RESUMO
PURPOSE: To assess drinking occasions (volume and type) according to consumption with food in or outside meals, and location, for six countries. METHODS: A total of 10,521 participants aged 4-65 years from Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico and Uruguay completed a validated 7-day fluid intake record. For each drinking event, the volume consumed, the fluid type, the location of intake, and whether the drink was accompanied by food (meal or snack) or not, was recorded. RESULTS: Similar drinking behaviors were found in Mexico and Argentina; fluid intake during meals was 48 and 45% of total fluid intake (TFI), respectively. In Brazil (55%), Indonesia (58%) and China (66%) most fluid was consumed without food. In Uruguay, 34% of TFI was with a main meal, 31% with food between meals and 35% without food. Indonesia had the highest median (25-75th percentile) TFI; 2520 (1750-3347) mL/day, and China the lowest 1138 (818-3347) mL/day. Water was consumed with meals for 37% of Chinese and 87% of Indonesian participants, while the four Latin-American American countries showed a preference for sweet drinks; 54% in Mexico, 67% in Brazil, 55% in Argentina and 59% in Uruguay. Diversity in fluid type was noted when drinking with food between meals. Apart from China, most drinking occasions (> 75%) occurred at home. CONCLUSIONS: Three distinct drinking behaviors were identified, namely, drinking with meals, drinking as a stand-alone activity, and a type of 'grazing' (i.e., frequent drinks throughout the day) behavior. Most drinking occasions occurred at home.
Assuntos
Bebidas/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamento de Ingestão de Líquido , Ingestão de Líquidos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Argentina , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China , Estudos Transversais , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Indonésia , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Uruguai , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: To report total fluid intake (TFI) and the intake of different fluid types in adults (≥ 18 years old) from Mexico, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. To compare intakes between countries and with recommended adequate intake (AI) of water from fluids. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected using a validated liquid intake 7-day record (Liq.In 7 ) in populations from Argentina (n = 1089), Brazil (n = 477), Mexico (n = 1677) and Uruguay (n = 554). Population characteristics, including age, gender, body mass index and socioeconomic level were recorded. Mean TFI was compared with the AI of water from fluids set by the USA Institute of Medicine. RESULTS: The lowest TFI was recorded in Mexican women (1748 mL/day) and the highest in Argentinean men (2318 mL/day). Median daily TFI was significantly different between countries; Uruguay and Argentina had higher values than Mexico and Brazil. In the former, plain water contributed to only 25% of TFI, the remainder being predominantly from hot beverages. Approximately, a third of adults did not drink enough fluid to meet the recommended AI. High SSB consumption was reported, which was significantly different between countries (p < 0.05), the highest being in Mexico (median 25-75th percentiles): 531 (300-895 mL/day. CONCLUSIONS: This survey highlights the need to increase water consumption and reduce SSB intake in this region to avoid potential associated health risks. These findings may be useful information in monitoring public health policy strategies.
Assuntos
Bebidas/estatística & dados numéricos , Ingestão de Líquidos , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Adolescente , Adulto , Argentina , Brasil , Comparação Transcultural , Estudos Transversais , Desidratação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Uruguai , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: The primary aim of this survey was to report total fluid intake (TFI) and different fluid types for children (4-9 years) and adolescents (10-17 years) in Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. The second aim was to compare TFI with the adequate intake (AI) of water from fluids as recommended by the USA Institute of Medicine. METHODS: Data were collected using a validated liquid intake 7-day record (Liq.In 7 ). Participants' characteristics, including age, sex and anthropometric measurements were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 733 children and 933 adolescents were recruited. Over 75% of children in Uruguay met the IOM's recommended intake. Fewer children in Argentina (64-72%) and Brazil (41-50%) obtained AI and the lowest values were recorded in Mexico (33-44%), where 16% of boys and 14% girls drank 50% or less of the AI. More adolescents in Argentina (42%) met the AIs than other countries; the lowest was in Mexico (28%). Children and adolescents in Mexico and Argentina drank more sugar sweetened beverages than water. CONCLUSIONS: Large numbers of children and adolescents did not meet AI recommendations for TFI, raising concerns about their hydration status and potential effects on mental and physical well-being. Given the negative effects on children's health, the levels of SSB consumption are worrying.
Assuntos
Bebidas/estatística & dados numéricos , Ingestão de Líquidos , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Adolescente , Argentina , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , UruguaiRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify and characterize patterns of fluid intake in children and adolescents from six countries: Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico and Uruguay. METHODS: Data on fluid intake volume and type amongst children (4-9 years; N = 1400) and adolescents (10-17 years; N = 1781) were collected using the validated 7-day fluid-specific record (Liq.In7 record). To identify relatively distinct clusters of subjects based on eight fluid types (water, milk and its derivatives, hot beverages, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), 100% fruit juices, artificial/non-nutritive sweetened beverages, alcoholic beverages, other beverages), a cluster analysis (partitioning around k-medoids algorithm) was used. Clusters were then characterized according to their socio-demographics and lifestyle indicators. RESULTS: The six interpretable clusters identified were: low drinkers-SSB (n 523), low drinkers-water and milk (n 615), medium mixed drinkers (n 914), high drinkers-SSB (n 513), high drinkers-water (n 352) and very high drinkers-water (n 264). Country of residence was the dominant characteristic, followed by socioeconomic level, in all six patterns. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis showed that consumption of water and SSB were the primary drivers of the clusters. In addition to country, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors played a role in determining the characteristics of each cluster. This information highlights the need to target interventions in particular populations aimed at changing fluid intake behavior and improving health in children and adolescents.
Assuntos
Bebidas/estatística & dados numéricos , Ingestão de Líquidos , Adolescente , Animais , Argentina , Ásia , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China , Estudos Transversais , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Indonésia , Masculino , México , Inquéritos e Questionários , UruguaiRESUMO
PURPOSE: To describe the intake of water and all other fluids and to evaluate the proportion of adults exceeding the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations on energy intake from free sugar, solely from fluids. METHODS: A total of 16,276 adults (46 % men, mean age 39.8 years) were recruited in 13 countries from 3 continents. A 24-h fluid-specific record over 7 days was used for fluid assessment. RESULTS: In Spain, France, Turkey, Iran, Indonesia and China, fluid intake was characterised by a high contribution of water (47-78 %) to total fluid intake (TFI), with a mean water intake between 0.76 and 1.78 L/day, and a mean energy intake from fluids from 182 to 428 kcal/day. Between 11 and 49 % of adults exceeded the free sugar WHO recommendations, considering solely fluids. In Germany, UK, Poland and Japan, the largest contributors to TFI were hot beverages (28-50 %) and water (18-32 %). Mean energy intake from fluids ranged from 415 to 817 kcal/day, and 48-62 % of adults exceeded free sugar WHO recommendations. In Mexico, Brazil and Argentina, the contribution of juices and regular sugar beverages (28-41 %) was as important as the water contribution to TFI (17-39 %). Mean energy intake from fluids ranged 565-694 kcal/day, and 60-66 % of the adults exceeded the free sugar WHO recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: The highest volumes recorded in most of the countries were for water, mean energy intake from fluids was up to 694 kcal/day, and 66 % of adults exceeded the free sugar WHO recommendation solely by fluids. Actions to create an environment in favour of water consumption and reduce sugar intake from fluids therefore are warranted.
Assuntos
Bebidas , Dieta , Ingestão de Líquidos , Ingestão de Energia , Saúde Global , Política Nutricional , Cooperação do Paciente , Adulto , Ásia , Bebidas/análise , Estudos Transversais , Desidratação/etnologia , Desidratação/prevenção & controle , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Dieta/etnologia , Registros de Dieta , Sacarose Alimentar/administração & dosagem , Sacarose Alimentar/efeitos adversos , Ingestão de Líquidos/etnologia , Ingestão de Energia/etnologia , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Saúde Global/etnologia , Humanos , Masculino , México , Avaliação Nutricional , Cooperação do Paciente/etnologia , Recomendações Nutricionais , América do Sul , Água/administração & dosagem , Água/análiseRESUMO
PURPOSE: To describe the intake of water and all other beverages in children and adolescents in 13 countries of three continents. METHODS: Data of 3611 children (4-9 years) and 8109 adolescents (10-17 years) were retrieved from 13 cross-sectional surveys (47 % males). In three countries, stratified cluster sampling design was applied to randomly recruit schools classes. A quota method was applied in the other countries to randomly recruit participants. Details on the intake of all fluid types were obtained with a fluid-specific record over 7 consecutive days. RESULTS: In the total sample, the highest mean intakes were observed for water (738 ± 567 mL/day), followed by milk (212 ± 209 mL/day), regular soft beverages (RSB) (168 ± 290 mL/day) and juices (128 ± 228 mL/day). Patterns characterized by a high contribution of water, RSB or hot beverages to total fluid intake were identified among the countries with close geographical location. Adolescents had a significantly lower milk intake and higher intake of RSB and hot beverages than children in most countries. The most consistent gender difference observed was that in both age groups males reported a significantly higher RSB consumption than females. CONCLUSION: On average, water was the fluid consumed in the largest volume by children and adolescents, but the intake of the different fluid types varied substantially between countries. Since the RSB intake was as large, or even larger, than water intake in some countries, undertaking actions to improve fluid intake habits of children and adolescents are warranted.
Assuntos
Bebidas , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Dieta , Ingestão de Líquidos , Saúde Global , Política Nutricional , Cooperação do Paciente , Adolescente , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Adolescente/etnologia , Ásia , Bebidas/análise , Criança , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil/etnologia , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Desidratação/etnologia , Desidratação/prevenção & controle , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Dieta/etnologia , Ingestão de Líquidos/etnologia , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Saúde Global/etnologia , Humanos , Masculino , México , Avaliação Nutricional , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Cooperação do Paciente/etnologia , Recomendações Nutricionais , Caracteres Sexuais , América do SulRESUMO
Nuts are foods with a high energy density, due in part to its small water content. They also present a low saturated fat content (<7%) but a high unsaturated fat contribution (40-60%). They represent one of the richest sources of dietary fiber, which is basically of the insoluble type. The effects of nut intake on health have been widely studied. Several prospective epidemiological studies performed on large cohorts have consistently shown that regular consumption of small amounts of nuts is negatively related to the risk of cardiovascular disease and to the risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality. From these studies can be concluded that regular consumption of small amounts of nuts leads to a 30-50% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease. Additionally, intervention studies have shown a positive effect of nut intake on lipid profile with significant reductions in total and LDL cholesterol levels and small or null effects on the HDL fraction. More recently, some studies have focused on the effect of nuts on body weight. At present, no evidences support a detrimental effect of nut consumption on body weight. On the contrary some weight loss studies suggest a beneficial effect of nut intake on body weight regulation.
Assuntos
Peso Corporal , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Gorduras na Dieta , Valor Nutritivo , Nozes , Índice de Massa Corporal , Colesterol/sangue , HumanosRESUMO
Los frutos secos son alimentos caracterizados por una alta densidad energética debida en parte a su escaso contenido hídrico. Además, presentan un bajo contenido en grasa saturada (<7 por ciento) y un elevado aporte de grasa insaturada (40-60 por ciento). Constituyen también una de las fuentes más ricas de fibra dietética, fundamentalmente insoluble. Se ha estudiado ampliamente cuales son los efectos que la ingestión de frutos secos tiene sobre la salud. Diversos estudios epidemiológicos prospectivos realizados sobre amplias cohortes han mostrado consistentemente una relación negativa entre el consumo regular de pequeñas cantidades de frutos secos y el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular o el riesgo de mortalidad de origen cardiovascular y de mortalidad por todas las causas. El análisis de estos estudios refleja que el consumo regular de pequeñas cantidades de frutos secos reduce el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en un 30-50 por ciento. Los estudios de intervención demuestran que la toma regular de suplementos de frutos secos mejora el perfil lipídico, reduciendo significativamente los niveles de colesterol total y colesterol LDL con escaso o nulo efecto sobre las HDL. El efecto de los frutos secos sobre el peso corporal ha sido también recientemente estudiado. Hasta el momento no existen evidencias de un aumento de peso corporal asociado al consumo de estos alimentos y, sin embargo, algunos estudios de pérdida ponderal sugieren un posible efecto beneficioso en la regulación del peso corporal