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Resumen Introducción: La rinosinusitis aguda (RSA) es frecuente en primer nivel de atención y los pacientes pueden mejorar sin antibióticos.Objetivo: Análisis de costo efectividad de furoato de mometasona spray nasal (FMSN) comparado con amoxicilina en tratamiento de rinosinusitis aguda en México desde punto de vista del Sistema Nacional de Salud. Método: Análisis costo-efectividad comparando FMSN 200 mg dos veces al día y amoxicilina 500 mg tres veces al día. Resultados en términos de eficacia modelados como cambios en sistema de Calificación de Síntomas Mayores (MSS por siglas inglés). MSS consiste en cinco preguntas: rinorrea, goteo retro nasal, congestión, cefalea sinusal y dolor facial. Datos clínicos obtenidos de ensayo clínico aleatorizado. Costos expresados en pesos mexicanos 2016. Se realizó análisis de sensibilidad univariable y multivariables para algunos parámetros utilizados en el modelo. Resultados: Los costos proyectados fueron de $3,261 pesos con FMSN y $3,438 pesos con amoxicilina. FMSN fue asociado con ahorro de costos por paciente de $177 pesos comparado con amoxicilina en un periodo de dos semanas. La tasa incremental de costo-efectividad del FMSN lo ubica como dominante frente a amoxicilina. El análisis de sensibilidad confirma los ahorros globales de costos y la superioridad en términos de la eficacia. Conclusión: En pacientes con rinosinusitis aguda, no complicada, el tratamiento del, FMSN 200 mcg dos veces al día, produjo mejoras significativas de los síntomas en comparación con amoxicilina en pacientes sin infecciones bacterianas y es una alternativa costo efectiva para el Sistema Nacional de Salud Mexicano. Comentario editorial al finalizar el artículo.

Abstract Introduction: Acute rhinosinusitis (RSA) is a common cause of consultation on first level of attention and it can be solved without antibiotics use. Objective: Analysis of cost effectiveness of nasal spray mometasone furoate (NSMF) compared to amoxicillin in treatment of acute rhinosinusitis in Mexico from a National Mexican Health System perspective. Methods: Cost-effectiveness analysis comparing NSMF 200µg twice daily and amoxicillin 500mg three time daily. The effectiveness outcomes of the study were modeled as changes in the Major Symptom Score (MSS). MSS consists of five questions concerning rhinorrhea, post-nasal drip, nasal congestion, sinus headache, and facial pain. Clinical data were obtained from a randomized clinical trial. Cost were expressed in Mexican pesos 2016. Sensitivity analysis was conducted univariable and multivariable for some model parameters. Results: The projected costs were $3,261 pesos with NSMF and $3,438 pesos with amoxicillin. NSMF was associated with a cost savings per patient of $177 pesos versus amoxicillin over a 2 weeks period. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for NSMF dominated amoxicillin. The sensitivity analysis confirms overall cost savings and superiority in terms of effectiveness. Conclusion: In patients with non-complicated acute rhinosinusitis NSMF 200 µg twice daily produce significantly an improvement in symptoms compared to amoxicillin in patients without bacterial infections and is a cost-effective alternative for the National Health Mexican System. Editorial comment at the end of this article.

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The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of Neospora caninum in tissues from wild rodents associated with dairy farms in Aguascalientes, Mexico. Individuals from Mus musculus, Rattus novergicus and Spermophilus variegatus were caught in dairy farms with history of positive status to N. caninum. A total of 33 rodents were caught from which samples were taken of brain, spinal cord, liver and heart and were tested with nested PCR and Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results obtained with PCR showed that M. musculus had 77% (10/13) positive samples to N. caninum, S. variegatus had 71% (10/14) and R. novergicus had 50% (3/6). The results obtained with IHC showed that 15% (2/13) of M. musculus individuals were positive, while 43% (6/14) of S. variegatus and 33% (2/6) R. novergicus were also positive. This is the first report of the presence of N. caninum in S. variegatus.

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Allergic disorders are characterized by the involvement of allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibodies and T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. The search for new therapies for allergic diseases has been the primary focus of interest for many investigators in recent years. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a biologically active component of milk that exhibits a range of immunomodulatory functions. We examined whether oral administration of GMP could affect the development of allergic sensitization and the severity of immediate cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions and of anaphylaxis. Rats treated with or without GMP were ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and several indicators of allergy were evaluated. Pretreatment with GMP resulted in reduction of antigen-specific IgE titre in rats when sensitized with OVA. GMP administration also markedly suppressed the proliferative response of splenocytes to antigen and the production of interleukin (IL)-13 by splenocytes of sensitized animals. In addition, GMP pretreatment attenuated the intensity of the immediate cutaneous reaction induced by antigen and protected the sensitized rats from severe anaphylaxis. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that the administration of GMP prevents allergen sensitization and reduces the severity of the early-phase reaction induced by antigen in cutaneous hypersensitivity and in anaphylaxis. GMP may be used as a novel prophylactic agent for the control of allergic diseases.

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Mast cells are abundant in the skin and other peripheral tissues, where they are one of the first immune cells to make contact with invading pathogens. As a result of pathogen recognition, mast cells can be activated and release different preformed and de novo-synthesized mediators. Sporothrix schenckii is the fungus that causes sporotrichosis, a worldwide-distributed subcutaneous mycosis considered as an important emerging health problem. It remains unknown whether or not mast cells are activated by S. schenckii. Here, we investigated the in vitro response of mast cells to conidia of S. schenckii and their in vivo involvement in sporotrichosis. Mast cells became activated after interaction with conidia, releasing early response cytokines as TNF-α and IL-6. Although histamine release was not significantly stimulated by S. schenckii, we determined that conidia potentiate histamine secretion induced by compound 48/80. Furthermore, functional depletion of peritoneal mast cells before S. schenckii infection significantly reduced the severity of cutaneous lesions of the sporotrichosis. These data demonstrate that mast cells are important contributors in the host response to S. schenckii infection, suggesting a role of these cells in the progress of clinical manifestations in sporotrichosis.

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Silver nanoparticles were homogenously dispersed on titania nanotubes (NT), which were prepared by alkali hydrothermal methodology and dried at 373 K. Ag(+) incorporation was done by impregnative ion exchange of aqueous silver nitrate onto NT. First, Ag(+) ions incorporate into the layers of nanotube walls, and then, upon heat treatment under N(2) at 573 and 673 K, they migrate and change into Ag(2)O and Ag(0) nanoparticles, respectively. In both cases, Ag nanoparticles are highly dispersed, decorating the nanotubes in a polka-dot pattern. The Ag particle size distribution is very narrow, being ca. 4 +/- 2 nm without any observable agglomeration. The reduction of Ag(2)O into Ag(0) octahedral nanoparticles occurs spontaneously and topotactically when annealing, without the aid of any reducing agent. The population of Ag(0) nanoparticles can be controlled by adjusting the annealing temperature. An electron charge transfer from NT support to Ag(0) nanoparticles, because of a strong interaction, is responsible for considerable visible light absorption in Ag(0) nanoparticles supported on NT.

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The objective of this study was to describe the seroepidemiology of Neospora caninum infection in dogs in close contact with dairy cattle and dogs from urban areas of Aguascalientes, Mexico, as well as to estimate the possible association between age, gender and size of these groups and seroprevalence. Sera were obtained from samples of 152 dogs in dairy farms and 116 in the urban area, and were subjected to ELISA test. General seroprevalence reached 32%, while the seroprevalence in farm dogs (41%) was significantly higher than in dogs from the urban area (20%) (p<0.05). Regarding age groups, general seroprevalence was greater among dogs between 11 and 15 years of age (67%) remaining equal between males and females (32 and 31%, respectively). Nevertheless, females resident in farms had a higher seroprevalence (42%) than female resident in the urban area. Regarding size, large-sized animals had greater seroprevalence in farms (58%), while in the urban area medium-sized animals were those that had the highest seroprevalence (27%). It was found that dairy farm dogs had a higher risk of infection (OR=2.79; p=0.0004), and that in said group, the age range from <1 to 5 years of age was identified as a risk factor (OR=3.11, p=0.001).

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Syntaxin-1 and 25-kDa Synaptosome-associated Protein (SNAP-25) are present in the plasma membrane of several different secretory cell types and are involved in the exocytosis process. In this work, the free-living amoeba Difflugia corona was studied in relation to ultrastructure, structural membrane proteins, and proteins such as Syntaxin-1 and SNAP-25. Our results obtained by scanning electron microscopy in the amoeba without its theca, showed many membrane projections and several pore-like structures. Using immunocytochemistry, we found structural proteins Syntaxin-1 and SNAP-25.

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Syntaxin-1 and 25-kDa Synaptosome-associated Protein (SNAP-25) are present in the plasma membrane of several different secretory cell types and are involved in the exocytosis process. In this work, the free-living amoeba Difflugia corona was studied in relation to ultrastructure, structural membrane proteins, and proteins such as Syntaxin-1 and SNAP-25. Our results obtained by scanning electron microscopy in the amoeba without its theca, showed many membrane projections and several pore-like structures. Using immunocytochemistry, we found structural proteins Syntaxin-1 and SNAP-25.(AU)

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Mexico is currently in the process of implementing its third air management program, which includes control measures targeting emissions reductions from mobile, point, and area sources. Achieving the program goals will require changes in the composition and in physical properties of gasoline and implementing an emissions reduction schedule. For that purpose a study was undertaken to support understanding of the effect of gasoline fuel parameters on exhaust emissions. Specifically, the relative impacts of Reid vapor pressure, distillation parameters, oxygen, sulfur, olefins, and aromatic contents on the exhaust emissions of in-use vehicles of the metropolitan area of Mexico City were investigated. The results were used to develop a model to predict CO, nitrogen oxides, total hydrocarbons, and toxic emissions such as benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde. Also a statistical model that predicts evaporative emissions was built. Results of the present model are compared with those obtained using the complex model of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

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Light duty gasoline vehicles account for most of CO hydrocarbons and NOx emissions at the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC). In order to ameliorate air pollution from the beginning of 2001, Tier 1 emission standards became mandatory for all new model year sold in the country. Car manufacturers in Mexico do not guarantee the performance of their exhaust emissions systems for a given mileage. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the Tier 1 vehicles will stand the certification values for at least 162000 km with the regular fuel available at the MAMC. Mileage accumulation and deterioration show that certified carbon monoxide emissions will stand for the useful life of the vehicles but in the case of non-methane hydrocarbons will be shorter by 40%, and nitrogen oxides emissions above the standard will be reached at one third of the accumulated kilometers. The effect of gasoline sulfur content, on the current in use Tier 1 vehicles of the MAMC and the impact on the emissions inventory in year 2010 showed that 31000 extra tons of NOx could be added to the inventory caused by the failure of the vehicles to control this pollutant at the useful life of vehicles.

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