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Background: Studies on the role of antibodies produced after infection with human papillomavirus 18 (HPV-18) and subsequent protection from HPV-18 infection have been conflicting, mainly due to inadequate sample size. Methods: We pooled data from the control arms of the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial and the PATRICIA trial. Using Poisson regression we compared the risk of newly detected 1-time HPV-18 infection, HPV-18 1-year persistent infection (12MPI), and HPV-18-associated atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or greater (ASC-US+) lesions between HPV-18 seropositive and seronegative women. Results: High HPV-18 antibodies at enrollment was associated with reduced subsequent HPV-18 detection (P trend = 0.001; relative rate [RR] = 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47-1.01 for the third quartile; RR = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43-0.94 for the fourth quartile, compared to seronegative). The risk of 12MPI showed a decreasing trend with increasing antibodies (P trend = 0.06; RR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.29-1.77; RR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.13-1.32 for the third and fourth quartiles, respectively). Lastly, we observed a significant decreased risk of HPV-18 ASC-US+ with increasing antibody (P trend = 0.01; RR = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.21-0.97 for the fourth quartile). We also observed a significant decreased risk of HPV-16 infection, 12MPI, and ASC-US+ with increasing HPV-16 antibody level. Conclusions: High HPV-18 naturally acquired antibodies were associated with partial protection from future HPV-18 infections and associated lesions. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT00128661 and NCT001226810.

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En el presente trabajo se describe la fase de reclutamiento de un estudio poblacional sobre la historia natural de las neoplasias de cuello uterino en Guanacaste, provincia rural costarricense donde las tasas de cáncer cervicouterino invasor son invariablemente altas. Las metas principales del estudio son investigar el papel que desempeñan la infección por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) y sus cofactores en la etiología de las neoplasias cervicouterinas de alto grado, y evaluar las nuevas tecnologías empleadas en el tamizaje del cáncer cervical. Para empezar se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria de segmentos censuales y, con la ayuda de trabajadores de acción comunitaria del Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica, se hizo un recuento de todas las habitantes de 18 años de edad o mayores. De las 10 738 mujeres que cumplían con los requisitos para participar, 10 049 (93,6%) fueron entrevistadas después de haber dado su consentimiento informado por escrito. Después de la entrevista sobre los factores de riesgo del cáncer cervicouterino, se hizo un examen pélvico a las mujeres que dijeron haber tenido actividad sexual. El examen pélvico incluyó la determinación del pH vaginal y la obtención de células para análisis citológico mediante tres técnicas distintas. También se obtuvieron células cervicales para determinar la presencia y cantidad de ADN de 16 tipos de VPH diferentes y se tomaron dos fotografías del cérvix que fueron interpretadas en un local distinto por un experto en colposcopia. Por último, se sacaron muestras de sangre para hacer ensayos inmunológicos y determinaciones de micronutrientes. Las mujeres con un diagnóstico citológico anormal o un cervigrama positivo, más una muestra del grupo en general, fueron remitidas para hacerles colposcopia y se tomaron biopsias cuando se observaron lesiones. El tamizaje con fines de reclutamiento servirá de base para un estudio de prevalencia de casos y controles, y las integrantes de la cohorte sin enfermedad avanzada tendrán un seguimiento activo a intervalos mínimos de un año, con el propósito de estudiar la historia natural de la infección por VPH y los orígenes de las lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales de alto grado. Se describe en detalle la operación de campo y se hace especial alusión a la realización de estudios de este tipo en países en desarrollo. También se presentan datos descriptivos sobre la prevalencia de la enfermedad y la exposición a diversos factores de riesgo

This paper reports on the enrollment phase of a population-based natural history study of cervical neoplasia in Guanacaste, a rural province of Costa Rica with consistently high rates of invasive cervical cancer. The main goals of the study are to investigate the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and its co-factors in the etiology of high-grade cervical neoplasia, and to evaluate new cervical cancer screening technologies. To begin, a random sample of censal segments was selected and enumeration of all resident women 18 years of age and over was conducted with the aid of outreach workers of the Costa Rican Ministry of Health. Of the 10 738 women who were eligible to participate, 10 049 (93.6%) were interviewed after giving written informed consent. After the interview on cervical cancer risk factors was administered, a pelvic examination was performed on those women who reported previous sexual activity. The pelvic examination included a vaginal pH determination and collection of cervical cells for cytologic diagnosis using three different techniques. Additional cervical cells were collected for determination of the presence and amount of DNA from 16 different types of HPV, and two photographic images of the cervix were taken and interpreted offsite by an expert colposcopist. Finally, blood samples were collected for immunologic and micronutrient assays. Women with any abnormal cytologic diagnosis or a positive Cervigram, as well as a sample of the whole group, were referred for colposcopy, and biopsies were taken when lesions were observed. The enrollment screening will serve as the basis for a prevalent case-control study, and the members of the cohort free from serious disease will be followed actively, at intervals of no more than a year, to study the natural history of HPV infection and the origins of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Details of the field operation are outlined, with particular reference to the realization of this kind of study in developing countries. Descriptive data on the prevalence of disease and exposure to various risk factors are also presented.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) types differ in their associations with cervical cancer. Therefore, the types of HPV in precancerous lesions are important. In many regions with high cancer incidence, the HPV types in precancerous lesions have not been well studied. In Jamaica, a country that has high cervical cancer incidence, 174 colposcopy patients were tested for HPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction. HPV DNA detection was strongly related to presence and grade of cervical neoplasia (P<.001). Furthermore, severe neoplastic change was most highly associated with HPV DNA types also considered high-risk for severe neoplassia in other populations. HPV-45 DNA, a high-risk type uncommon in most previously tested countries, was detected in 12 percent of patients who had neoplasia. Thus, cervical neoplasia in Jamaica, as elsewhere, is linked to HPV. The high prevalence of HPV-45 DNA was notable, and its relation to high cervical cancer incidence in Jamaica must be assessed. (AU)

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Neopterin, a marker of cellular immune activation, was elevated in patients who had cervical cancer in previous studies. To examine neopterin in the presence of precursors to cervical cancer (i.e. cervical intraepithelial) we measured serum levels in 185 colposcopy patients in Jamaica, a country with high cervical cancer incidence, and in 72 age-matched Jamaican women selected from a large population-based sample. We also measured serum levels of B-2 microglobulin, another commonly used marker of immune activation. Neopterin and B-2 microglobulin levels were not elevated in colposcopy patients; neither were they rel ted to severity of cervical neoplasia. In multivariable analysis, neither adjustments for detection of cervical human papillomavirus DNA by PCR nor detection of antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (a retrovirus endemic to Jamaica) altered our findings. The absence of serologically detectable increase in cellular immune activation linked to cervical intraepithelial neoplasmia does not involve susbtantial systemic immune activation. (AU)

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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) was associated with carcinoma of the cervix in Japan in a recent study that compared hospital cases with healthy population-based controls. To test this relationship in women more alike for cervical neoplasia risk factors (including sexual behavior and human papilloma virus: HPV), we enrolled consecutive patients from a colposcopy clinic in Kingston, Jamaica (an HTLV-1 endemic area). Patients underwent Pap smear, calopscopy, biopsy and cervical swab for detection of HPV by polymerase chain reaction. Cases were defined as women with CIN-3 or invasive cancer (CIN-3/CA). Controls included all patients with either CIN-1 or koilocytotic atypia, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significane or benign cervical pathology (all but one had at least inflammatory changes). Patients with CIN-2 were excluded to minimize risk of case-control misclassification. Cases were much more likely to be HTLV-1 seropositive than controls. Although mean age differed significantly between cases (mean age = 39 years) and controls (mean age = 33 years), control for age did not explain the relation of CIN-3/CA with HTLV-1. Among HPV DNA positive subjects the age-adjusted association was not diminished but lost statistical significance. HTLV-1 seroprevalence may be independently associated with progression to severe neoplasia of the cervix (AU)

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