RESUMO
Berry fruits are well recognized for health-promoting constituents due to their properties of free radical scavengers which confer antioxidant activity against cellular oxidation reactions. Elderberry fruit contains one of the highest levels of anthocyanins. The objective of this work was to evaluate the storage stability of total monomeric anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside (one of two major anthocyanins in elderberry), and color parameters in freeze-dried elderberry encapsulated with a low proportion of different carriers (Maltodextrin, Capsul™, Promitor ™, and κ-carrageenan). Encapsulated samples were stored at two different water activities (aw) 0.10-0.20 and 0.43 at 38 â for 90 days and evaluated for the content of monomeric anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside, color parameters, and physical characteristics. Freeze-dried powders remained free-flowing during storage at 38 â with aw 0.12-0.20, but agglomeration occurred at aw = 0.43. Total anthocyanins and color parameter a* (redness) remained unchanged during storage at the lower aw. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) were determined and mostly correlated with observed physical phenomena. The powders had a very high total monomeric anthocyanin contents as high as 13 mg/g (cyanidin-3-glucoside). The addition of encapsulants in low proportions allowed the researchers to obtain elderberry powders with a very high concentration of total monomeric anthocyanins. aw plays a key role in all stability parameters studied.
Assuntos
Antocianinas , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Liofilização , Sambucus , Antocianinas/química , Antioxidantes , Armazenamento de Alimentos/métodos , Frutas/química , Sambucus/químicaRESUMO
Objective. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of Dialyzable Leukocyte Extract (DLE) in a murine model of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). Methods. Histopathological characterization, prostatein Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, and immunohistochemical analysis for CD45, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-4 molecules were done in prostatic Wistar rats treated with DLE, placebo, or Dexamethasone. Results. Histopathological analysis of animals induced to prostatitis showed inflammatory infiltrate, mainly constituted by leucocytes and mast cells as well as Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Serum prostatein concentrations were 14 times higher than those displayed by healthy animals. After DLE and Dexamethasone treatments, the inflammatory infiltrate decreased; the tissue morphology was similar to that of a normal prostate, and the prostatein decreased to the basal levels of healthy animals. DLE treatment produced a decreased expression of the cell surface marker CD45 and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17. On the other hand, the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 increased in both the Dexamethasone and DLE groups. Conclusion. DLE is able to modulate the inflammatory response in Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis (EAP).
Assuntos
Doenças Autoimunes/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Prostatite/tratamento farmacológico , Fator de Transferência/administração & dosagem , Animais , Doenças Autoimunes/sangue , Doenças Autoimunes/patologia , Dexametasona , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/patologia , Interleucina-17/biossíntese , Interleucina-4/biossíntese , Interleucina-6/biossíntese , Antígenos Comuns de Leucócito/biossíntese , Masculino , Camundongos , Prostateína/sangue , Hiperplasia Prostática/sangue , Hiperplasia Prostática/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperplasia Prostática/patologia , Prostatite/sangue , Prostatite/patologia , Ratos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossínteseRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diastolic dysfunction (DD) and low levels of thyroid hormones (TH) are frequent found in chronic kidney disease; both are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. However, a link between them has not yet been established. The aim of this study was to analyze DD as a surrogate marker of fibrosis and its association with TH in incident patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 183 incident patients on PD with preserved ejection fraction was performed. Clinical and demographic data were registered. Serum total and free (t/f) triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone levels were determined by RIA kits, albumin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein by conventional assays. Transthoracic 2D echocardiogram was performed for evaluation of left ventricular (LV) mass and ejection fraction. DD was evaluated using pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging. RESULTS: Patients were 43 ± 12, 42% with diabetes mellitus (DM). Some degree of DD was found in 62% of patients; 18% had grade I DD, 8% grade II DD and 36% grade III DD. Patients with grade III DD were more likely to have diabetes, older, high LV mass and low serum albumin, t/fT3 and tT4 levels. In logistic multivariate regression analysis, it was found that diabetes (B = -0.86, 95% CI 0.182-0.992, p < 0.05), hypertension (B = -0.95, 95% CI 0.184-0.817, p = 0.01) and tT3 (B = -1.94, 95% CI 0.023-0.876, p < 0.05) were associated with grade III DD. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of grade III DD was found in incident patients on PD. In addition to DM and hypertension, tT3 was found to be an independent risk factor for grade III DD and more studies are needed to understand the reasons as to why this association is present.
Assuntos
Diástole/fisiologia , Diálise Peritoneal/efeitos adversos , Hormônios Tireóideos/deficiência , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/etiologia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Fatores de Risco , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/epidemiologia , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The parasite Entamoeba histolytica causes intestinal amebiasis and amebic liver abscess as its main extraintestinal manifestation. To study the in vivo events related to inflammation and the interactions between hosts and parasites during amebiasis, we designed a novel model of host-parasite interactions using cellulose membrane dialysis bags containing E. histolytica trophozoites. A bag is placed into the hamster peritoneal cavity, as has been reported in previous studies of programmed cell death (PCD) in E. histolytica trophozoites. To determine if virulence factors such as cysteine proteinases (EhCP2 and EhCP5) and Gal/GalNAc lectin could be involved in the host-parasite interaction using this model, we examined the relative expression of the ehcp2 and ehcp5 genes and the carbohydrate recognition domain (crd) of Gal/GalNAc lectin using real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). All analyzed genes were over-expressed 0.5h after the initiation of the host-parasite interaction and were then progressively down-regulated. However, Gal/GalNAc lectin had the greatest increase in gene expression 1.5h after host-parasite interaction; Gal/GalNAc lectin had a 250-fold increase with respect to the axenically grown trophozoites, which over-express Gal/GalNAc lectin in in vivo models. These results support the important role of these molecules in the initiation of cell damage by E. histolytica.
Assuntos
Acetilgalactosamina/metabolismo , Cisteína Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Entamoeba histolytica/metabolismo , Entamebíase/parasitologia , Mesocricetus/parasitologia , Animais , Cricetinae , Cisteína Endopeptidases/genética , Disenteria Amebiana/parasitologia , Entamoeba histolytica/genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Humanos , Lectinas/metabolismo , Abscesso Hepático Amebiano/parasitologia , Masculino , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , Trofozoítos/patologiaRESUMO
Background: Tigecycline is indicated for the treatment of complicated skin infections, soft tissue and intraabdominal infections. Its use could be extended to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital pneumonia (HN). The objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tigecycline in the treatment of respiratory infections. Methods: systematic review (2012). Databases used were MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CRD and WOK. We identified clinical trials of adults with respiratory infection, treated with tigecycline. The quality of the studies was assessed using CASPe checklist. Results: We selected four clinical trials of high-moderate quality. Three studies with patients with CAP and a trial with HN patients. In patients with CAP, efficacy of tigecycline (88.6 to 90.6%) was higher than levofloxacin (85.3 to 87.2%). The non inferiority testing was statistically significant (p < 0.001). In the study of patients with HN tigecycline showed an efficiency of 67.9% versus 78.2% for imipenem/cilastatin. Main adverse effects were gastrointestinal. Conclusions: The efficacy of tigecycline is non inferior than levofloxacin in patients with CAP, but less than imipenem in patients with HN. Tigecycline demonstrates noninferiority versus others tested antibiotics, and it shows a good safety profile.
Introducción: Tigeciclina está indicada en el tratamiento de infecciones complicadas de piel, tejidos blandos e intra-abdominales. Su utilización podría extenderse para neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad (NAC) y neumonías hospitalarias (NH). El objetivo ha sido evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de tigeciclina en el tratamiento de infecciones respiratorias. Material y Métodos: Revisión sistemática (2012). Se realizaron búsquedas en MedLine, Embase, Cochrane Library, CRD y WOK. Se localizaron ensayos clínicos de adultos con infección respiratoria, tratados mediante tigeciclina. La calidad de los estudios se valoró mediante los criterios CASPe. Resultados: Se seleccionaron cuatro ensayos clínicos de calidad alta-moderada. Tres estudios incluyeron pacientes con NAC y un estudio a pacientes con NH. En pacientes con NAC la eficacia de tigeciclina (88,6-90,6%) fue no inferior a la de levofloxacina (85,3-87,2%). El "test de no inferioridad" fue estadísticamente significativo (p < 0,001). En el estudio de pacientes con NH, tigeciclina presentó una eficacia de 67,9% frente a 78,2% de imipenem/cilastatina. Los principales efectos adversos fueron gastrointestinales. Conclusiones: la eficacia de tigeciclina es no inferior a la de levofloxacina en pacientes con NAC, pero inferior a imipenem en pacientes con NH. Tigeciclina ha demostrado no inferioridad frente a los otros antimicrobianos testados. Tigeciclina demuestra tener un buen perfil de seguridad.
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Minociclina/análogos & derivados , Pneumonia/tratamento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/tratamento farmacológico , Minociclina/efeitos adversos , Minociclina/uso terapêutico , Infecções Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tigecycline is indicated for the treatment of complicated skin infections, soft tissue and intraabdominal infections. Its use could be extended to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital pneumonia (HN). The objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tigecycline in the treatment of respiratory infections. METHODS: systematic review (2012). Databases used were MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CRD and WOK. We identified clinical trials of adults with respiratory infection, treated with tigecycline. The quality of the studies was assessed using CASPe checklist. RESULTS: We selected four clinical trials of high-moderate quality. Three studies with patients with CAP and a trial with HN patients. In patients with CAP, efficacy of tigecycline (88.6 to 90.6%) was higher than levofloxacin (85.3 to 87.2%). The non inferiority testing was statistically significant (p < 0.001). In the study of patients with HN tigecycline showed an efficiency of 67.9% versus 78.2% for imipenem/cilastatin. Main adverse effects were gastrointestinal. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of tigecycline is non inferior than levofloxacin in patients with CAP, but less than imipenem in patients with HN. Tigecycline demonstrates noninferiority versus others tested antibiotics, and it shows a good safety profile.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Minociclina/análogos & derivados , Pneumonia/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Minociclina/efeitos adversos , Minociclina/uso terapêutico , Infecções Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológico , TigeciclinaRESUMO
This study presents morphological and biochemical evidence of programmed cell death (PCD) in Entamoeba histolytica induced by exposure of trophozoites to the aminoglycoside antibiotic G418. Morphological characteristics of PCD, including cell shrinkage, reduced cellular volume, nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation and vacuolization were observed, with preservation of trophozoite membrane integrity. PCD is orchestrated biochemically by alterations in intracellular ion fluxes. In G418-treated trophozoites, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased intracellular K+, increased cytosolic calcium, and decreased intracellular pH levels were observed. However, externalization of phosphatidylserine was not detected. These results suggest that amoebae can undergo PCD under stress conditions, and that this PCD shares several properties with PCD reported in mammals and in a variety of unicellular organisms.
Assuntos
Amebicidas/farmacologia , Apoptose , Entamoeba histolytica/efeitos dos fármacos , Entamoeba histolytica/fisiologia , Gentamicinas/farmacologia , Animais , Cálcio/metabolismo , Fragmentação do DNA , Entamoeba histolytica/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Entamoeba histolytica/ultraestrutura , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Estresse Oxidativo , Potássio/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Trofozoítos/efeitos dos fármacos , Trofozoítos/fisiologiaRESUMO
El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar los conocimientos de los alumnos que cursan el último año de la carrera de odontología sobre el manejo de la paciente embarazada. Los criterios de inclusión fueron alumnos que cursaban el último año de la carrera en 3 universidades de la ciudad de México. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo, se elaboró y validó una encuesta sobre los conocimientos que un odontólogo general debe conocer acerca del tema. Resultados: participaron 132 alumnos cuyo rendimiento en conceptos de fisiología y farmacología en general fue deficiente. vale la pena reflexionar sobre la necesidad de retroalimentar los conceptos teóricos en la práctica clínica, ya que la demanda de servicios de este tipo de pacientes es baja