At 6 months old, 22.5 % had a developmental risk/delay. The prevalence of unexpected results for age in psychomotor development and sensorimotor intelligence was 13.7 % and 16.7 %, respectively. These children received early stimulation and all showed improved results. At 9 months old, the prevalence of risk/delay was 20.6 %: 14.7 % in psychomotor development and 9.8 % in sensorimotor intelligence. Conclusion: At 6 months old, 22.5 % of infants had a developmental risk/delay; at 9 months old, this prevalence was 20.6 %. An early assessment of development helped to detect disorders and provide an early intervention.

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INTRODUCTION: Infancy is the period of greatest neuroplasticity. The early detection of developmental disorders helps to provide a timely intervention aimed at reducing sequelae and/or complications. OBJECTIVE: To assess psychomotor and cognitive development in infants between 6 and 9 months old assisted in the public health sector. POPULATION AND METHODS: Descriptive study with follow-up of full-term infants who were clinically healthy at the time of assessment and had an adequate weight, height, and head circumference for their age. The Assessment Scale of Psychomotor Development and the Argentine Scale of Sensorimotor Intelligence were used in infants aged 6-9 months. Early stimulation was the intervention provided to those who showed a risk or delay. The prevalence of risk/delay of psychomotor development and sensorimotor intelligence was determined. The statistical software package R, version 3.3.1 was used. RESULTS: A total of 102 children were assessed. At 6 months old, 22.5 % had a developmental risk/delay. The prevalence of unexpected results for age in psychomotor development and sensorimotor intelligence was 13.7 % and 16.7 %, respectively. These children received early stimulation and all showed improved results. At 9 months old, the prevalence of risk/delay was 20.6 %: 14.7 % in psychomotor development and 9.8 % in sensorimotor intelligence. CONCLUSIONS: At 6 months old, 22.5 % of infants had a developmental risk/delay; at 9 months old, this prevalence was 20.6 %. An early assessment of development helped to detect disorders and provide an early intervention.

Introducción: La primera infancia es el período de mayor neuroplasticidad. La detección temprana de alteraciones del desarrollo permite la intervención oportuna para reducir secuelas y/o complicaciones. Objetivo: Evaluar el desarrollo psicomotor y cognitivo en lactantes asistidos en el sector público de salud, entre los 6 y 9 meses de edad. Población y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de seguimiento, de niños nacidos a término, clínicamente sanos en la evaluación, con peso, talla y perímetro cefálico adecuados para la edad. Se utilizó la Escala de Evaluación del Desarrollo Psicomotor y la Escala Argentina de Inteligencia Sensorio-motriz entre los 6 y 9 meses. En los casos en que se detectaron riesgo o retraso, se intervino con estimulación temprana. Se determinaron las prevalencias de riesgo/retraso del desarrollo psicomotor e inteligencia sensorio-motriz. Se utilizó el paquete estadístico R, versión 3.3.1. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 102 niños. A los 6 meses, el 22,5 % presentó riesgo/retraso en el desarrollo. Las prevalencias de resultados no esperados para la edad en desarrollo psicomotor y en inteligencia sensorio motriz fueron del 13,7 % y del 16,7 %, respectivamente. Estos niños recibieron estimulación temprana y todos mejoraron sus resultados. A los 9 meses, la prevalencia de riesgo/retraso fue del 20,6 %: el 14,7 % en desarrollo psicomotor y el 9,8 % en inteligencia sensorio motriz. Conclusión: El 22,5 % de los lactantes presentó riesgo/retraso del desarrollo a los 6 meses; la prevalencia a los 9 meses fue del 20,6 %. La evaluación temprana del desarrollo permitió detectar alteraciones e intervenir tempranamente.

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Introducción. El plomo es neurotóxico para los niños, aun en muy baja concentración sanguínea. Los factores de riesgo (FR) de exposición al plomo no están debidamente identificados en la región de La Plata. Los objetivos fueron determinar la media de plombemia e identificar los FR en niños de 1 a 6 años de la ciudad de La Plata y alrededores. Población y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en niños que concurrieron a controles de salud en centros de atención primaria. Se determinó la plombemia por absorción atómica y se realizó una encuesta socioambiental para relevar los FR. Se usó la prueba de Mann-Whitney para comparar medias. Se realizó un análisis estadístico multivariable para determinar los FR más relevantes. Resultados. Participaron 319 niños (51% de varones); la mediana y el rango intercuartílico de plombemia fue 2,2 (1,1-3,6) μg/dL. Se hallaron diferencias de media de plombemia significativas para edad ≤ 3 años, anemia, hábito de pica, hacinamiento, piso de tierra y escolaridad materna menor de 7 años. Los FR edad ≤ 3 años y hábito de pica tuvieron OR significativos. El OR ajustado por regresión logística fue significativo solo para edad ≤ 3 años. Conclusiones. La mediana de plombemia de la población estudiada fue de 2,2 μg/dL. Los principales FR de exposición al plomo identificados fueron edad ≤ 3 años y hábito de pica. Otros factores menos relevantes fueron anemia, escolaridad materna menor de 7 años, hacinamiento y piso de tierra.

Introduction. Lead has neurotoxic effects in children, even at a very low level in blood. The risk factors (RFs) for lead exposure have not been adequately identified in La Plata. The objectives of this study were to determine mean blood lead levels and identify RFs in children aged 1 to 6 years old living in La Plata and the outskirts. Population and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in children who attended primary health care centers for a health check-up. Blood lead levels were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and a socioenvironmental survey was administered to outline RFs. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare measurements. A multivariate statistical analysis was done to establish the most relevant RFs. Results. A total of 319 children participated (51% were boys); the median (interquartile range) blood lead level was 2.2 μg/dL (1.1-3.6 μg/dL). Significant mean differences in blood lead levels were observed for age ≤ 3 years old, anemia, pica behavior, overcrowding, dirt floors, and maternal education < 7 years. Age ≤ 3 years old and pica behavior were both RFs with significant odds ratios (ORs). The OR as adjusted by logistic regression was significant only for age ≤ 3 years old. Conclusions. The median blood lead level in the studied population was 2.2 μg/dL. The main RFs identified for lead exposure were age ≤ 3 years old and pica behavior. Other less relevant RFs included anemia, maternal education < 7 years, overcrowding, and dirt floors.

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INTRODUCTION: Lead has neurotoxic effects in children, even at a very low level in blood. The risk factors (RFs) for lead exposure have not been adequately identified in La Plata. The objectives of this study were to determine mean blood lead levels and identify RFs in children aged 1 to 6 years old living in La Plata and the outskirts. POPULATION AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in children who attended primary health care centers for a health check-up. Blood lead levels were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and a socioenvironmental survey was administered to outline RFs. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare measurements. A multivariate statistical analysis was done to establish the most relevant RFs. RESULTS: A total of 319 children participated (51% were boys); the median (interquartile range) blood lead level was 2.2 pg/dL (1.1-3.6 pg/dL). Significant mean differences in blood lead levels were observed for age≤ 3years old, anemia, pica behavior, overcrowding, dirt floors, and maternal education < 7 years. Age≤ 3years old and pica behavior were both RFs with significant odds ratios (ORs). The OR as adjusted by logistic regression was significant only for age≤ 3years old. CONCLUSIONS: The median blood lead level in the studied population was 2.2 pg/dL. The main RFs identified for lead exposure were age≤ 3years old and pica behavior. Other less relevant RFs included anemia, maternal education < 7 years, overcrowding, and dirt floors.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El plomo es neurotóxico para los niños, aun en muy baja concentración sanguínea. Los factores de riesgo (FR) de exposición al plomo no están debidamente identificados en la región de La Plata. Los objetivos fueron determinar la media de plombemia e identificar los FR en niños de 1 a 6 años de la ciudad de La Plata y alrededores. POBLACIÓN Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en niños que concurrieron a controles de salud en centros de atención primaria. Se determinó la plombemia por absorción atómica y se realizó una encuesta socioambiental para relevar los FR. Se usó la prueba de Mann-Whitney para comparar medias. Se realizó un análisis estadístico multivariable para determinar los FR más relevantes. RESULTADOS: Participaron 319 niños (51% de varones); la mediana y el rango intercuartílico de plombemia fue 2,2 (1,1-3,6) pg/dL. Se hallaron diferencias de media de plombemia significativas para edad ≤ 3 años, anemia, hábito de pica, hacinamiento, piso de tierra y escolaridad materna menor de 7 años. Los FR edad≤ 3años y hábito de pica tuvieron OR significativos. El OR ajustado por regresión logística fue significativo solo para edad ≤ 3 años. CONCLUSIONES: La mediana de plombemia de la población estudiada fue de 2,2 pg/dL. Los principales FR de exposición al plomo identificados fueron edad≤ 3años y hábito de pica. Otros factores menos relevantes fueron anemia, escolaridad materna menor de 7 años, hacinamiento y piso de tierra.

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