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During the COVID-19 pandemic, Latin American and Caribbean countries implemented stringent public health and social measures that disrupted economic and social activities. This study used an integrated model to evaluate the epidemiological, economic, and social trade-offs in Argentina, Brazil, Jamaica, and Mexico throughout 2021. Argentina and Mexico displayed a higher gross domestic product (GDP) loss and lower deaths per million compared with Brazil. The magnitude of the trade-offs differed across countries. Reducing GDP loss at the margin by 1 percent would have increased daily deaths by 0.5 per million in Argentina but only 0.3 per million in Brazil. We observed an increase in poverty rates related to the stringency of public health and social measures but no significant income-loss differences by sex. Our results indicate that the economic impact of COVID-19 was uneven across countries as a result of different pandemic trajectories, public health and social measures, and vaccination uptake, as well as socioeconomic differences and fiscal responses. Policy makers need to be informed about the trade-offs to make strategic decisions to save lives and livelihoods.

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OBJECTIVE: Our study analyzes the cost-effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru. METHODS: Using a previously published SVEIR model, we analyzed the impact of a vaccination campaign (2021) from a national healthcare perspective. The primary outcomes were quality adjusted life years (QALYs) lost and total costs. Other outcomes included COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, deaths, and life years. We applied a discount rate of 3% for health outcomes. We modeled a realistic vaccination campaign in each country (the realistic country-specific campaign). Additionally, we assessed a standard campaign (similar, "typical" for all countries), and an optimized campaign (similar in all countries with higher but plausible population coverage). One-way deterministic sensitivity analyses were performed. FINDINGS: Vaccination was health improving as well as cost-saving in almost all countries and scenarios. Our analysis shows that vaccination in this group of countries prevented 573,141 deaths (508,826 standard; 685,442 optimized) and gained 5.07 million QALYs (4.53 standard; 6.03 optimized). Despite the incremental costs of vaccination campaigns, they had a total net cost saving to the health system of US$16.29 billion (US$16.47 standard; US$18.58 optimized). The realistic (base case) vaccination campaign in Chile was the only scenario, which was not cost saving, but it was still highly cost-effective with an ICER of US$22 per QALY gained. Main findings were robust in the sensitivity analyses. INTERPRETATION: The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in seven Latin American and Caribbean countries -that comprise nearly 80% of the region- was beneficial for population health and was also cost-saving or highly cost-effective.

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BACKGROUND: In January, 2021, a vaccination campaign against COVID-19 was initiated with the rAd26-rAd5, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and BBIBP-CorV vaccines in Argentina. The objective of this study was to estimate vaccine effectiveness at reducing risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 deaths in people older than 60 years. METHODS: In this test-negative, case-control, and retrospective longitudinal study done in Argentina, we evaluated the effectiveness of three vaccines (rAd26-rAd5, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and BBIBP-CorV) on SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of death in people with RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19, using data from the National Surveillance System (SNVS 2.0). All individuals aged 60 years or older reported to SNVS 2.0 as being suspected to have COVID-19 who had disease status confirmed with RT-PCR were included in the study. Unvaccinated individuals could participate in any of the analyses. People with suspected COVID-19 who developed symptoms before the start of the implementation of the vaccination programme for their age group or district were excluded from the study. The odds ratio of SARS-CoV-2 infection was evaluated by logistic regression and the risk of death in individuals with RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 was evaluated by proportional hazard regression models, adjusted for possible confounders: age at the time of the symptom onset date, sex, district of residence, epidemiological week corresponding to the symptom onset date, and history of COVID-19. The estimation of vaccine effectiveness to prevent death due to COVID-19 was done indirectly by combining infection and death estimates. In addition, we evaluated the effect of the first dose of viral vector vaccines across time. FINDINGS: From Jan 31, to Sept 14, 2021, 1 282 928 individuals were included, of whom 687 167 (53·6%) were in the rAd26-rAd5 analysis, 358 431 (27·6%) in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 analysis, and 237 330 (18·5%) in the BBIBP-CorV analysis. Vaccine effectiveness after two doses was high for all three vaccines, adjusted odds ratio 0·36 (95% CI 0·35-0·37) for rAd26-rAd5, 0·32 (0·31-0·33) for ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and 0·56 (0·55-0·58) for BBIBP-CorV. After two doses, the effect on deaths was higher than that on risk of infection: adjusted hazard ratio 0·19 (95% CI 0·18-0·21) for rAd26-rAd5, 0·20 (0·18-0·22) for ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and 0·27 (0·25-0·29) for BBIBP-CorV. The indirectly estimated effectiveness on deaths was 93·1% (95% CI 92·6-93·5) for rAd26-rAd5, 93·7% (93·2-94·3) for ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and 85·0% (84·0-86·0) for BBIBP-CorV following two doses. First dose effect of viral vector vaccines remained stable over time. INTERPRETATION: The vaccines used in Argentina showed effectiveness in reducing infection and death by SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. FUNDING: None.

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The global impact of COVID-19 has challenged health systems across the world. This situation highlighted the need to develop policies based on scientific evidence to prepare the health systems and mitigate the pandemic. In this scenario, governments were urged to predict the impact of the measures they were implementing, how they related to the population's behavior, and the capacity of health systems to respond to the pandemic. The overarching aim of this research was to develop a customizable and open-source tool to predict the impact of the expansion of COVID-19 on the level of preparedness of the health systems of different Latin American and the Caribbean countries, with two main objectives. Firstly, to estimate the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 and the preparedness and response capacity of health systems in those countries, based on different scenarios and public policies implemented to control, mitigate, or suppress the spread of the epidemic. Secondly, to facilitate policy makers' decisions by allowing the model to adjust its parameters according to the specific pandemic trajectory and policy context. How many infections and deaths are estimated per day?; When are the peaks of cases and deaths expected, according to the different scenarios?; Which occupancy rate will ICU services have along the epidemiological curve?; When is the optimal time increase restrictions in order to prevent saturation of ICU beds?, are some of the key questions that the model can respond, and is publicly accessible through the following link: http://shinyapps.iecs.org.ar/modelo-covid19/. This open-access and open code tool is based on a SEIR model (Susceptible, Exposed, Infected and Recovered). Using a deterministic epidemiological model, it allows to frame potential scenarios for long periods, providing valuable information on the dynamics of transmission and how it could impact on health systems through multiple customized configurations adapted to specific characteristics of each country.

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Corrigendum a Recálculo de las tendencias de mortalidad por accidentes, suicidios y homicidios en Argentina, 1997-2018. La Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública llama la atención a los lectores sobre un error en el siguiente artículo: Santoro A. Recálculo de las tendencias de mortalidad por accidentes, suicidios y homicidios en Argentina, 1997-2018. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2020;44:e74. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.74. En el artículo se han omitido inadvertidamente las figuras incluidas en la corrección actual.

Corrigendum to Recalculation of trends in mortality from accidents, suicides, and homicides in Argentina, 1997-2018. The Pan American Journal of Public Health draws readers' attention to an error in the following article: Santoro A. Recálculo de las tendencias de mortalidad por accidentes, suicidios y homicidios en Argentina, 1997-2018. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2020;44:e74. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.74. The figures included in the current correction have been inadvertently omitted from the article.

Corrigendum à Recálculo das tendências de mortalidade por acidentes, suicídios e homicídios na Argentina, 1997-2018. A Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública chama a atenção dos leitores para um erro no artigo a seguir: Santoro A. Recálculo de las tendencias de mortalidad por accidentes, suicidios y homicidios en Argentina, 1997-2018. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2020;44:e74. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2020.74. As figuras incluídas na correção atual foram inadvertidamente omitidas do artigo.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the impact of deficient cause-of-death records on trends in death by suicide and homicide, through imputation of missing information. METHODS: Observational and descriptive study of temporal trends in recorded deaths from external causes in Argentina in the period 1997-2018. For imputation of intent, logistic models were adjusted on the basis of predictive variables from the Statistical Report on Deaths. Vital statistics and population projections were used as secondary sources. RESULTS: As measured by the original data, mortality from external causes declined, specifically for homicides and accidents. These declines were more pronounced with the corrected data, since imputation of intent had a greater impact early in the period. Death by suicide increased by 8.0%; and after the correction, by 12.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The correction does not substantively alter the trend in mortality from external causes, but it does significantly increase mortality from homicide and suicide.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo procurou descrever o impacto do registro inadequado da causa de morte sobre as tendências de mortalidade por suicídio e homicídio, por meio da imputação de informações ausentes. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional e descritivo da tendência temporal de mortalidade por causas externas registradas na Argentina no período de 1997 a 2018. Para imputar a intencionalidade, ajustamos os modelos logísticos utilizando variáveis preditivas provenientes do Relatório Estatístico de Óbitos. Utilizamos estatísticas vitais e projeções populacionais como fontes secundárias. RESULTADOS: Medida com os dados originais, a mortalidade por causas externas diminuiu em termos de homicídios e acidentes. Essa diminuição foi mais acentuada com as informações corrigidas, uma vez que a imputação teve um impacto mais forte no início do período de estudo. A mortalidade por suicídio registrou um aumento de 8,0%, que subiu para 12,9% após a correção. CONCLUSÕES: A correção não modifica substancialmente a tendência de mortalidade por causas externas, mas tem um maior impacto sobre a mortalidade por homicídios e suicídios, elevando-a.

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[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Este estudio se propuso describir el impacto del registro deficiente de la causa de muerte en las tendencias de mortalidad por suicidios y homicidios mediante la imputación de información faltante. Métodos. Estudio observacional y descriptivo de la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad por causas externas registradas en Argentina en el período 1997-2018. Para la imputación de la intencionalidad, se ajustaron modelos logísticos a partir de variables predictoras provenientes del Informe Estadístico de Defunción. Se utilizaron estadísticas vitales y proyecciones de población como fuentes secundarias. Resultados. Medida con los datos originales, la mortalidad por causas externas descendió en homicidios y accidentes. Dichos descensos se hicieron más marcados con la información corregida, ya que la imputación impactó con mayor fuerza al principio del período. La mortalidad por suicidios registró un aumento de 8,0%, que luego de la corrección ascendió a 12,9%. Conclusiones. La corrección no modifica de manera sustantiva la tendencia de la mortalidad por causas externas, aunque tiene mayor impacto en la mortalidad por homicidios y suicidios, elevándola.

[ABSTRAC]. Objective. To describe the impact of deficient cause-of-death records on trends in death by suicide and homicide, through imputation of missing information. Methods. Observational and descriptive study of temporal trends in recorded deaths from external causes in Argentina in the period 1997-2018. For imputation of intent, logistic models were adjusted on the basis of predictive variables from the Statistical Report on Deaths. Vital statistics and population projections were used as secondary sources. Results. As measured by the original data, mortality from external causes declined, specifically for homicides and accidents. These declines were more pronounced with the corrected data, since imputation of intent had a greater impact early in the period. Death by suicide increased by 8.0%; and after the correction, by 12.9%. Conclusions. The correction does not substantively alter the trend in mortality from external causes, but it does significantly increase mortality from homicide and suicide.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Este estudo procurou descrever o impacto do registro inadequado da causa de morte sobre as tendências de mortalidade por suicídio e homicídio, por meio da imputação de informações ausentes. Métodos. Estudo observacional e descritivo da tendência temporal de mortalidade por causas externas registradas na Argentina no período de 1997 a 2018. Para imputar a intencionalidade, ajustamos os modelos logísticos utilizando variáveis preditivas provenientes do Relatório Estatístico de Óbitos. Utilizamos estatísticas vitais e projeções populacionais como fontes secundárias. Resultados. Medida com os dados originais, a mortalidade por causas externas diminuiu em termos de homicídios e acidentes. Essa diminuição foi mais acentuada com as informações corrigidas, uma vez que a imputação teve um impacto mais forte no início do período de estudo. A mortalidade por suicídio registrou um aumento de 8,0%, que subiu para 12,9% após a correção. Conclusões. A correção não modifica substancialmente a tendência de mortalidade por causas externas, mas tem um maior impacto sobre a mortalidade por homicídios e suicídios, elevando-a.

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RESUMEN Objetivo. Este estudio se propuso describir el impacto del registro deficiente de la causa de muerte en las tendencias de mortalidad por suicidios y homicidios mediante la imputación de información faltante. Métodos. Estudio observacional y descriptivo de la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad por causas externas registradas en Argentina en el período 1997-2018. Para la imputación de la intencionalidad, se ajustaron modelos logísticos a partir de variables predictoras provenientes del Informe Estadístico de Defunción. Se utilizaron estadísticas vitales y proyecciones de población como fuentes secundarias. Resultados. Medida con los datos originales, la mortalidad por causas externas descendió en homicidios y accidentes. Dichos descensos se hicieron más marcados con la información corregida, ya que la imputación impactó con mayor fuerza al principio del período. La mortalidad por suicidios registró un aumento de 8,0%, que luego de la corrección ascendió a 12,9%. Conclusiones. La corrección no modifica de manera sustantiva la tendencia de la mortalidad por causas externas, aunque tiene mayor impacto en la mortalidad por homicidios y suicidios, elevándola.(AU)

SUMMARY Objective. To describe the impact of deficient cause-of-death records on trends in death by suicide and homicide, through imputation of missing information. Methods. Observational and descriptive study of temporal trends in recorded deaths from external causes in Argentina in the period 1997-2018. For imputation of intent, logistic models were adjusted on the basis of predictive variables from the Statistical Report on Deaths. Vital statistics and population projections were used as secondary sources. Results. As measured by the original data, mortality from external causes declined, specifically for homicides and accidents. These declines were more pronounced with the corrected data, since imputation of intent had a greater impact early in the period. Death by suicide increased by 8.0%; and after the correction, by 12.9%. Conclusions. The correction does not substantively alter the trend in mortality from external causes, but it does significantly increase mortality from homicide and suicide.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo. Este estudo procurou descrever o impacto do registro inadequado da causa de morte sobre as tendências de mortalidade por suicídio e homicídio, por meio da imputação de informações ausentes. Métodos. Estudo observacional e descritivo da tendência temporal de mortalidade por causas externas registradas na Argentina no período de 1997 a 2018. Para imputar a intencionalidade, ajustamos os modelos logísticos utilizando variáveis preditivas provenientes do Relatório Estatístico de Óbitos. Utilizamos estatísticas vitais e projeções populacionais como fontes secundárias. Resultados. Medida com os dados originais, a mortalidade por causas externas diminuiu em termos de homicídios e acidentes. Essa diminuição foi mais acentuada com as informações corrigidas, uma vez que a imputação teve um impacto mais forte no início do período de estudo. A mortalidade por suicídio registrou um aumento de 8,0%, que subiu para 12,9% após a correção. Conclusões. A correção não modifica substancialmente a tendência de mortalidade por causas externas, mas tem um maior impacto sobre a mortalidade por homicídios e suicídios, elevando-a.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the magnitude and characteristics of the omission of causes of maternal death in death certificates in Argentina, and to re-estimate the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) for the year 2014. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Retrospective review of medical records of women of childbearing age who died from causes suspected of concealing maternal deaths in public, social security, and private institutions in all jurisdictions of the country between 1 January and 31 December 2014. The cause of death recorded in the death certificate was reclassified. Outcome measures included: percentage of records with an omission, structure of causes of death, location, time of death with respect to the reproductive process, and gestational age. The RMM was re-estimated on the basis of the results. RESULTS: Of a sample of 1,176 cases, 969 medical records (82.4%) were analyzed, identifying 60 cases in which the cause of maternal death was omitted (48 maternal deaths, 12 late maternal deaths). Omissions were found in 14.2% of maternal deaths and 33.3% of late maternal deaths. The new estimated MMR for 2014 varied between 43.3 and 47.2 deaths per 100,000 live births. CONCLUSIONS: The omission of causes of maternal death in death certificates in Argentina may be less frequent than international agencies have reported, with differences in omission between regions. Efforts must be made to emphasize the importance of filling out death certificates correctly.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a dimensão e as características da omissão do registro de causas maternas de morte na Argentina e realizar uma nova estimativa da taxa de mortalidade materna (TMM) para o ano 2014. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal com a revisão retrospectiva dos registros médicos de mulheres em idade reprodutiva que morreram por causas com suspeita de encobrir mortes maternas em instituições da rede pública e previdência social e instituições particulares em todas as jurisdições do país entre 1º. de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2014. Foi feita a reclassificação da causa de morte atribuída no Informe Estatístico de Óbitos. As medidas de resultados foram porcentagem de omissão do registro, estrutura de causas de mortes maternas, local, momento da morte em relação ao processo reprodutivo e idade gestacional. Foi realizada uma nova estimativa da TMM com base nos resultados. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 969 registros médicos (82,4%) de uma amostra de 1.176 casos. Foram identificados 60 casos em que houve omissão da causa materna de morte (48 mortes maternas, 12 mortes maternas tardias). Verificou-se uma porcentagem de omissão de 14,2% para as mortes maternas e 33,3% para as mortes maternas tardias. A nova TMM estimada para o ano 2014 oscilou entre 43,3 e 47,2 mortes por 100.000 nascidos vivos. CONCLUSÕES: A omissão de registro de causas maternas de morte na Argentina pode ser menor que a informada pelas agências internacionais. Existe diferença de omissão entre as regiões. São necessários esforços que enfatizem a importância do preenchimento correto da certidão de óbito.