RESUMO
A recent mathematical model has suggested that staying at home did not play a dominant role in reducing COVID-19 transmission. The second wave of cases in Europe, in regions that were considered as COVID-19 controlled, may raise some concerns. Our objective was to assess the association between staying at home (%) and the reduction/increase in the number of deaths due to COVID-19 in several regions in the world. In this ecological study, data from www.google.com/covid19/mobility/ , ourworldindata.org and covid.saude.gov.br were combined. Countries with > 100 deaths and with a Healthcare Access and Quality Index of ≥ 67 were included. Data were preprocessed and analyzed using the difference between number of deaths/million between 2 regions and the difference between the percentage of staying at home. The analysis was performed using linear regression with special attention to residual analysis. After preprocessing the data, 87 regions around the world were included, yielding 3741 pairwise comparisons for linear regression analysis. Only 63 (1.6%) comparisons were significant. With our results, we were not able to explain if COVID-19 mortality is reduced by staying at home in ~ 98% of the comparisons after epidemiological weeks 9 to 34.
Assuntos
COVID-19/mortalidade , Saúde Global , Política de Saúde , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Quarentena/normas , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/virologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Humanos , Internet/estatística & dados numéricos , Modelos Lineares , Pandemias/estatística & dados numéricos , Dinâmica Populacional/estatística & dados numéricos , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidadeRESUMO
CONTEXT: In a previous microarray analysis, GRB2-associated binding protein 1 (GAB1), a docking protein closely related to the insulin receptor substrate, was down-regulated in endometrium of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to characterize the cyclic expression of endometrial GAB1 in vivo in normal women and those with PCOS as well as investigate the possible mechanisms of endometrial regulation of GAB1 expression and action in vitro. DESIGN: This was an experimental and case-control study. SETTING: The study was conducted at a tertiary university hospital. PATIENTS: Normal proven fertile women (controls; n = 31) and women with PCOS (cases; n = 26) participated in the study. INTERVENTIONS: INTERVENTIONS included timed endometrial biopsies at different phases of the menstrual cycle. Ishikawa cells were cultured with ß-estradiol (E2), medroxyprogesterone acetate, and E2 + medroxyprogesterone acetate. Transfection of small interfering RNA for GAB1 in Ishikawa cells incubated with or without insulin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: GAB1 mRNA expression in Ishikawa cells and in endometrium of cases and controls was measured. Protein expression of phosphorylated MAPK by Western blot was also measured. Immunohistochemical localization and expression of phosphorylated GAB1 in endometrium was also measured, using a digital histological score. RESULTS: In endometrial tissue, GAB1 mRNA was reduced in the proliferative phase of PCOS women, compared with controls (P = .003; ANOVA). When all the phases of the menstrual cycle were grouped, GAB1 protein expression was reduced in endometrium of PCOS women (P < .0001; Student t test). E2 increases GAB1 mRNA expression in Ishikawa cells (P = .001; ANOVA). Phosphorylated MAPK is reduced in cells transfected with small interfering RNA for GAB1 (P = .008; ANOVA) and incubated with insulin. CONCLUSIONS: GAB1 mRNA expression is positively modulated by E2. Endometrial GAB1 protein and mRNA expression are reduced in women with PCOS, suggesting that the endometrium of PCOS women have a defect in insulin signaling due to GAB1 down-regulation.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Endométrio/metabolismo , Ciclo Menstrual/metabolismo , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Regulação para Baixo , Endométrio/citologia , Endométrio/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Epiteliais/citologia , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Estradiol/farmacologia , Feminino , Humanos , Acetato de Medroxiprogesterona/farmacologia , Ciclo Menstrual/genética , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/genética , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Elafin is a natural antimicrobial molecule and a member of the antileukoproteinase (Trappin) family. It is normally expressed in the mucosae of fallopian tubes. Hydrosalpinx is a chronic inflammatory process of the fallopian tubes. The objective of this study is to compare the localization of elafin protein and levels of elafin messenger RNA (mRNA) in the mucosa of oviducts with and without hydrosalpinx. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on tissue sections of hydrosalpinx (n = 10) and normal tubes (n = 22) from paraffin-embedded blocks, obtained from patients who underwent salpingectomy for benign conditions. The main outcome measure was the intensity of staining with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine calculated by ImageJ software and mRNA expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The mean intensity of elafin (mean ± standard deviation) in mucosae of the fallopian tubes was 69.68 ± 24.55 in controls and 32.03±18.16 in patients with hydrosalpinx (P < .0001). Elafin mRNA levels were reduced in hydrosalpinx, although not significantly (P = .05, n = 9 from each group). Therefore, tubal epithelium of women with hydrosalpinx seems to have a lower expression of elafin, an elastase inhibitor and a natural antimicrobial molecule, compared to normal tubes.
Assuntos
Elafina/biossíntese , Tubas Uterinas/metabolismo , Tubas Uterinas/patologia , Salpingite/metabolismo , Salpingite/patologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mucosa/metabolismo , Mucosa/patologiaAssuntos
Cistite Intersticial/diagnóstico , Exame Físico , Bexiga Urinária/fisiopatologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Funções Verossimilhança , Nitritos/urina , Dor/etiologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Urinálise , Infecções Urinárias/epidemiologia , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Infecções Urinárias/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Copper intrauterine device (IUD) users have a reduced expression of beta3 integrin subunit during the implantation window. This integrin has been found to be a uterine marker for implantation. In order to verify if copper ions are involved in this reduction, beta3 integrin subunit expression was assessed in an in vitro model. The beta3 integrin subunit expression was determined by flow cytometry in the presence of copper D-gluconate and/or epidermal growth factor (EGF). The mean percentages of positive beta3 integrin subunit cells under different culture conditions were: 4.7 +/- 0.29 (mean +/- SEM) in controls; 8.6 +/- 0.59 in the presence of copper; 13.4 +/- 0.05 in the presence of EGF and 20.8 +/- 0.36 in the presence of EGF+copper (analysis of variance, p < 0.0001). Copper D-gluconate up-regulates beta3 integrin subunit expression in vitro both in the presence and absence of EGF. The differences between in vivo and in vitro results should be investigated and may represent interference by other factors such as the inflammatory process associated with the presence of IUDs.
Assuntos
Endométrio/efeitos dos fármacos , Gluconatos/farmacologia , Integrina beta3/biossíntese , Dispositivos Intrauterinos de Cobre , Cátions , Implantação do Embrião/efeitos dos fármacos , Implantação do Embrião/fisiologia , Endométrio/citologia , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of alpha4 and beta3 integrin subunit levels in the endometrium of healthy women and copper intrauterine device (IUD) T200 users. DESIGN: Case control study. SETTING: An academic teaching hospital and a primary care clinic. PATIENT(S): Thirteen copper IUD users and 13 normal fertile women. INTERVENTION(S): Timed endometrial biopsies during the mid-secretory phase (days 20 to 24). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Histologic dating of endometrium and immunohistochemical staining intensity of alpha4 and beta3, using the semiquantitative immunohistochemical score (HSCORE). RESULT(S): All endometrial biopsies consistent with menstrual dates were examined for integrin expression (beta3 and alpha4). No difference in alpha4 integrin expression was found between IUD users and controls in both luminal and glandular epithelium. In fertile controls, alphavbeta3 staining was present in 100% and 38.4% of glandular and luminal epithelium, respectively. In contrast, only 61.5% of the IUD users had any alphavbeta3 staining in the glandular epithelium and only 53.9% in the luminal epithelium. The intensity of immunoreactivity between the two groups (mean HSCORE) did not differ significantly. CONCLUSION(S): Proportionately, significantly fewer women using copper IUD had positive alphavbeta3 immunoreactivity in the glandular epithelium of mid-secretory endometrium.
Assuntos
Cobre , Endométrio/metabolismo , Integrinas/metabolismo , Dispositivos Intrauterinos , Receptores de Retorno de Linfócitos/metabolismo , Receptores de Vitronectina/metabolismo , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Integrina alfa4beta1 , Valores de Referência , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
Recent reports showing a decrease in sperm count in men have brought new concerns about male infertility. Animal models have been widely used to provide some relevant information about the human male gamete, and extrapolations are made to men and to the clinical context. The present-study assesses one of the methods used for separation of germ cells of the adult rat testis, namely centrifugal elutriation followed by density gradients (Percoll). This method was chosen since it presents the best results for cell purity in separating germ cells from the rat testis. A comparison between continuous and discontinuous Percoll gradients was performed in order to identify the best type of gradient to separate the cells. Maximal cell purity was obtained for spermatocytes (81 +/- 8.2%, mean +/- SEM) and spermatids (84 +/- 2.6%) using centrifugal elutriation followed by continuous Percoll gradients. A significant difference in purity was observed between elongating spermatids harvested from continuous Percoll gradients and from discontinuous gradients. Molecular analysis was used to assess cell contamination by employing specific probes, namely transition protein 2 (TP2), mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase II (COX II), and sulfated glycoprotein 1 (SGP1). Molecular analysis of the samples demonstrated that morphological criteria are efficient in characterizing the main composition of the cell suspension, but are not reliable for identifying minimal contamination from other cells. Reliable cell purity data should be established using molecular analysis.
Assuntos
Células Germinativas , Manejo de Espécimes , Animais , DNA Complementar , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Células de Sertoli , Espermátides , Testículo/citologiaRESUMO
Recent reports showing a decrease in sperm count in men have brought new concerns about male infertility. Animal models have been widely used to provide some relevant information about the human male gamete, and extrapolations are made to men and to the clinical context. The present study assesses one of the methods us for separation of germ cells of the adult rat testis, namely centrifugal elutriation followed by density gradients (Percoll(). This method was chosen since it presents the best results for cell purity in separating germ cells from the rat testis. A comparison between continuous and discontinuous Percoll( gradients was performed in order to identify the best type of gradient to separate the cells. Maximal cell purity was obtained for spermatocytes (81 ñ 8.2 per cent, mean ñ SEM) and spermatids (84 ñ 2.6 per cent) using centrifugal elutriation followed by continuous Percoll( gradients. A significant difference in purity was observed between elongating spermatids harvested from continuous Percoll( gradients and from discontinuous gradients. Molecular analysis was used to assess cell contamination by employing specific probes, namely transition protein 2 (TP2), mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase II (COX II), and sulfated glycoprotein 1 (SGP1). Molecular analysis of the samples demonstrated that morphological criteria are efficient in characterizing the main composition of the cell suspension, but are not reliable for identifying minimal contamination from other cells. Reliable cell purity data should be established using molecular analysis.