RESUMO

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. The etiology of CD is unknown; however, genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors could play an essential role in the onset and establishment of the disease. CD results from immune dysregulation due to loss of the healthy symbiotic relationship between host and intestinal flora and or its antigens. It affects both sexes equally with a male to female ratio of 1.0, and its onset can occur at any age, but the diagnosis is most commonly observed in the range of 20 to 40 years of age. CD diminishes quality of life, interferes with social activities, traumatizes due to the stigma of incontinence, fistulae, strictures, and colostomies, and in severe cases, affects survival when compared to the general population. Symptoms fluctuate between periods of remission and activity in which complications such as fistulas, strictures, and the need for bowel resection, surgery, and colostomy implantation make up the most severe aspects of the disease. CD can be progressive and the complications recurrent despite treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biological agents. However, over time many patients become refractory without treatment alternatives, and in this scenario, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has emerged as a potential treatment option. The rationale for the use of HSCT for CD is anchored in animal studies and human clinical trials where HSCT could reset a patient's immune system by eliminating disease-causing effector cells and upon immune recovery increase regulatory and suppressive immune cells. Autologous HSCT using a non-myeloablative regimen of cyclophosphamide and anti-thymocyte globulin without CD34+ selection has been to date the most common transplant conditioning regimen adopted. In this review we will address the current situation regarding CD treatment with HSCT and emphasize the medical, ethical, and legal aspects that permeate the procedure in Brazil.

RESUMO

Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any site of the digestive system. It occurs due to an immunological imbalance and is responsible for intestinal mucosal lesions and complications such as fistulas and stenoses. Treatment aims to stabilize the disease, reducing the symptoms and healing intestinal lesions. Surgical procedures are common in patients. Cell therapy was initially used to treat this disease in patients who also suffered from lymphoma and leukemia and were considered to be good candidates for autologous and allogeneic transplantation. After transplantation, an improvement was also observed in their CD. In 2003, the procedure began to be used to treat the disease itself, and several case series and randomized studies have been published since then; this approach currently comprises a new option in the treatment of CD. However, considerable doubt along with significant gaps in our knowledge continue to exist in relation to cell therapy for CD. Cell therapy is currently restricted to the autologous modality of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and, experimentally, to mesenchymal stromal cells to directly treat lesions of the anal mucosa. This article presents the supporting claims for transplantation as well as aspects related to the mobilization regime, conditioning and perspectives of cell therapy.

RESUMO

Insects of the suborder Heteroptera are known for their odor, for being pests, or for being disease carriers. To gain better insight into the cytogenetic characteristics of heteropterans, 18 species of terrestrial Heteroptera belonging to eight families were studied. The presence of heteropycnotic corpuscles during prophase I, terminal or interstitial chiasmas, telomeric associations between chromosomes, ring disposals of autosomes during metaphase, and late migrations of the sex chromosomes during anaphase were analyzed. These features showed identical patterns to other species of Heteroptera previously described in the literature. Another studied characteristic was chromosome complements. The male chromosome complements observed were 2n = 12 chromosomes [10A + XY, Galgupha sidae (Amyot & Serville) (Corimelaenidae) and Pachycoris torridus (Scopoli) (Scutelleridae)]; 2n = 13 [10A + 2m + X0, Harmostes serratus (Fabricius), Harmostes apicatus (Stål), Jadera haematoloma (Herrich-Schaeffer), Jadera sanguinolenta (Fabricius), Jadera sp. (Rhopalidae)], and Neomegalotomus parvus (Westwood) (Alydidae); 2n = 13 [12A + X0, Stenocoris furcifera (Westwood) (Alydidae); 2n = 14 [12A + XY, Dictyla monotropidia (Stål) (Tingidae)]; 2n = 19 [18A + X0, Acanonicus hahni (Stål) (Coreidae)]; 2n = 21 [18A + 2m + X0, Acanthocephala sp. (Dallas) (Coreidae)]; 2n = 27 [24A + 2m + X0, Anisoscelis foliacea marginella (Dallas) (Coreidae)]; 2n = 18 [16A + XY, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) (Lygaeidae)]; 2n = 17 [14A + X1X2Y, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) (Lygaeidae)]; 2n = 16 [12A + 2m + XY, Pachybrachius bilobatus (Say) (Lygaeidae)]; 2n = 26 [24A + XY, Atopozelus opsinus (Elkins) (Reduviidae)]; and 2n = 27 [24A + X1X2Y, Doldina carinulata (Stål) (Reduviidae)]. The diversity of the cytogenetic characteristics of Heteroptera was reflected in the 18 studied species. Thus, this study extends the knowledge of these characteristics, such as the variations related to chromosome complements, sex chromosome systems, and meiotic behavior.

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O câncer de colo de útero é o terceiro mais frequente entre as mulheres epermanece como um importante problema de saúde, principalmente entre ospaíses em desenvolvimento. O carcinoma invasivo de colo uterino, em cerca de 90% dos casos, evolui a partir de lesões intraepiteliais cervicais (NICs), que por sua vez são divididas em lesões de baixo grau (NIC I) e de alto grau (NICs II e III). A E-caderina é uma proteína cálcio-dependente sendo uma das principais responsáveis pela adesão célula a célula. Vários estudos apontam que a E-caderina pode ter função na inibição da proliferaçãocelular. Apesar desse papel na adesão celular, não podemos afirmar que eleseja o responsável pela inibição da proliferação, já que há eventos nodesenvolvimento normal em que células fortemente aderidas têm um alto índice proliferativo. Também deve ser considerado que a E-caderina apresenta um papel importante no reconhecimento célula-célula, organização do citoesqueleto, na transdução de sinal, na polaridade epitelial e controle do crescimento. Perda da expressão de E-caderina é um evento crucial para a ocorrência da transição epitélio-mesenquimal (TEM). Neste trabalho avaliamos, por imunoistoquímica, a expressão da E-caderina eproliferação celular (expressão do marcador de proliferação celular Ki-67), ecomparamos a expressão de ambas proteínas no tumor como um todo e nofronte de invasão e também em lesões precursoras. Para tanto, foram selecionados 20 amostras de ectocérvix histologicamente normais 25 amostras de endocérvix histologicamente normais 22 amostras de lesão de baixo grau, 44 amostras de lesão de alto grau e 43 amostras de carcinoma epidermóide invasor, provenientes de 70 pacientes tratadas no AC Camargo Cancer Center. Foi observada a perda da expressão de E-caderina a partir da lesão de baixo grau (3,78% das células com perda de expressão), sendo o fronte de invasão onde esta diminuição foi mais acentuada (11,69%)...

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women and remains a major health problem, especially in developing countries. Invasive carcinoma, in about 90% of cases, develops from cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CINs), classified into low-grade lesions (CIN I) and high-grade (CINs II and III). E-cadherin is a calcium-dependent protein responsible for cell-cell adhesion. Several studies show that E-cadherin could be important in inhibition of cell proliferation. Despite this role in cell adhesion, it cannot be stated that it is responsible for the inhibition of proliferation, since in normaldevelopment strongly adhered cells can have a high proliferative index. It should also be considered that E-cadherin has important roles in cell-cell recognition, cytoskeletal organization, signal transduction, epithelial polarity and growth control. Decreased expression of E-cadherin is a critical event for the occurrence of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this study, we evaluated by immunohistochemistry the expression of E-cadherin and cell proliferation (expression of Ki-67) and compared the expression of both proteins in the tumor as a whole and in the invasive front and in premalignantlesions. For this analysis 20 ectocervix samples 25 endocervix samples 22 low grade lesions, 44 high grade lesions and 43 invasive epidermoid carcinomas were selected from 70 patients treated at AC Camargo Cancer Center. Loss of E-cadherin expression was observed from low-grade lesions (loss of expression in 3.78% of the cells), and in the invasive front this decrease was more pronounced (11.69%). It was also assessed whether this decrease of E-cadherin in the invasive front was related to the number of tumor buddings. However no relationship between the number of buddings and loss of E-cadherin was observed: patients who had loss of expression of E-cadherin above the median value showed an amount of 12.70 buddings/mm2, while patients who had los...

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RESUMO

The Heteroptera are known for their odour, for being pests or for being disease carriers. However, they are still not extensively studied, perhaps because they form a very large group. Therefore, with the aim of enhancing the knowledge of the morphology of the testes of this insect order, we collected and analysed 18 species of terrestrial Heteroptera from the northwestern part of São Paulo. The analysis of these species revealed some differences between the testicles of these species, including their shape (elongated, oval, round or pecten), the morphology of the testicular lobes (elongated and paired side by side or united in a single region), the colours of the peritoneal sheath that surrounds the lobes (red, orange, yellow or translucent), and the number of testicular lobes (one, two, four, five, six or seven). Because the aspects analysed were highly variable, our study suggests a need for further analysis of Heteropteran testicular morphological differences.

Os Heteroptera são organismos conhecidos pelo seu odor, por serem pragas ou por serem transmissores de doenças, contudo, eles ainda são pouco estudados, talvez por formarem um grupo muito grande. Portanto, com o objetivo de ampliarmos as informações dos aspectos testiculares deste grupo analisamos 18 espécies de Heteroptera terrestres pertencentes a oito famílias que foram coletadas no Noroeste Paulista. Através das análises dessas espécies foi observado diferenças testiculares quanto: a sua forma (alongadas; ovalados; forma de concha, denominada pecten; ou arredondados); a morfologia dos lobos (alongados e pareados lado a lado ou unidos em uma única região, na forma de um “ofiuroide”); às cores da bainha peritoneal (alaranjada, amarelada, avermelhada ou transparente); ao número de lobos testiculares (um, dois, quatro, cinco, seis, sete). Devido aos aspectos analisados serem muito variáveis, nosso estudo sugere um aprofundamento maior na questão que envolve as diferenças morfológicas testiculares.