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1.
Epidemiology ; 34(4): 467-475, 2023 07 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36943813

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Cannabis legalization for medical and recreational purposes has been suggested as an effective strategy to reduce opioid and benzodiazepine use and deaths. We examined the county-level association between medical and recreational cannabis laws and poisoning deaths involving opioids and benzodiazepines in the US from 2002 to 2020. METHODS: Our ecologic county-level, spatiotemporal study comprised 49 states. Exposures were state-level implementation of medical and recreational cannabis laws and state-level initiation of cannabis dispensary sales. Our main outcomes were poisoning deaths involving any opioid, any benzodiazepine, and opioids with benzodiazepines. Secondary analyses included overdoses involving natural and semi-synthetic opioids, synthetic opioids, and heroin. RESULTS: Implementation of medical cannabis laws was associated with increased deaths involving opioids (rate ratio [RR] = 1.14; 95% credible interval [CrI] = 1.11, 1.18), benzodiazepines (RR = 1.19; 95% CrI = 1.12, 1.26), and opioids+benzodiazepines (RR = 1.22; 95% CrI = 1.15, 1.30). Medical cannabis legalizations allowing dispensaries was associated with fewer deaths involving opioids (RR = 0.88; 95% CrI = 0.85, 0.91) but not benzodiazepine deaths; results for recreational cannabis implementation and opioid deaths were similar (RR = 0.81; 95% CrI = 0.75, 0.88). Recreational cannabis laws allowing dispensary sales was associated with consistent reductions in opioid- (RR = 0.83; 95% CrI = 0.76, 0.91), benzodiazepine- (RR = 0.79; 95% CrI = 0.68, 0.92), and opioid+benzodiazepine-related poisonings (RR = 0.83; 95% CrI = 0.70, 0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of medical cannabis laws was associated with higher rates of opioid- and benzodiazepine-related deaths, whereas laws permitting broader cannabis access, including implementation of recreational cannabis laws and medical and recreational dispensaries, were associated with lower rates. The estimated effects of the expanded availability of cannabis seem dependent on the type of law implemented and its provisions.


Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides , Benzodiazepinas , Overdose de Drogas , Maconha Medicinal , Humanos , Analgésicos Opioides/intoxicação , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides , Cannabis , Overdose de Drogas/mortalidade , Legislação de Medicamentos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Benzodiazepinas/intoxicação
2.
Med Confl Surviv ; 39(1): 28-47, 2023 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36815261

RESUMO

This study aims to evaluate the effect of a mental health Narrative Community-Based Group Therapy (NCGT) in Afro-Colombian violence survivors. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in Buenaventura and Quibdó, Colombia. Afro-Colombian adults (n=521) were randomly allocated to a NCGT (n1=175), a wait-control group (n2=171) or a Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA, n3=175). The CETA was described separately given conceptual/methodological differences. Lay psychosocial community workers delivered the NCGT. Symptoms were assessed before and after intervention/wait with culturally adapted mental health symptoms and gender-specific functionality scales. Intent to treat analysis and mean difference of differences were used for comparisons. In Buenaventura, a significant reduction in functional impairment (mean difference: -0.30, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]: -0.55, -0.05) and depression (mean difference: -0.24, 95% CI: -0.42, -0.07) were found, with small and moderate effect size, respectively. In Quibdó, functionality improved significantly (mean difference: -0.29, 95% CI: -0.54, -0.04, small effect size). Even though differences in depression and anxiety were not significant, there were reductions in symptoms. The NCGT is effective in improving daily functioning among violence victims in the Colombian Pacific and has the potential to reduce symptoms of depression. Further exploration is required to understand the effects of a narrative group therapy for mental health in Afro-Colombian populations.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01856673 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01856673).


Assuntos
Transtornos Mentais , Psicoterapia de Grupo , Adulto , Humanos , Colômbia , Saúde Mental , Violência/psicologia , Transtornos Mentais/terapia
3.
Rev. colomb. med. fis. rehabil. (En línea) ; 33(2): 145-157, 2023. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1531899

RESUMO

Introducción. La polineuropatía, la miopatía y la polineuromiopatía son condiciones debilitantes que afectan a pacientes críticamente enfermos. Sin embargo, poco se conoce acerca de los factores relacionados con estos desenlaces en pacientes hospitalizados en las unidades de cuidado intensivo (UCI) y con hospitalización prolongada en el contexto clínico colombiano. Objetivo. Evaluar los factores asociados al desarrollo de polineuropatía, miopatía y polineuromiopatía en pacientes críticos con hospitalización prolongada. Métodos. Estudio analítico, observacional, de casos y controles apareados realizado en 192 pacientes (64 casos y 128 controles) atendidos en una clínica de tercer nivel de atención de Cali, Colombia. Se analizaron diferentes factores de riesgo como falla multiorgánica, sepsis, desnutrición, nutrición parenteral, uso de corticoides, uso de relajantes musculares, entre otros. Se evaluó si los días de estancia en UCI es un modificador del efecto de la relación entre estos factores y los desenlaces. Resultados. Se encontró que la falla multiorgánica (OR: 6,32, IC95%: 2,15-18,58), la desnutrición (OR: 2,25, IC95%: 1,01-5,0) y el uso de relajantes musculares (OR: 2,68, IC95%: 1,04-6,87) estuvieron asociados con el desarrollo de polineuropatía y miopatía. Así mismo, se observó que la asociación entre la falla multiorgánica y estas condiciones se vio afectada por la duración de la estancia en UCI (p<0,05). En pacientes sin falla multiorgánica, el riesgo aumentó mínimamente con cada día adicional de estancia en UCI (OR: 1,004, IC95%: 0,97-1,04); sin embargo, en pacientes con falla multiorgánica, el riesgo se incrementó en un 5% por cada día adicional de estancia en UCI. Conclusiones. Los resultados del presente estudio destacan la importancia de factores como la falla multiorgánica, la desnutrición y el uso de relajantes musculares en el desarrollo de la polineuropatía, la miopatía y la polineuromiopatía en pacientes críticos con hospitalización prolongada.


Introduction. Polyneuropathy, myopathy, and polyneuromyopathy are debilitating conditions that affect critically ill patients. However, little is known about the factors related to these outcomes in patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs) and with prolonged hospitalization in the Colombian clinical context. Objective. To assess the factors associated with the development of polyneuropathy, myopathy and polyneuromyopathy in critically ill patients with prolonged hospitalization. Methods. Analytical, observational, matched case-control study conducted in 192 patients (64 cases and 128 controls) treated at a tertiary care clinic in Cali, Colombia. Different risk factors such as multi-organ failure, sepsis, malnutrition, parenteral nutrition, use of corticosteroids, use of muscle relaxants, among others, were analyzed. We assessed whether the length of stay in the ICU is a modifier of the effect of the relationship between these factors and the outcomes. Results. It was found that multiorgan failure (OR: 6.32, 95%CI: 2.15-18.58), malnutrition (OR: 2.25, 95%CI: 1.01-5.0) and the use of muscle relaxants (OR: 2.68, 95%CI: 1.04-6.87) were associated with the development of polyneuropathy and myopathy. Likewise, it was observed that the association between multi-organ failure and these conditions was affected by the length of stay in the ICU (p<0.05). In patients without multi-organ failure, the risk increased minimally with each additional day of stay in the ICU (OR: 1.004, 95%CI: 0.97-1.04); however, in patients with multi-organ failure, the risk increased by 5% for each additional day of stay in the ICU. Conclusions. The results of the present study highlight the importance of factors such as multi-organ failure, malnutrition and the use of muscle relaxants in the development of polyneuropathy, myopathy and polyneuromyopathy in critically ill patients with prolonged hospitalization.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino
4.
Am J Public Health ; 111(7): 1292-1299, 2021 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34110920

RESUMO

Objectives. To examine homicide rates in Cali, Colombia, during the 1993-2018 period, using information derived from an interagency surveillance system. Methods. We used homicide data from Cali's Epidemiological Surveillance System to examine homicide trends by victim's age and sex, time, and type of method used. We estimated trend changes and the annual percentage changes using joinpoint regression analyses. Results. Homicide rates per 100 000 inhabitants dropped from 102 in 1993 to 47.8 in 2018. We observed reductions in homicide rates across age and sex groups. Most homicide victims were men aged 20 to 39 years from poor, marginalized areas. Firearms were used in 84.9% of all cases. The average annual percentage change for the entire period was -3.6 (95% confidence interval = -6.7, -0.4). Conclusions. Fluctuations in homicide rates in Cali show a clear epidemic pattern, occurring concurrently with the "crack epidemic" in different countries. Reliable and timely information provided by an Epidemiological Surveillance System allowed opportune formulation of public policies to reduce the impact of violence in Cali.


Assuntos
Homicídio/tendências , Violência/tendências , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Teorema de Bayes , Criança , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Armas de Fogo/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pobreza , Distribuição por Sexo , Adulto Jovem
5.
Rev. crim ; 62(3): 39-48, sep.-dic. 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-1144419

RESUMO

Abstract Cali is one of the cities in Colombia and Latin America with the highest rate of homicides, with around one third of homicides being attributed to street gang-related violence. In 2016, the Mayor's office from Santiago the Cali - Colombia, the Police Department and the Cisalva institute from Universidad del Valle worked together to develop an holistic intervention, "TIP -Youth without frontiers", to reduce street gang-related violence in Cali's communes. The intervention comprised six components focusing on developing personal/emotional skills, improving access to health and other public services, reducing substance use, connecting youth with employment and educational opportunities, promoting participation in sports and recreational activities, and improving the restitution of citizen rights to street gang members. This study aimed to describe the characteristics and implementation of this transformative street gang program and to describe changes in street gang-related homicides that could be associated with the implementation of this program. The program started contacting street gangs in January 2016, recruiting the first street gang members in August 2016. As of December 2018, 2.107 youth (from 84 Police identified street gangs) have participated in the program. A reduction in street gang-related homicides was observed in Cali's communes from 2015 to 2018. In intervened communes these homicides decreased on average by 80%, suggesting that the program could have contributed to the reduction of street gang-related violent behavior in these areas.


Resumen Cali es una de las ciudades de Colombia y de Latinoamérica con la tasa de homicidios más alta, con alrededor de un tercio de los homicidios atribuidos a la violencia entre pandillas. En 2016, la Alcaldía de Santiago de Cali - Colombia, la Policía Nacional y el Instituto Cisalva de la Universidad del Valle trabajaron juntos para desarrollar una intervención holística, "TIP - Jóvenes sin fronteras", con el fin de reducir la violencia relacionada con las pandillas en las comunas de Cali. La intervención abarcó seis componentes centrados en desarrollar habilidades personales/emocionales, mejorar el acceso a los servicios de salud y otros servicios públicos, reducir el consumo de sustancias, conectar a los jóvenes con oportunidades laborales y educativas, fomentar la participación en actividades deportivas y recreativas, y restituir los derechos cívicos a integrantes de las pandillas. El objetivo de este estudio era describir las características y la implementación de este programa de transformación de pandillas, y describir los cambios en la tasa de homicidios relacionados con pandillas que podrían estar asociados con la implementación de este programa. El programa comenzó contactando a las pandillas en enero del 2016, reclutando a los primeros miembros de estas en agosto del 2016. A diciembre del 2018, 2.107 jóvenes (de 84 pandillas identificadas por la policía) han participado en el programa. Se observó una reducción de los homicidios relacionados con pandillas en las comunas de Cali entre 2015 y 2018. En las comunas intervenidas, estos homicidios disminuyeron en promedio un 80%, lo que sugiere que el programa podría haber contribuido a la reducción del comportamiento violento relacionado con las pandillas en estas áreas.


Resumo Cali é uma das cidades da Colômbia e da América Latina com a maior taxa de homicídios, com cerca de um terço dos homicídios atribuídos à violência de gangues. Em 2016, a Prefeitura de Santiago de Cali - Colômbia, a Polícia Nacional e o Instituto Cisalva da Universidad del Valle trabalharam juntos para desenvolver uma intervenção holística, "TIP - Jovens sem fronteiras", a fim de reduzir a violência das gangues nas comunas de Cali. A intervenção abrangeu seis componentes focados no desenvolvimento de habilidades pessoais/emocionais, melhoria do acesso aos serviços de saúde e outros serviços públicos, redução do uso de substâncias, conexão dos jovens com oportunidades de emprego e educação, incentivo à participação em atividades esportivas e recreativas, e a restauração dos direitos cívicos para os membros das gangues. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as características e a implementação do programa de transformação de gangues e descrever as mudanças na taxa de homicídios por gangues que poderiam estar associadas à implementação deste programa. O programa começou contatando as gangues em janeiro de 2016 e foram recrutados os primeiros membros das gangues em agosto de 2016. Em dezembro de 2018, participaram do programa 2.107 jovens (de 84 gangues identificadas pela polícia). Uma redução dos homicídios relacionados a gangues nas comunas de Cali foi observada entre 2015 e 2018. Nas comunas intervencionadas, esses homicídios diminuíram em média 80%, sugerindo que o programa possa ter contribuído para a redução do comportamento violento relacionado a gangues nessas áreas.


Assuntos
Humanos , Homicídio , Violência , Conflitos Armados , Criminosos
6.
Colomb Med (Cali) ; 51(2): e4272, 2020 Jun 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33012887

RESUMO

In the past four months SARS-CoV-2 has reached most countries in the world. Public health strategies based on widespread testing and proper isolation of positive cases have shown to be helpful to reduce local transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Confirmatory tests, that identify viral RNA, and screening serological tests that identify viral antigens or host antibodies against viral proteins are part of the tools that nations can use to fight infectious disease epidemics. Understanding how each test works can provide insights about their test characteristics and how they can be used for different clinical and public health goals. Testing is a key strategy to reduce viral transmission, not only for this epidemic, but also for others to come.


En los últimos cuatro meses, el virus SARS-CoV-2 ha llegado a la mayoría de países en el mundo. Las estrategias de salud pública basadas en la realización masiva de pruebas diagnósticas y el aislamiento focalizado de casos positivos han demostrado ser útiles para la reducción de la transmisión de SARS-CoV-2. Las pruebas confirmatorias, que identifican el ARN viral, y las pruebas serológicas que identifican antígenos virales o anticuerpos contra las proteínas virales del huésped son herramientas que las naciones pueden usar para combatir las epidemias producidas por agentes infecciosos. El comprender cómo funcionan estas pruebas puede ayudar a entender sus características y cómo pueden ser usadas para diferentes objetivos clínicos y de salud pública. Las pruebas diagnósticas son herramientas clave para reducir la transmisión viral, no solo en esta epidemia, sino para otras por venir.


Assuntos
Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Viral/diagnóstico , Antígenos Virais/sangue , COVID-19 , Teste para COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Saúde Pública , RNA Viral/isolamento & purificação
7.
Colomb Med (Cali) ; 51(2): e4277, 2020 Jun 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33012889

RESUMO

Currently, there are several mathematical models that have been developed to understand the dynamics of COVID-19 infection. However, the difference in the sociocultural contexts between countries requires the specific adjustment of these estimates to each scenario. This article analyses the main elements used for the construction of models from epidemiological patterns, to describe the interaction, explain the dynamics of infection and recovery, and to predict possible scenarios that may arise with the introduction of public health measures such as social distancing and quarantines, specifically in the case of the pandemic unleashed by the new SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 virus. COMMENT: Mathematical models are highly relevant for making objective and effective decisions to control and eradicate the disease. These models used for COVID-19 have supported and will continue to provide information for the selection and implementation of programs and public policies that prevent associated complications, reduce the speed of the virus spread and minimize the occurrence of severe cases of the disease that may collapse health systems.


En la actualidad existen varios modelos matemáticos que han sido desarrollados para entender la dinámica de la infección por COVID-19. Sin embargo, la diferencia en los contextos socioculturales entre países hace necesario el ajuste específico de estas estimaciones a cada escenario. Este artículo analiza los principales elementos usados para la construcción de los modelos a partir de patrones epidemiológicos, para lograr describir la interacción, explicar la dinámica de infección y recuperación, así como para predecir posibles escenarios que pueden presentarse con la introducción de medidas en salud pública como el distanciamiento social y cuarentenas, específicamente para el caso de la pandemia desatada por el nuevo virus SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. COMENTARIO: Los modelos matemáticos son de gran relevancia para la toma de decisiones objetivas y eficaces para controlar y erradicar la enfermedad. Estos modelos usados para el COVID-19, han apoyado y seguirán aportando información para la selección e implementación de programas y políticas públicas que prevengan complicaciones asociadas, disminuyan la velocidad de propagación del virus y minimicen la aparición de casos severos de enfermedad que puedan colapsar los sistemas de salud.


Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Política de Saúde , Modelos Teóricos , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Saúde Pública , Quarentena , Isolamento Social
8.
Colomb. med ; 51(2): e4272, Apr.-June 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-1124616

RESUMO

Abstract In the past four months SARS-CoV-2 has reached most countries in the world. Public health strategies based on widespread testing and proper isolation of positive cases have shown to be helpful to reduce local transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Confirmatory tests, that identify viral RNA, and screening serological tests that identify viral antigens or host antibodies against viral proteins are part of the tools that nations can use to fight infectious disease epidemics. Understanding how each test works can provide insights about their test characteristics and how they can be used for different clinical and public health goals. Testing is a key strategy to reduce viral transmission, not only for this epidemic, but also for others to come.


Resumen En los últimos cuatro meses, el virus SARS-CoV-2 ha llegado a la mayoría de países en el mundo. Las estrategias de salud pública basadas en la realización masiva de pruebas diagnósticas y el aislamiento focalizado de casos positivos han demostrado ser útiles para la reducción de la transmisión de SARS-CoV-2. Las pruebas confirmatorias, que identifican el ARN viral, y las pruebas serológicas que identifican antígenos virales o anticuerpos contra las proteínas virales del huésped son herramientas que las naciones pueden usar para combatir las epidemias producidas por agentes infecciosos. El comprender cómo funcionan estas pruebas puede ayudar a entender sus características y cómo pueden ser usadas para diferentes objetivos clínicos y de salud pública. Las pruebas diagnósticas son herramientas clave para reducir la transmisión viral, no solo en esta epidemia, sino para otras por venir.


Assuntos
Humanos , Pneumonia Viral/diagnóstico , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , RNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Saúde Pública , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Teste para COVID-19 , COVID-19 , América Latina/epidemiologia , Antígenos Virais/sangue
9.
Colomb. med ; 51(2): e4277, Apr.-June 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1124619

RESUMO

Abstract Currently, there are several mathematical models that have been developed to understand the dynamics of COVID-19 infection. However, the difference in the sociocultural contexts between countries requires the specific adjustment of these estimates to each scenario. This article analyses the main elements used for the construction of models from epidemiological patterns, to describe the interaction, explain the dynamics of infection and recovery, and to predict possible scenarios that may arise with the introduction of public health measures such as social distancing and quarantines, specifically in the case of the pandemic unleashed by the new SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 virus. Comment: Mathematical models are highly relevant for making objective and effective decisions to control and eradicate the disease. These models used for COVID-19 have supported and will continue to provide information for the selection and implementation of programs and public policies that prevent associated complications, reduce the speed of the virus spread and minimize the occurrence of severe cases of the disease that may collapse health systems.


Resumen En la actualidad existen varios modelos matemáticos que han sido desarrollados para entender la dinámica de la infección por COVID-19. Sin embargo, la diferencia en los contextos socioculturales entre países hace necesario el ajuste específico de estas estimaciones a cada escenario. Este artículo analiza los principales elementos usados para la construcción de los modelos a partir de patrones epidemiológicos, para lograr describir la interacción, explicar la dinámica de infección y recuperación, así como para predecir posibles escenarios que pueden presentarse con la introducción de medidas en salud pública como el distanciamiento social y cuarentenas, específicamente para el caso de la pandemia desatada por el nuevo virus SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Comentario: Los modelos matemáticos son de gran relevancia para la toma de decisiones objetivas y eficaces para controlar y erradicar la enfermedad. Estos modelos usados para el COVID-19, han apoyado y seguirán aportando información para la selección e implementación de programas y políticas públicas que prevengan complicaciones asociadas, disminuyan la velocidad de propagación del virus y minimicen la aparición de casos severos de enfermedad que puedan colapsar los sistemas de salud.

10.
Psychol Addict Behav ; 34(1): 201-208, 2020 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31613115

RESUMO

Sensation seeking has been proposed as a risk factor for gambling and gambling problems; however, existing evidence for a relationship between sensation seeking and gambling behaviors is inconclusive and data are lacking for emerging adults and racial and ethnic minorities. In this longitudinal study, we explored the association between developmental trajectories of sensation seeking in childhood and adolescence and gambling and gambling problems in early adulthood in individuals of Puerto Rican origin. Gambling data were collected during 2014-2018 from a subsample of participants in the Boricua Youth Study who were recruited in the South Bronx of New York City and in San Juan and Caguas, Puerto Rico. Sensation seeking was measured using a 10-item instrument modified from the scale created by Russo et al. for use in children as young as 5 years old. Developmental trajectories of age-adjusted sensation seeking were created using growth mixture models. Gambling and gambling problems were assessed based on the Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory (CAGI) Version 1.09. Data were analyzed using descriptive methods and multivariable logistic regression. Individuals in the high sensation-seeking class had lower adjusted odds of past-year gambling (OR = .36; 95% confidence interval [.14, .92]) than did those in the normative sensation-seeking class, whereas no differences were observed for individuals in the low and accelerated classes. No relationship was found between sensation seeking and past-year gambling problems. Given the severe consequences of early initiation of gambling and gambling problems, other early life risk factors and alternative hypotheses for the elevated prevalence of gambling problems in young adults and racial and ethnic minority populations should be explored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).


Assuntos
Comportamento Infantil , Jogo de Azar/etnologia , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Etnicidade , Feminino , Jogo de Azar/epidemiologia , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Grupos Minoritários , Cidade de Nova Iorque/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Porto Rico/etnologia , Fatores de Risco , Sensação , Adulto Jovem
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