RESUMO
Menopause, natural or surgical, might facilitate the onset of psychiatric pathologies. Some reports suggest that their severity could increase if the decline of ovarian hormones occurs abruptly and before natural endocrine senescence. Therefore, we compared the effects of ovariectomy on microglia's morphological alterations, the complexity of newborn neurons, and the animal's ability to cope with stress. Young adult (3 months) and middle-aged (15 months) female Wistar rats were subjected to an ovariectomy (OVX) or were sham-operated. After 3 weeks, animals were assigned to one of the following independent groups: (1) young adult OVX + no stress; (2) young adult sham + no stress; (3) young adult OVX + stress; (4) young adult sham + stress; (5) middle-aged OVX + no stress; (6) middle-aged sham + no stress; (7) middle-aged OVX + stress; (8) middle-aged sham + stress. Acute stress was induced by forced swimming test (FST) exposure. Immobility behavior was scored during FST and 30 min after; animals were euthanized, their brains collected and prepared for immunohistochemical detection of Iba-1 to analyze morphological alterations in microglia, and doublecortin (DCX) detection to evaluate the dendrite complexity of newborn neurons. OVX increased immobility behavior, induced microglia morphological alterations, and reduced dendrite complexity of newborn neurons in young adult rats. FST further increased this effect. In middle-aged rats, the main effects were related to the aging process without OVX or stress exposure. In conclusion, surgical menopause favors in young adult rats, but not in middle-aged, the vulnerability to develop immobility behavior, retracted morphology of microglial cells, and decreased dendrite complexity of newborn neurons.
Assuntos
Microglia , Estresse Psicológico , Animais , Dendritos , Proteínas do Domínio Duplacortina , Proteína Duplacortina , Feminino , Humanos , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos , Neurônios , Neuropeptídeos , Ovariectomia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Abstract Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent neurocognitive disorder. It affects 50% to 75% of the cases of dementia, and is characterized by a progressive cognitive decline that hinders behavior and functionality. Its etiology is still uncertain, and the efficiency of treatments is limited. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been used as an alternative therapeutic strategy, but the clinical impact on Alzheimer's disease has hardly been studied. Objective To describe the effects of rTMS on cognition, the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), and functionality, considering the various modes of application. Method The PubMed, ScienceDirect, and PsycInfo databases were consulted using key words relating to the topic of study. Articles published between 2006 and 2016 were selected. Results The studies that have assessed the clinical effect of rTMS have used various parameters to stimulate and compare the different cortical areas, principally the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. A variety of benefits have been proposed for patients with Alzheimer's disease in cognitive domains such as language and episodic memory, as well as behavior and functionality in everyday activities. Discussion and conclusion rTMS has been suggested as a possible treatment for AD, and the results indicate the need for further studies with different methodological designs and more participants, in addition to cognitive rehabilitation techniques. The objective is to identify the most efficient parameters for stimulation and to explore new cortical targets.
Resumen Antecedentes La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es el trastorno neurocognitivo más frecuente. Afecta de 50 a 75% de los casos de demencia y se caracteriza por un declive cognitivo progresivo que perjudica la conducta y funcionalidad. Su etiología es aún incierta y la eficacia de los tratamientos limitada. La estimulación magnética transcraneal repetitiva (EMTr) se ha utilizado como una estrategia terapéutica alternativa, pero se ha estudiado poco el impacto clínico que tiene en la EA. Objetivo Describir los efectos de la EMTr sobre la cognición y los síntomas psicológicos y conductuales de la demencia (SPCD), así como en la funcionalidad, considerando las diferentes modalidades de aplicación. Método Se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect y PsycInfo utilizando palabras clave relacionadas con el tema de estudio. Se seleccionaron los artículos publicados de 2006 a 2016. Resultados Los estudios que han evaluado el efecto clínico de la EMTr han utilizado diferentes parámetros de estimulación y comparaciones de diferentes áreas corticales, principalmente de la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral. Se postulan diferentes beneficios en pacientes con EA en dominios cognitivos como el lenguaje y la memoria episódica, así como en la conducta y en la funcionalidad de las actividades de la vida diaria. Discusión y conclusión La EMTr se ha sugerido como posible tratamiento para la EA. Los resultados favorecen la necesidad de realizar nuevos estudios con diferentes diseños metodológicos y mayor número de participantes, en combinación con técnicas de rehabilitación cognitiva. La perspectiva es identificar los parámetros de estimulación más eficaces y explorar nuevas dianas corticales.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been proposed as a risk factor for both chronic liver disease (CLD) and for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, studies among Hispanics are limited. Puerto Rico (PR) has a high prevalence of DM (13%), supporting the need for a better understanding of the public health implications associated with DM in this population. We assessed the association of DM with CLD and with HCC in a population of Puerto Rican adults with health insurance. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 1,040,025 individuals, aged > or = 18 years, all covered by the government-run healthcare program in PR, in 2002. The ICD-9 codes for DM, CLD, and HCC were obtained in order to determine the prevalence of these conditions. Logistic regression models were used to determine the association of DM with CLD and with HCC, after adjusting for covariates. RESULTS: The prevalence of DM was higher in patients with CLD (17%) and those with HCC (18%) than it was in patients without either of these conditions (8% and 7%, respectively). Among women, those with DM were significantly more likely to have CLD than were those without DM (POR: 35-49 yrs: 3.26, 95% CI = 2.12, 5.00; POR: 50-64 yrs: 2.10, 95% CI = 1.63, 2.71; POR: > or = 65 yrs: 2.33, 95% CI = 1.67, 3.25). Among men, those with DM were more likely to have CLD than were those without DM; this association was significant among males aged 50-64 (POR: 1.30, 95% CI = 1.03-1.63) and those aged > or = 65 yrs (POR: 1.94, 95% CI = 1.35-2.80). CONCLUSION: Consistent with other studies, we observed a strong association of DM with CLD and HCC. In order to reduce the burden of these conditions in PR, research and public health efforts should be concentrated on gaining a better understanding of these associations.