RESUMO
The study objective was to evaluate average daily gain (ADG) in dairy heifer calves based on health, feeding, management practices, and environmental factors. This study included 102 operations in 13 states that participated in the calf component of the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2014 study. This 18-mo longitudinal study included 1,410 Holstein heifer calves monitored from birth to weaning. The mean ADG from birth to final weight was 0.74 kg/d. Backward elimination model selection in Proc Mixed after univariate screening determined factors that significantly affected ADG. The final model included dam lactation number, singleton versus twin birth, bedding type, Giardia and Cryptosporidium fecal shedding, disease events, a categorized average temperature-humidity index for the preweaning period (pTHI), amount of protein in the liquid diet (kg/d), milk pasteurization, direct-fed microbials, and the interaction between milk pasteurization and direct-fed microbials. After controlling for other independent variables in the model, calves born to first-lactation dams gained less (0.60 kg/d) than calves from second- (0.65 kg/d) or third- or greater-lactation (0.64 kg/d) dams. Singleton calves gained 0.07 kg/d more than twins. Calves bedded with sand or no bedding gained less (0.49 kg/d) than calves on all other bedding types. Calves negative for Cryptosporidium or Giardia at the time of sampling gained 0.03 or 0.02 kg/d more, respectively, than calves that were positive for Cryptosporidium or Giardia. Calves with no disease events gained 0.07 kg/d more than calves with one or more disease events. Calves experiencing an average pTHI <50 gained more (0.67 kg/d) than calves experiencing an average pTHI from 50 to 69 (0.62 kg/d), or ≥70 (0.59 kg/d). Within the range of observed kilograms of protein fed per day in the liquid diet, every additional 0.1 kg of protein fed per day equated to 0.02 kg/d of gain. Calves fed milk replacer with a direct-fed microbial gained less (0.44 kg/d) than calves fed milk replacer without a direct-fed microbial (0.60 kg/d) and calves fed pasteurized or unpasteurized milk regardless of direct-fed microbial use. These results highlight the importance of feeding a quantity and quality of a liquid diet to achieve optimal growth, keeping calves free of disease, the type or status of bedding, and mitigating the effects of temperature and humidity on preweaning ADG.
Assuntos
Animais Lactentes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ração Animal , Animais , Dieta , Feminino , Estudos Longitudinais , Leite , DesmameRESUMO
Although Brazil is the world's fourth largest producer and exporter of pork, there is no information on Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pigs. This study was undertaken to determine the presence of E. bieneusi in pigs in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fecal samples were collected from 91 pigs (1- to 12-month-old) in 10 properties and examined by molecular methods. The presence of E. bieneusi was determined by PCR and all PCR positive specimens were sequenced to determine the genotype by nucleotide sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer of the rRNA gene. E. bieneusi was found in pigs in all farms. Fifty four (59.3%) samples were E. bieneusi-positive. A wide genetic diversity was found with 21 genotypes identified, 4 previously reported (O, EbpA, CS-1, and H) and 17 novel genotypes named PigEb1-PigEb17. All 17 novel genotypes identified in this study clustered within the previously designated zoonotic Group 1. The most prevalent genotypes were novel genotypes PigEb2 and PigEb4 (16/91, 17.6%, each). Mixed infections with 2 or 3 genotypes were detected in 13 pigs (24.1%). The high prevalence in pigs observed in this study, the description of two known zoonotic genotypes (EbpA and O), and the report of 17 new genotypes of E. bieneusi, represent an important advancement in the study of the wide genetic diversity of this organism, emphasizing the importance of further research, especially in geographical areas where little or no research has been conducted. The zoonotic risk of these novel genotypes and their importance to other animal species is still unknown, but needs to be further evaluated.
Assuntos
Enterocytozoon/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/microbiologia , Gado/microbiologia , Microsporidiose/veterinária , Sus scrofa/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Brasil/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Coinfecção/veterinária , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Enterocytozoon/genética , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Microsporidiose/epidemiologia , Microsporidiose/microbiologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Feces were collected from 68 dairy cattle, 1 to 12 mo of age, on 12 farms in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. All samples were subjected to molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) of the 18S rRNA. Four positive samples (4.54%) were sequenced and identified as Cryptosporidium andersoni. This species represents a risk for Brazilian cattle because infection can affect cattle productivity. Moreover, C. andersoni is considered a zoonotic species.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/veterinária , Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Criptosporidiose/transmissão , Cryptosporidium/classificação , Cryptosporidium/genética , DNA de Protozoário/química , DNA de Protozoário/isolamento & purificação , Indústria de Laticínios , Fezes/parasitologia , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Alinhamento de Sequência , Zoonoses/parasitologia , Zoonoses/transmissãoRESUMO
Pigs may represent a source of Cryptosporidium sp. infection to humans. The objective of this study was to identify the Cryptosporidium species present in pigs from the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and verify what risks pigs represent in the transmission of human cryptosporidiosis, because there is no such information to date in Brazil. Ninety-one samples of pig feces were collected from 10 piggeries in 2 municipalities located in the north and northwest regions of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol to amplify an 830-bp fragment of the small subunit rDNA (SSU rRNA) gene was followed by sequencing of all positive PCR samples. Two samples (2.2%) were Cryptosporidium sp. positive and were identified as pig genotype type II (PGII). This genotype has been observed in an immunocompetent person, in cattle without pigs nearby, and from a potential human source. Its potential for zoonotic transmission is little known and should be rigorously studied.
Assuntos
Criptosporidiose/veterinária , Cryptosporidium/classificação , Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Criptosporidiose/transmissão , Cryptosporidium/genética , DNA de Protozoário/química , DNA de Protozoário/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Genótipo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Fatores de Risco , Alinhamento de Sequência/veterinária , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissãoRESUMO
Cardiac rate and rhythm due to autonomic activation, may occur during epileptic seizures. They are probably a consequence of the spreading seizure activity to structures involved in the autonomic control of cardiac rhythm. Sinus tachycardia is the most frequent finding (90%). letal bradycardia is rare and Ufe threatening asystoles require cardiac pacemaker insertion. We report two patients with a right frontal seizure associated to bradycardia, during simultaneous EEG/ECG monitoring. Interictal autonomic function tests showed preserved sympathetic and cardiac vagal responses. Normal interictal autonomic function tests, suggested a transient failure of sympatho-vagal balance .
Assuntos
Bradicardia/etiologia , Epilepsia/complicações , Adulto , Bradicardia/diagnóstico , Criança , Eletroencefalografia , Humanos , Masculino , Convulsões/complicaçõesRESUMO
Cardiac rate and rhythm due to autonomic activation, may occur during epileptic seizures. They are probably a consequence of the spreading seizure activity to structures involved in the autonomic control of cardiac rhythm. Sinus tachycardia is the most frequent finding (90 percent). Letal bradycardia is rare and life threatening asystoles require cardiac pacemaker insertion. We report two patients with a right frontal seizure associated to bradycardia, during simultaneous EEG/ECG monitoring. Interictal autonomic function tests showed preserved sympathetic and cardiac vagal responses. Normal interictal autonomic function tests, suggested a transient failure of sympatho-vagal balance.
Assuntos
Adulto , Criança , Humanos , Masculino , Bradicardia/etiologia , Epilepsia/complicações , Bradicardia/diagnóstico , Eletroencefalografia , Convulsões/complicaçõesRESUMO
Fish larvae of 'corvinas' (Pachyurus bonariensis and Plagioscion ternetzi) from Sinhá Mariana Lagoon, Mato Grosso State, were collected from March 2000 to March 2004, in order to determine the parasitic fauna of fishes. Larvae from the two species were parasitized by the same endoparasites: Contracaecum sp. Type 2 (larvae) (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in the mesentery and Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) paraguayensis (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) in the stomach and the terminal portion of the intestine. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the standard length of hosts and the abundance of acanthocephalans and nematodes, and that the prevalence of nematodes presented a significant positive correlation with the standard length of the two species of hosts, indicating the presence of a cumulative process of infection. The present study constitutes the first record of nematodes and acanthocephalans parasitizing larval fish, as well as the first record of endoparasites in fish larvae in Brazil. In addition, it lists a new locality and two species of hosts for Contracaecum sp. Type 2 (larva) and N. (N.) paraguayensis.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Perciformes/parasitologia , Animais , Brasil , Trato Gastrointestinal/parasitologia , Helmintos/ultraestrutura , Larva/parasitologia , Perciformes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Prevalência , Rios , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The use of CPAP is the conventional therapy for the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). AIM: To establish the proportion of OSAS patients with CPAP indication who use it in the long-term and to determine predictive factors of adherence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Structured survey through personal interview or phone call, applied to all patients who had polisomnographically documented OSAS and CPAP titration at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Sleep Disorders Center between January 1998 and November 2001. Patients were divided in "Permanent Users" (Group I) and "Non Users" (Group II). RESULTS: Of 440 patients that fulfilled inclusion criteria, 162 (32.8%) answered the survey. Seventy percent (114/162) of these patients had used CPAP and 86% (98/114) continued to use it at the time of the interview, with a mean follow-up of 12.3 months (Group I 60.5% of the interviewed population). Group II included 64 patients (39.5% of the interviewed patients). Among the latter, 25% (16/64) stopped using CPAP due to intolerance, 25% (16/64) could not use it because of economical restrictions, 20.5% (13/64) preferred other therapies and 29.5% (15/64) merely refused treatment. Predictors of long-term use of CPAP were number of respiratory events (p <0.01), hypersomnolence (p <0.01) and age (p =0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately two thirds of patients with OSAS, with an indication for CPAP, continue to use this therapy in the long term in a Chilean population. This figure is similar to other reports from abroad. It is also possible to identify predictive factors for CPAP discontinuation in this population.
Assuntos
Pressão Positiva Contínua nas Vias Aéreas/estatística & dados numéricos , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/terapia , Distúrbios do Sono por Sonolência Excessiva/terapia , Seguimentos , Humanos , Assistência de Longa Duração , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cooperação do Paciente , Polissonografia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/patologia , Ronco/terapia , Recusa do Paciente ao TratamentoRESUMO
Background: The use of CPAP is the conventional therapy for the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). Aim To establish the proportion of OSAS patients with CPAP indication who use it in the long-term and to determine predictive factors of adherence. Patients and Methods: Structured survey through personal interview or phone call, applied to all patients who had polisomnographically documented OSAS and CPAP titration at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Sleep Disorders Center between January 1998 and November 2001. Patients were divided in "Permanent Users" (Group I) and "Non Users" (Group II). Results: Of 440 patients that fulfilled inclusion criteria, 162 (32.8 percent) answered the survey. Seventy percent (114/162) of these patients had used CPAP and 86 percent (98/114) continued to use it at the time of the interview, with a mean follow-up of 12.3 months (Group I 60.5 percent of the interviewed population). Group II included 64 patients (39.5 percent of the interviewed patients). Among the latter, 25 percent (16/64) stopped using CPAP due to intolerance, 25 percent (16/64) could not use it because of economical restrictions, 20.5 percent (13/64) preferred other therapies and 29.5 percent (15/64) merely refused treatment. Predictors of long-term use of CPAP were number of respiratory events (p <0.01), hypersomnolence (p <0.01) and age (p =0.03). Conclusions: Approximately two thirds of patients with OSAS, with an indication for CPAP, continue to use this therapy in the long term in a Chilean population. This figure is similar to other reports from abroad. It is also possible to identify predictive factors for CPAP discontinuation in this population.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pressão Positiva Contínua nas Vias Aéreas , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/terapia , Distúrbios do Sono por Sonolência Excessiva/terapia , Seguimentos , Assistência de Longa Duração , Cooperação do Paciente , Polissonografia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/patologia , Ronco/terapia , Recusa do Paciente ao TratamentoRESUMO
Formação de um sistema de laboratório semi-automático com um suporte analítico-instrumental sem afetar os critérios de reprudutibilidade estabelecidos para os ensaios clássicos e os níveis essenciais de qualidade interna e externa