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BACKGROUND: One strategy to prevent adverse effects resulting from chemotherapy treatment is to perform physical exercises during treatment. However, there is still no consensus on the best type and intensity of exercise, nor when it should be started. Most studies have been carried out in patients with breast cancer, usually a few weeks after starting chemotherapy, on an outpatient basis 2 to 3 times a week. The main differences in our study are that we carried out physical training in hospitalized patients undergoing a cycle of chemotherapy for cancer treatment and that this training was carried out 5 times a week and was not restricted to a specific type of cancer. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the effects of aerobic training on symptoms related to chemotherapy (nausea, vomiting, asthenia, and sensation of weakness), fatigue, mobility, clinical complications, and length of hospital stay of patients during the drug treatment cycle. We also evaluated patient satisfaction with the proposed intervention, the adverse effects of aerobics training, and the cost-effectiveness of this intervention. METHODS: This is a controlled and randomized trial with blinded evaluation that will include 94 hospitalized patients with cancer for 1 or more cycles of chemotherapy. The intervention group will perform aerobic training during a cycle of chemotherapy. The control group will receive a booklet with guidelines for staying active during the hospitalization period. The groups will be compared using a linear mixed model for fatigue, mobility, and chemotherapy-related symptoms before and after the intervention. The length of hospital stay will also be compared between groups using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The incidence of complications will be compared using the χ2 test. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses will be performed for the impact of exercise and quality-adjusted life years with the EQ-5D-3L-21 quality of life trials. The implementation variables (acceptability, suitability, and feasibility) will be evaluated by frequencies. RESULTS: The clinical trial registration was approved in March 2023. Recruitment and data collection for the trial are ongoing, and the results of this study are likely to be published in late 2025. CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapy has side effects that negatively impact the quality of life of patients with cancer. Aerobic exercise can reduce these side effects in a simple and inexpensive way. The field of work of physical therapists could be expanded to oncology if the intervention works. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos RBR-6b4zwx3; https://tinyurl.com/39c4c7wz. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/60828.

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INTRODUCTION: Cardiac surgery is a frequent surgical procedure and may present a high risk of complications. Among the prophylactic strategies studied to decrease the rates of negative outcomes, respiratory care seems to reduce pulmonary complications. Incentive spirometry (IS) is a low-cost, respiratory exercise technique, used for the prevention and treatment of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC). The aim of this review was to evaluate whether IS is superior to respiratory care, mobilization exercises, and noninvasive ventilation on PPC, and clinical outcomes. METHODS: Systematic review. Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (or MEDLINE®), Embase®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (or CENTRAL), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (or PEDro), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (or CINAHL®), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (or LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (or SciELO), Allied, Scopus®, and OpenGrey databases, clinical trial registration sites, conferences, congresses, and symposiums were searched. RESULTS: Twenty-one randomized trials and one quasi-randomized trial (1,677 participants) were included. For partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), IS was inferior to respiratory care (mean difference [MD] -4.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] -8.32 to -0.63). Flow-oriented IS was inferior to respiratory care on PaO2 (MD -4.53; 95% CI -8.88 to -0.18). However, compared to respiratory care, flow-oriented IS was superior on recovery vital capacity. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis revealed that IS was not superior to standard respiratory care for PPCs and clinical outcomes, therefore its use should not be widely recommended until further studies with high quality be performed to ensure this clinical guidance.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Cardiac surgery is a frequent surgical procedure and may present a high risk of complications. Among the prophylactic strategies studied to decrease the rates of negative outcomes, respiratory care seems to reduce pulmonary complications. Incentive spirometry (IS) is a low-cost, respiratory exercise technique, used for the prevention and treatment of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC). The aim of this review was to evaluate whether IS is superior to respiratory care, mobilization exercises, and noninvasive ventilation on PPC, and clinical outcomes. Methods: Systematic review. Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (or MEDLINE®), Embase®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (or CENTRAL), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (or PEDro), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (or CINAHL®), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (or LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (or SciELO), Allied, Scopus®, and OpenGrey databases, clinical trial registration sites, conferences, congresses, and symposiums were searched. Results: Twenty-one randomized trials and one quasi-randomized trial (1,677 participants) were included. For partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), IS was inferior to respiratory care (mean difference [MD] -4.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] -8.32 to -0.63). Flow-oriented IS was inferior to respiratory care on PaO2 (MD -4.53; 95% CI -8.88 to -0.18). However, compared to respiratory care, flow-oriented IS was superior on recovery vital capacity. Conclusions: This meta-analysis revealed that IS was not superior to standard respiratory care for PPCs and clinical outcomes, therefore its use should not be widely recommended until further studies with high quality be performed to ensure this clinical guidance.

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Introdução: Cerca de 31% dos pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 perdem mais de 5% de seu peso inicial, levando a fraqueza muscular. Portanto, a composição corporal tornou-se foco de investigação, para estimar comprometimento pulmonar, força da musculatura inspiratória e mortalidade. Objetivos: Investigar se a perda de peso e a composição corporal de pacientes internados com COVID-19 influenciam na função pulmonar e na força muscular inspiratória após alta hospitalar. Métodos: Estudo transversal. Pacientes adultos foram avaliados após internação por COVID-19. Os desfechos avaliados foram função pulmonar, pressão inspiratória máxima (Pimáx), composição corporal e mortalidade. As correlações entre as variáveis foram estimadas pelo Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson. Resultados: A capacidade Vital Forçada (CVF) foi correlacionada com perda de peso, massa muscular esquelética, massa magra, perna esquerda e massa livre de gordura; o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) correlacionou-se apenas com a perda de peso; e a Pimáx foi correlacionada com massa muscular esquelética, massa magra, perna esquerda, perna direita e massa livre de gordura. Conclusão: Observou-se correlação moderada entre CVF e as variáveis de composição corporal analisadas, exceto massa magra da perna esquerda; entre VEF1 e perda de peso; e entre Pimáx e as variáveis de composição corporal analisadas, exceto perda de peso.

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Physical activity level and fitness condition seem to be related with pulmonary surgical risk in thoracic and cardiac surgeries; however, in abdominal surgery this relation is not clear. Objective: To compare the physical activity level in daily life and during hospitalization before surgery between patients who developed and did not develop postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) after abdominal surgery and to relate to this outcome. Methods: This prospective cohort enrolled 191 hospitalized candidates (52 ± 14yrs; BMI = 29 ± 11 kg/m2) for upper abdominal surgery. Two different tools related to two distinct moments were used to assess preoperatively the physical activity level. First, to assess life physical activity level, the questionnaire Human Activity Profile (HAP) was administered for all patients. During hospitalization, the accelerometry was performed during 4 consecutive days to assess the time in activity. In addition, lung function, muscle strength and resting energy expenditure were assessed. PPC (pneumonia, atelectasis or severe hypoxemia) were checked until discharge. Multivariate analyses were used. Results: 92% of patients were classified as moderately to physically active in daily life. During hospitalization, patients were inactive during 90% ± 5% of time. There was no association with HAP score and acelerometry. 10.5% of patients developed PPC. Being physically active in daily life and during hospitalization have a protective effect against PPC. Our results show that the physical activity behavior in hospital do not reflect the daily life even in patients not restricted to bed and on preoperative period, patients physically actives on daily life and during hospitalization present less chance to develop PPC after abdominal surgery. (AU)

O nível de atividade física e o condicionamento físico parecem estar relacionados ao risco cirúrgico pulmonar em cirurgias torácicas e cardíacas; no entanto, na cirurgia abdominal, essa relação não é clara. Objetivo: Comparar o nível de atividade física na vida diária e durante a hospitalização antes da cirurgia entre pacientes que desenvolveram e que não desenvolveram complicações pulmonares pós-operatórias (CPP) após cirurgia abdominal e relacionar esses desfechos. Métodos: Esta coorte prospectiva recrutou 191 pacientes hospitalizados não restritos ao leito e candidatos a cirurgia abdominal (52 ± 14 anos; IMC = 29 ± 11 kg/m2 ; VEF1 = 98 ± 19% do predito; CVF = 96 ± 16% do predito). Duas ferramentas diferentes relacionadas a dois momentos distintos foram utilizadas para avaliar o nível no pré-operatório de atividade física. Primeiro, para avaliar o nível de atividade física da vida diária, o questionário Perfil de Atividade Humana (PAH) foi aplicado a todos os pacientes. O PAH possui 94 perguntas sobre a execução de atividades gradualmente mais intensas. O PAH classifica o paciente como inativo (<54 pontos), moderadamente ativo (54 a 73 pontos) e ativo (>73 pontos). Segundo, a acelerometria foi realizada durante 4 dias consecutivos para avaliar o tempo de atividade durante a hospitalização. As CPP (pneumonia, atelectasia ou hipoxemia grave) foram verificadas até a alta. Análises multivariadas foram utilizadas. Resultados: 92% dos pacientes foram classificados como moderados a fisicamente ativos na vida diária. Durante a hospitalização, os pacientes ficaram inativos em 90% ± 5% do tempo. Não houve associação com escore do PAH e acelerometria. Cerca de 10,5% dos pacientes desenvolveram CPP. Ser fisicamente ativo na vida diária e durante a hospitalização tem um efeito protetor contra CPP (Odds ratio [OR] = 0,69, IC 95% 0,01- 0,93; OR=0,61, IC 95% 0,12-0,87, respectivamente). Nossos resultados mostram que o comportamento da atividade física no hospital não reflete o da vida diária, mesmo em pacientes não restritos ao leito e no período pré-operatório, e os pacientes ativos fisicamente na vida diária e durante a internação apresentam menor chance de desenvolver CPP após cirurgia abdominal. (AU)

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Introduction: Patients receiving cardiac surgeries present high risk of developing postoperative complications. Incentive spirometry (IS) is used for the prevention and treatment of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing cardiac surgeries. Publications have suggested that IS is ineffective. In contrast, some studies have shown that when IS is adequately used, it may lead to beneficial outcomes. Objectives: To assess the effect of IS in patients undergoing cardiac surgeries. Methods/design: Systematic Reviews with randomised and quasi-randomised trials with adult patients undergoing cardiac surgeries, evaluating the effect of flow or volumeoriented IS. Outcome measures: postoperative pulmonary complications; adverse events; mortality; length of hospital stay; length of intensive care unit stay; reintubation rate; pulmonary function; antibiotic use; oxygenation; and respiratory muscle strength. Search: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PEDro, CINAHL, LILACS, SCIELO, Allied, AMED, Scopus, Open Grey database, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP), ClinicalTrials.gov, clinicaltrialsregister.eu, and ReBec. Two authors will independently extract data. PEDro scale will be used to evaluate the methodological quality of the studies. Metaanalysis will be performed using the inverse variance method and the random effects model in RevMan 5.3. We will use the I 2 statistic to estimate the amount of heterogeneity across studies in each meta-analysis. Ethics and dissemination: The approval of an ethical committee is not required. Only clinical trials that have complied with ethical guidelines and followed the Declaration of Helsinki, will be included in this systematic review. The findings of this study will help clarify uncertainties about the effects of incentive spirometry in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery and may be disseminated to clinicians, assisting in decision making and including the best evidence in the treatment of their patients. Discussion: This review will clarify the uncertainty over whether IS is a useful technique for patients undergoing cardiac surgeries. While good quality studies have shown IS is an effective prophylactic technique, other studies have suggested that there is no evidence to support IS utilization. (AU)

Introdução: Pacientes submetidos a cirurgias cardíacas apresentam alto risco de desenvolver complicações pós-operatórias. A espirometria de incentivo (EI) é utilizada para a prevenção e tratamento de complicações pulmonares pós-operatórias em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias cardíacas. As publicações têm sugerido que a EI é inefetiva. Em contrapartida, alguns estudos têm demonstrado que quando a EI é utilizada adequadamente, pode levar a resultados benéficos. Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito da EI em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias cardíacas. Métodos/desenho: Revisões sistemática de estudos randomizados e quase randomizados com pacientes adultos submetidos a cirurgias cardíacas, avaliando o efeito da EI a fluxo ou a volume. Medidas de desfecho: complicações pulmonares pós-operatórias; eventos adversos; mortalidade; tempo de internação hospitalar; tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva; taxa de reintubação; função pulmonar; uso de antibióticos; oxigenação e força muscular respiratória. Busca: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PEDro, CINAHL, LILACS, SCIELO, Allied, AMED, Scopus, Open Grey database, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP), ClinicalTrials.gov, clinicaltrialsregister.eu, e ReBec. Dois autores irão extrair dados de forma independente. A escala PEDro será utilizada para avaliar a qualidade metodológica dos estudos. A meta-análise será realizada utilizando o método do inverso da variância e o modelo de efeitos aleatórios no RevMan 5.3. Será utilizada a estatística I 2 para estimar a heterogeneidade entre os estudos em cada meta-análise. Ética e disseminação: A aprovação de um comitê de ética não é necessária. Somente estudos clínicos que tenham cumprido as diretrizes éticas e seguido a Declaração de Helsinque serão incluídos nesta revisão sistemática. Os resultados deste estudo ajudarão a esclarecer incertezas sobre os efeitos da espirometria de incentivo no período pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca e poderão ser divulgados aos clínicos, auxiliando na tomada de decisões e incluindo as melhores evidências no tratamento de seus pacientes. Discussão: Esta revisão esclarecerá a incerteza sobre a utilidade da EI para pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Embora estudos de boa qualidade tenham demonstrado que a EI é uma técnica profilática eficaz, outros estudos sugeriram que não há evidências que apoiem a utilização da EI. (AU)

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QUESTIONS: In patients with a collection of fluid in the pleural space, do mobilisation and respiratory techniques: shorten the drainage period and length of hospital stay; improve respiratory function and oxygenation; and prevent pulmonary complications? Does the addition of positive airway pressure to this regimen further improve the effects? DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial with three intervention arms, concealed allocation, intention-to-treat analysis and blinded assessment. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and fifty-six inpatients with a fluid collection in the pleural space and with chest drainage in situ. INTERVENTION: Participants received usual care and were randomly assigned to: a control group that also received sham positive airway pressure (4 cmH2O) only (Con); an experimental group that received incentive spirometry, airway clearance, mobilisation and the same sham positive pressure (Exp1); or an experimental group that received the Exp1 regimen except that the positive airway pressure was 15 cmH2O (Exp2). Treatments were provided three times per day for 7 days. OUTCOME MEASURES: Days of chest tube drainage, length of hospital stay, pulmonary complications and adverse events were recorded until hospital discharge. Costs in each group were estimated. RESULTS: The Exp2 group had shorter duration of chest tube drainage and length of hospital stay compared with the Exp1 and Con groups. In addition, the Exp2 group had less antibiotic use (18% versus 43% versus 55%) and pneumonia incidence (0% versus 16% versus 20%) compared with the Exp1 and Con groups (all p < 0.01). The groups had similar rates of adverse events (10% versus 2% versus 6%, p > 0.05). Total treatment costs were lower in the Exp2 group than in the Exp1 and Con groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with a fluid collection in the pleural space, the addition of positive pressure to mobilisation and respiratory techniques decreased the duration of thoracic drainage, length of hospital stay, pulmonary complications, antibiotic use and treatment costs. REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.govNCT02246946.

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Abstract Introduction: Techniques for lung expansion seem to benefit patients with drained and undrained pleural effusion, but there is a lack of evidence to indicate which technique is best in each situation. Currently, the therapeutic choices of respiratory physiotherapists serving this population are not known. Objective: To know which lung expansion techniques are chosen by chest physiotherapists who assist patients with drained and non-drained pleural effusion. Method: Through the announcement of the Federal Council, 232 physiotherapists who work in hospitals in Brazil were questioned about which techniques they apply to patients with drained and non-drained effusion. Results: Initially, 512 were questioned but 232 (45.3%) answered. The physiotherapists associate more than one technique of lung expansion in both types of patients, besides walking. Deep breathing is the most used technique in patients with drained (92%) and non-drained (77%) pleural effusion. Positive pressure exercises in the airways are chosen by 60% of the physiotherapists to treat patients with drained pleural effusion and by 34% to treat patients with non-drained pleural effusion. Yet the incentive spirometry are used with 66% of patients with drained pleural effusion and 42% with non-drained ones. Conclusion: Deep breathing is the most applied lung expansion technique in the treatment of patients with drained and non-drained pleural effusion by chest physiotherapists. In addition, there is association between greatest degree and time of professional performance and the chosen techniques.

Resumo Introdução: Técnicas para expansão pulmonar parecem beneficiar pacientes com derrame pleural drenado e não drenado, porém há falta de evidências para indicar qual é a melhor técnica em cada situação. Atualmente, as escolhas terapêuticas dos fisioterapeutas respiratórios que atendem essa população não são conhecidas. Objetivo: Conhecer as técnicas de expansão pulmonar escolhidas pelos fisioterapeutas respiratórios que atendem pacientes com derrame pleural drenado e não drenado. Método: Por meio do anúncio do Conselho Federal, 232 fisioterapeutas que trabalham em hospitais no Brasil foram questionados sobre quais técnicas se aplicam a pacientes com derrame drenado e não drenado. Resultados: Inicialmente, 512 foram questionados, mas 232 (45,3%) responderam. Os fisioterapeutas associam mais de uma técnica de expansão pulmonar em ambos os tipos de pacientes, além de deambular. A respiração profunda é a técnica mais utilizada em pacientes com derrame pleural drenado (92%) e não drenado (77%). Exercícios de pressão positiva nas vias aéreas são escolhidos por 60% dos fisioterapeutas para tratar pacientes com derrame pleural drenado e por 34% para pacientes com derrame pleural não drenado. A espirometria de incentivo é utilizada com 66% dos pacientes com derrame pleural drenado e 42% com não drenado. Conclusão: A respiração profunda é a técnica de expansão pulmonar mais aplicada no tratamento de pacientes com derrame pleural drenado e não drenado por fisioterapeutas respiratórios. Além disso, há associação entre maior titulação e tempo de atuação profissional e as técnicas escolhidas.

Resumen Introducción: Técnicas para expansión pulmonar parecen beneficiar a pacientes con derrame pleural drenado y no drenado, pero hay falta de evidencias para indicar cuál es la mejor técnica en cada situación. Actualmente, las opciones terapéuticas de los fisioterapeutas respiratorios que atienden a esa población, no son conocidas. Objetivo: Conocer las técnicas de expansión pulmonar elegidas por los fisioterapeutas respiratorios que atienden pacientes con derrame pleural drenado y no drenado. Método: A través del anuncio del Consejo Federal, 232 fisioterapeutas que trabajan en hospitales en Brasil fueron cuestionados sobre qué técnicas se aplican a pacientes con derrame drenado y no drenado. Resultados: Inicialmente, 512 fueron cuestionados, pero 232 (45,3%) respondieron. Los fisioterapeutas asocian más de una técnica de expansión pulmonar en ambos tipos de pacientes, además de deambular. La respiración profunda es la técnica más utilizada en pacientes con derrame pleural drenado (92%) y no drenado (77%). Los ejercicios de presión positiva en las vías aéreas son elegidos por el 60% de los fisioterapeutas para tratar a pacientes con derrame pleural drenado y por el 34% para pacientes con derrame pleural no drenado. La espirometría de incentivo se utiliza con el 66% de los pacientes con derrame pleural drenado y el 42% con no drenado. Conclusión: La respiración profunda es la técnica de expansión pulmonar más aplicada en el tratamiento de pacientes con derrame pleural drenado y no drenado por fisioterapeutas respiratorios. Además, hay asociación entre mayor titulación y tiempo de actuación profesional y las técnicas elegidas.

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OBJECTIVE: We explored the feasibility of use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with 15- and 4-cmH2 O for a randomized controlled trial with patients with pleural drainage. METHODS: Ten patients with traumatic pleural effusion drained within 24 hr, with controlled pain received randomly CPAP with 0-, 4-, and 15-cmH2 O. Computed tomography was used to assess the lung aeration. Patients reported the level of tolerability. Air leak was also observed as a parameter of safety. The levels of pressure were compared using the Friedman test followed by the Tukey test as post hoc. RESULTS: The lung area under CPAP with 15 cmH2 O (median = 3,913 mm2 ; IQR = 3,416-4,390 mm2 ) was greater than 4 (median = 3,495 mm2 ; IQR = 3,075-3,954 mm2 ) and 0 cmH2 O (median = 3,382 mm2 ; IQR = 2,962-3,658 mm2 ; p < 0.001). There was no difference between lung areas under CPAP with 4 and 0 cmH2 O. All levels of pressure were well tolerated by patients. No air leak was observed during the assessments. CONCLUSION: CPAP with 15 cmH2 O is able to expand lungs of patients with pleural drainage. CPAP with 4 cmH2 O seems not have therapeutic effect. In addition, CPAP with 15 cmH2 O is well tolerated and safe in this population.

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