RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Laboratory reports on adipose tissue suggest that fat grafting to the breast may pose an oncologic risk. One possible reason for this is the theoretic chronic inflammation due to adipokynes released by grafted white adipose tissue (WAT). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze inflammatory activity in lipofilled breast through the use of proinflammatory markers. METHODS: Fifty-four paired-breasts of female rats were divided into 4 groups: control, sham, and breasts grafted with either autologous subcutaneous (SC) WAT or autologous omentum (OM). The WAT was prepared through centrifugation, and the grafting was performed with the use of 0.9-mm blunt-tip cannula. The rats were killed 8 weeks postoperatively, and their breasts were harvested for immunohistochemical staining for CD68-expressing macrophages, gene expression (real-time PCR) for monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), F4/80, Cox-2, and IL-6. RESULTS: The weights of the rats that underwent a procedure differed from those of the unmanipulated control group (P < 0.01). The macrophage counts of CD68 differed only between breasts lipofilled with OM and control (P < 0.01). MCP-1, F4/80, and Cox-2 were similarly expressed among the groups (P = 0.422, P = 0.143, and P = 0.209, respectively). The expression of IL-6 differed between breast samples grafted with SC and OM WAT (P = 0.015), but not between samples of control and OM (P = 0.752), and control and SC (P = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS: No inflammation activity was identified in the microenvironment of lipofilled breasts, indicating that chronic inflammation does not seem to be triggered by the breast lipofilling procedure.
Assuntos
Gordura Abdominal/transplante , Mama/patologia , Gordura Subcutânea/transplante , Animais , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciação/genética , Antígenos de Diferenciação/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciação Mielomonocítica/metabolismo , Contagem de Células , Quimiocina CCL2/genética , Quimiocina CCL2/metabolismo , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/genética , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Feminino , Imuno-Histoquímica , Injeções Subcutâneas , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Modelos Animais , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo RealRESUMO
Background: The results of experimental studies indicate that grafting of autologous adipose tissue may induce tumorigenesis at the recipient site, but clinical results do not support a carcinogenic effect of fat grafting to the breast. Objectives: The authors assessed cancer risk following transplantation of autologous fat into murine mammary tissue. Methods: In this animal study, mammary tissues from 54 breasts of 9 female rats were either grafted with autologous subcutaneous fat, grafted with autologous omental fat, or unmanipulated. Tissues were harvested and processed for histologic and immunohistochemical analyses, and the mRNA expression levels of specific genes were determined. Results: No atypia or changes in lobular structures were observed in lipofilled breasts compared with controls. The numbers of ductal cell layers and terminal ductal units were similar for lipofilled and control breasts. Macrophage concentrations also were similar for the 3 groups. The localization and magnitude of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 were similar for lipofilled and unmanipulated breast tissue. The percentages of cells expressing Ki67 or estrogen receptor (ER) and the ER/Ki67 balance were similar for the 3 groups. Gene expression was not altered in lipofilled breasts, compared with controls. Conclusions: No theoretical risk of cancer was detected in the microenvironment of the lipofilled rat breast.
Assuntos
Gordura Intra-Abdominal/transplante , Mamoplastia/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/etiologia , Gordura Subcutânea/transplante , Transplante de Tecidos/efeitos adversos , Microambiente Tumoral , Animais , Mama/química , Mama/cirurgia , Carcinogênese , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/química , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/patologia , Antígeno Ki-67/análise , Omento , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/análise , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Medição de Risco , Gordura Subcutânea/patologia , Transplante Autólogo/efeitos adversosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the impact of digital image compression on manual and semiautomatic quantification of angiogenesis in ovarian epithelial neoplasms (including benign, borderline, and malignant specimens). DESIGN: We examined 405 digital images (obtained from a previously validated computer-assisted analysis system), which were equally divided into 5 groups: images captured in Tagged Image File Format (TIFF), low and high compression Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) formats, and low and high compression JPEG images converted from the TIFF files. MEASUREMENTS: Microvessel density counts and CD34 endothelial areas manually and semiautomatically determined from TIFF images were compared with those from the other 4 groups. RESULTS: Mostly, the correlations between TIFF and JPEG images were very high (intraclass correlation coefficients >0.8), especially for low compression JPEG images obtained by capture, regardless of the variable considered. The only exception consisted in the use of high compression JPEG files for semiautomatic microvessel density counts, which resulted in intraclass correlation coefficients of <0.7. Nonetheless, even then, interconversion between TIFF and JPEG values could be successfully achieved using prediction models established by linear regression. CONCLUSION: Image compression does not seem to significantly compromise the accuracy of angiogenesis quantitation in the ovarian epithelial tumors, although low compression JPEG images should always be preferred over high compression ones.