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The Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the main pest of fruit trees grown in temperate climates in the southern region of Brazil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the major commercial food lures used in Brazil for trapping and monitoring of A. fraterculus in plum, pear, and feijoa orchards. The assessed lures were hydrolyzed proteins of animal origin (CeraTrap) and plant origin (BioAnastrepha), torula yeast + borax (Torula), and grape juice. Response variables included the rate of adult capture (flies per trap per day, FTD) and the percentage of females captured. We also evaluated the number of times the weekly capture rate exceeded the traditional threshold of 0.5 FTD for each lure. Traps baited with grape juice, currently used for monitoring A. fraterculus in Southern Brazil, captured fewer adults and a lower percentage of females compared with the other lures. CeraTrap trapped a greater number of A. fraterculus adults and, in some cases, a lower percentage of females compared with the other lures in pears. Traps baited with CeraTrap had greater capture rates (FTD), particularly during the stages of fruit maturation and harvest, and even in years with low population density of A. fraterculus, thus demonstrating greater sensitivity in the detection of this pest. These results show that, in order to detect and monitor the presence of A. fraterculus in plum, feijoa, and pear crops, protein-based lures are superior to grape juice, especially the animal protein CeraTrap.

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Campylobacteriosis is a worldwide foodborne zoonosis disease caused by Campylobacter jejuni. This microorganism is considered a commensal bacterium in chicken hosts. C. jejuni produces epithelial cell modifications and induces a cytokine gene transcription innate immunity repertoire. In the present study, we describe the invasiveness, morphological cellular modifications, and transcript level expressions of innate immune cytokines from C. jejuni-inoculated chicken ileum explants. C. jejuni was internalized by epithelial ileum cells at 15 minutes postinoculation (p.i.) and was detected intracellularly for 4hs (p.i.). Inoculated explants displayed significant increases in cell height. C. jejuni induced a significant elevation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 3 (TGF-b3) and Interleukin-1b (IL-1b) transcripts. In conclusion, C. jejuni is internalized in explanted epithelial ileum cells, produces morphological cell modifications, and induces gene transcription of both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines.(AU)

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RESUMO

Campylobacteriosis is a worldwide foodborne zoonosis disease caused by Campylobacter jejuni. This microorganism is considered a commensal bacterium in chicken hosts. C. jejuni produces epithelial cell modifications and induces a cytokine gene transcription innate immunity repertoire. In the present study, we describe the invasiveness, morphological cellular modifications, and transcript level expressions of innate immune cytokines from C. jejuni-inoculated chicken ileum explants. C. jejuni was internalized by epithelial ileum cells at 15 minutes postinoculation (p.i.) and was detected intracellularly for 4hs (p.i.). Inoculated explants displayed significant increases in cell height. C. jejuni induced a significant elevation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 3 (TGF-b3) and Interleukin-1b (IL-1b) transcripts. In conclusion, C. jejuni is internalized in explanted epithelial ileum cells, produces morphological cell modifications, and induces gene transcription of both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

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ABSTRACT Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), known popularly as citrus leafminer, is one of the main insect-pests of citrus orchards in many countries. This study was aimed to determine the species and the seasonal variation of Lepidoptera leafminers and their parasitoids, present in the vegetation spontaneously growing in a citrus orchard, to verify if P. citrella is present in other host plants and if the parasitoids of other leafminers are the same ones reported for this insect-pest. The work was conducted in Montenegro, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in an organic orchard of the Murcott cultivar. Samplings were taken fortnightly, from May 2003 to May 2004, collecting on each occasion all the plants with mines found in an area delimited by a 0.28m2 ring thrown in the lines and between the lines of 30 randomly chosen trees. In the lab, the number of larvae and pupae per leaf of leafminers were recorded. The leaves were maintained until emergence of leafminers or parasitoids. Counting revealed 11 species of Lepidoptera leafminers of the families Gracillariidae, Acrolepiidae, Nepticulidae and Tischeriidae; 15 species of leafminer host plants of 9 families, and 12 species of hymenopteran parasitoids of the families Eulophidae and Braconidae. The leafminers larvae and pupae presented a negative association with temperature and air relative humidity. P. citrella was not observed in the spontaneous plants. Parasitoid species included in the genera Chrysocharis, Closterocerus, Sympiesis and Bracon have been previous reported as parasitizing P. citrella in several countries, and could be possible agents of biological control of this insect in the study area.

RESUMO Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), conhecido popularmente como minador-dasfolhas-dos-citros, é um dos principais insetos-praga da citricultura em vários países. Este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar as espécies e a variação sazonal de lepidópteros minadores e seus parasitoides, presentes na vegetação de crescimento espontâneo de um pomar orgânico de citros, a fim de verificar se P. citrella apresenta outras plantas como hospedeiras e se os parasitoides de outros minadores são os mesmos relatados para esta praga. O trabalho foi conduzido em Montenegro, RS, em um pomar do tangoreiro Murcott. Realizaram-se amostragens quinzenais, de maio/2003 a maio/2004, coletando-se em cada ocasião todas as folhas com minas, na área delimitada por um aro de 0,28 m2, que era lançado nas linhas e nas entrelinhas de 30 árvores sorteadas. No laboratório registrou-se o número de larvas e pupas de minadores por folha, mantidas até a emergência dos lepidópteros ou parasitoides. Registrou-se 11 espécies de lepidópteros minadores pertencentes às famílias Gracillariidae, Gelechiidae, Acrolepiidae, Nepticulidae e Tischeriidae; 15 espécies de plantas hospedeiras distribuídas em nove famílias e 12 espécies de himenópteros, das famílias Eulophidae e Braconidae. O número de larvas e pupas de minadores correlacionou-se negativamente com a temperatura média e a umidade relativa média. P. citrella não foi observada nas plantas espontâneas. Espécies de parasitoides incluídas nos gêneros Chrysocharis, Closterocerus, Sympiesis e Bracon já foram relatadas parasitando P. citrella em várias regiões do mundo e podem ser possíveis agentes de controle biológico deste inseto na área de estudo.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT The present study was aimed to survey and identify the parasitoids associated to dipterous leafminers occurring on spontaneous growing plants in an organic citrus orchard and to verify if these parasitoid species are the same ones reported for the citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella).The work was carried out in Montenegro, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in a Murcott orchard. Fortnightly samplings, from May/2003 to May/2004, were carried out. On each occasion, 60 sampling units were collected. Each sampling unit consisted of all leaves with mines contained in an area delimited by a 0.28 m2 frame, thrown in and between lines aside each one of 30 randomly selected trees. In the laboratory, the leaves were kept individually in Petri dishes until the emergence of parasitoids or flies. Fifteen species of hymenopterous were registered encompassing: Eulophidae (Closterocerus coffeellae Ihering, Closterocerus sp., Chrysocharis sp. 1, Chrysocharis sp. 2, Chrysocharis tristis Hansson, Chrysocharis vonones Walker and Neochrysocharis sp.); Braconidae (Opius sp. 1, Opius sp. 2, Opius sp. 3, Opius sp. 4, Opius sp. 5, Centistidea sp. 1 and Centistidea sp. 2) and Figitidae (Agrostocynips clavatus, Díaz). According to the results, some species registered in the study, of the genera Closterocerus, Chrysocharis and Neochrysocharis, are reported parasitizing P. citrella.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivos realizar o levantamento e a identificação dos parasitóides associados aos dípteros minadores presentes na vegetação de crescimento espontâneo, em pomar orgânico de citros, e verificar se estes parasitóides são os mesmos relatados para o minador-dasfolhas-dos-citros (Phyllocnistis citrella). O trabalho foi conduzido em Montenegro, RS, em um pomar de tangoreiro Murcott. Realizaram-se amostragens quinzenais, de maio de 2003 a maio de 2004, coletando-se em cada ocasião 60 unidades de amostra. Cada unidade era constituída de todas as folhas com minas contidas na área delimitada por um aro de 0,28 m2, que era jogado na linha e na entrelinha de 30 árvores sorteadas.No laboratório as folhas foram mantidas, individualmente, em placas de Petri até a emergência dos parasitóides ou das moscas. Foram registradas 15 espécies de microimenópteros: sete de Eulophidae (Closterocerus coffeellae Ihering, Closterocerus sp., Chrysocharis tristis Hansson, Chrysocharis vonones Walker, Chrysocharis sp. 1, Chrysocharis sp. 2 e Neochrysocharis sp.), sete de Braconidae (Opius sp. 1, Opius sp. 2, Opius sp. 3, Opius sp. 4, Opius sp. 5, Centistidea sp. 1, Centistidea sp. 2) e uma de Figitidae, (Agrostocynips clavatus, Díaz). De acordo com os resultados, verificou-se que algumas espécies registradas no estudo pertencentes aos gêneros Closterocerus, Chrysocharis e Neochrysocharis são relatadas como parasitóides de P. citrella.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the association of the "citrus leafminer", Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, 1856 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with other host plants that exist in organiccitrus orchard, in order to explain aspects of its survival out of the Citrus spp flush season , and also to undertake a survey of leafminers present in the orchard. The work was carried out in Montenegro, RS, in an organic orchard grown with the hybrid Murcott. Samplings were taken every other week, from May 2003 to May 2004,by collecting on each occasion all themined leaves found in an area delimited by a 0.28 m2 circle thrown in and between the rows of 30 randomly chosen trees. During the study, the presence of P. citrella was notreportedon spontaneous growing plants in the orchard, and clearly shows its preference for Citrus species. However, 15 species of Diptera leafminers and 15 species of host plants belonging to three botanical families were recorded.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a associação do "minador-das-folhas-dos-citros", Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, 1856 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), com outras plantas hospedeiras, presentes em pomar de citros, a fim de esclarecer aspectos da sua sobrevivência fora dos fluxos de brotação de Citrus spp. e fazer um levantamento de insetos minadores que habitam o pomar. O trabalho foi conduzido em Montenegro, RS, em um pomar orgânico de tangoreiro Murcott. Realizaram-se amostragens quinzenais, de maio de 2003 a maio de 2004, coletando-se em cada ocasião, todas as folhas com minas, contidas na área delimitada por um aro de 0,28 m2, que era jogado nas linhas e nas entrelinhas de 30 árvores sorteadas. Durante o estudo, não foi registrada a presença de P. citrella nas plantas espontâneas do pomar, comprovando-se a sua preferência por espécies de Citrus. Entretanto, registraram-se 15 espécies de dípteros minadores e 15 espécies de plantas hospedeiras, distribuídas em três famílias.