RESUMO
Heart failure (HF) is a global health problem. There is a strong association h between HF and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), with an increasing prevalence of patients having both conditions concomitantly. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (ISGLT2) significantly reduce cardiovascular events, including cardiovascular death. In this article we will focus on the current evidence about the effectiveness of these medications in adults with heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction.
Assuntos
Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Sódio/metabolismo , Volume Sistólico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/farmacologia , GlucoseRESUMO
La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) es un problema de salud mundial. En la actualidad existe una clara asociación entre la IC y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), con una prevalencia cada vez mayor de pacientes que presentan concomitantemente ambas patologías. Los inhibidores del cotransportador 2 de sodio-glucosa (ISGLT2) han demostrado disminuir los eventos cardiovasculares, incluida la muerte de origen cardiovascular, por lo que se han instalado como uno de los pilares en su tratamiento. En el presente artículo se describen los principales mecanismos de acción de los ISGLT2 y sus efectos: mejora de condiciones de carga ventricular, metabolismo cardíaco, bioenergética, remodelado ventricular y sus efectos cardioprotectores directos y posiblemente antiarrítmicos.
Heart failure (HF) is a global health problem. Currently there is a clear association between HF and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), with an increasing prevalence of patients presenting with both pathologies concomitantly. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (ISGLT2) have shown to significantly reduce cardiovascular events, including cardiovascular death. These results have placed ISGLT2 as one of the main pillars in the treatment of HF. This article will focus on the mechanisms of action, and their effects: improved ventricular loading conditions, cardiac metabolism, bioenergetics, ventricular remodeling, direct cardioprotective and possibly antiarrhythmic effects.
Assuntos
Humanos , Cardiotônicos/uso terapêutico , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Cardiotônicos/farmacologia , Remodelação Ventricular/efeitos dos fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/farmacologiaRESUMO
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by species of the complex Echinococcus granulosus, sensu lato in their larval stage. It is an endemic disease in the province of Río Negro, where small farmers generally have both sheep and goats. Lamb vaccination with EG95 was incorporated in 2009 with very good results: in fact, it contributed to a significant drop in prevalence of infection in both sheep and goats, when determined by necropsy and serology in 2018. In the design of the activity, it was decided not to vaccinate goats in order to minimize the operational requirements of vaccination and comments from producers about the rarity of observing hydatid cysts in goat viscera were considered. OBJECTIVE: To identify causes which can still generate infection in dogs, and to detect species/genotypes in circulation in the province of Río Negro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In indigenous reserves comprised within the area of lamb vaccination with 3 doses of EG95, (dose 1 in December, dose 2 in January and dose 3 in December of the year following, at the time of application of dose 1 to the new lambs). Prevalence in adult goats and sheep was determined by necropsy and serology (ELISA). Infective species/genotypes present in the work area and in the rest of the province of Río Negro were identified by Cox1 mitochondrial gene sequencing. Epidemiological analysis was completed with surveys among farmers about slaughter habits for human consumption. RESULTS: Through serology and necropsy, infection rates in vaccinated and nonvaccinated sheep were significantly different (21% versus 66%). Non-vaccinated sheep and non-vaccinated goats were also significantly different in that there was less infection in goats compared to sheep (7% versus 66% for necropsy, 30% versus 61% for serology); After many years of sheep vaccination the infection positives were low, and differences between vaccinated sheep and non-vaccinated goats turned out non-significant (21% versus 7%). With reference to epidemiology and control along the period 2018-2022, PZQ dosing of dogs 4 times a year was maintained, and 2 extra deworming tasks were introduced together with dose 1 and 2 of EG95, performed by the veterinary vaccination team, ensuring the ingestion of PZQ by dogs. Assessment of animal slaughter for consumption in 41 producers showed that 21 of them slaughter a monthly average of 18 goats (an average of 0.43 goat per month per farm) and 36 in all slaughter 35 old sheep in a year (average of 0.85 sheep per month per farm). With respect to identification of species/genotypes as from 2010, genotypes G1 have been found in 11 sheep (out of which 6 belong to vaccination zone) and genotypes G7, in one pig. A goat cyst within vaccination zone turned out unfertile and it was not possible to sequence it. CONCLUSION: Design and implementation of a vaccine programme combined with the use of PZQ resulted as cost-effective, since it was possible to maintain the vaccine over time, with clear impact on prevalence decrease in sheep and goats.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Equinococose , Echinococcus granulosus , Doenças das Cabras , Doenças dos Ovinos , Doenças dos Suínos , Vacinas , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Cães , Equinococose/epidemiologia , Equinococose/prevenção & controle , Equinococose/veterinária , Echinococcus granulosus/genética , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Doenças das Cabras/prevenção & controle , Cabras , Humanos , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/prevenção & controle , Suínos , Vacinação/veterináriaRESUMO
Heart failure (HF) is a global health problem. There is a strong association h between HF and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), with an increasing prevalence of patients having both conditions concomitantly. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (ISGLT2) significantly reduce cardiovascular events, including cardiovascular death. In this article we will focus on the current evidence about the effectiveness of these medications in adults with heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Adulto , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Glucose , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Sódio/metabolismo , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/farmacologia , Volume SistólicoRESUMO
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The control program of CE of Rio Negro province, Argentina, involves annual surveillance using ultrasound (US) screening in school children, and five-year cross-sectional surveys to detect livestock farms with parasitized dogs by coproELISA with confirmation tests (Western Blot or PCR). Control program is based on deworming of dogs with praziquantel and the aim is to identify areas at risk of Cystic echinococcosis transmission to humans, using all available data sources. The information was spatially distributed in 13 program areas and, at a smaller geographical scale, in 80 Primary Health Care Centers. CoproELISA surveys involved three randomized sampling periods (2003-05, 2009-10, 2017-18), with 1790 canine fecal samples. The US surveys were conducted in 2003-08, 2009-16 and 2017-18 in 34,515 children. Heat maps were created at the smallest geographic scale with QGIS 3.4.6. For the consecutive sampling periods, prevalence of positive canine fecal samples from livestock farms were 14.7, 12.1 and 7.8%, respectively, and children prevalence was 0.4, 0.2 and 0.1%, respectively. The study has been developed on a scale according to which the temporal-spatial distribution of CE allows to adjust control strategies in those areas of potential transmission of the zoonosis to humans.
Assuntos
Equinococose/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Cães/parasitologia , Equinococose/prevenção & controle , Equinococose/transmissão , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Background: Río Negro Province is endemic for cystic echinococcosis (CE). A CE control program includes early diagnosis in humans. During 1980-1996, screening was done with serology and surgery was the unique choice of treatment. Since 1997, ultrasound (US) has been the method of choice for screening, and new choices of treatment for asymptomatic carriers are discussed in the CE guidelines. Methods: Between 1997 and 2016, 42 734 abdominal USs were performed, 192 new asymptomatic cases were diagnosed and underwent a protocol according to the size, location and type of cyst. Treatment options included active surveillance (US monitoring, 83 [43.3%]), antiparasitic (albendazole, 92 [47.9%]) and surgery (17 [8.8%], including percutaneous treatment). Results: After 7.7 y of follow-up, of the cases under active surveillance, 28 (33.7%) had to change treatment: 5 (6%) to surgery and 22 (26.5%) to albendazole. Of the patients treated with albendazole, 3 (3.2%) were operated on and 13 (14%) were treated with a second cycle of albendazole. Conclusion: As a result of the present study, resolution of CE in a non-surgical way with albendazole is confirmed to be effective in asymptomatic carriers with CE1 or CE3a cysts. An update eliminates the strategy of active surveillance in type CE1 cysts <3 cm and is replaced by treatment with antiparasitic in all asymptomatic cases with CE1 or CE3a cysts <10 cm. The update also limits follow-up to 12-18 months to evaluate those cases with non-response to antiparasitic and switch to a surgical option.
Assuntos
Albendazol/uso terapêutico , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Doenças Assintomáticas/epidemiologia , Equinococose/tratamento farmacológico , Equinococose/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Equinococose/diagnóstico , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is endemic in the Rio Negro province of Argentina. After 30 years of control using praziquantel in dogs the transmission rate to humans and sheep has decreased significantly, however transmission persists. The objective of the study was to assess the inclusion of the EG95 for sheep in the control program and to determine the vaccine's operative feasibility in field conditions. An intervention study was defined in Rio Negro Province in Argentina comprising, in total, an area of 5820 Km2. Lambs received two vaccinations with the EG95 vaccine followed by a single booster injection when the animals were 1-1.5 years of age. Vaccination of lambs born into one trial site was introduced and continued for 8 years. Evidence for Echinococcus granulosus transmission was monitored before and after vaccination by coproantigen ELISA in faecal samples of dog, purgation of dogs to detect E. granulosus worms, necropsy on adult sheep and by ultrasound screening in children of 6-14 years old. 29,323 doses of vaccine were applied between 2009 and 2017, which a vaccination coverage of 80.1%/85.7% (57.3% average for fully vaccinated). Before the introduction of the vaccine 56.3% of the 6-year-old sheep were infected with E. granulosus at necropsy and 84.2% of the farms had infected sheep; 4.3% of the dogs were positive for E. granulosus infection using the arecoline test, and with coproELISA 9.6% of dog fecal samples were positive and 20.3% of the farms had infected dog.After the vaccine was introduced, 21.6% of sheep older than 6 years were found to be infected at necropsy and 20.2% of the farms were found to be infected; in dogs, 4.5% were found positive for E. granulosus using arecoline purgation and with coproELISA 3.7% of samples were positive, with 8.9% of farms having a positive dog. In 2016 only one case of E. granulosus infection was diagnosed by US screening in a 6-14 years old child. Included in the analysis are discussions of difficulties experienced in the field which affected correct vaccine administration as well as social features and practices that may impact on echinococcosis control and the EG95 vaccination program in Rio Negro. Vaccination of sheep with the EG95 vaccine provides a valuable new tool which improves the effectiveness of CE control activities. Vaccination was effective even in a difficult, remote environment where only approximately half the lambs born into the communities were fully vaccinated.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Equinococose/epidemiologia , Equinococose/prevenção & controle , Proteínas de Helminto/imunologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/prevenção & controle , Vacinação/métodos , Vacinas/imunologia , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Humanos , Programas de Imunização/métodos , Projetos Piloto , Preceptoria/métodos , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Galectina 3/sangue , Insuficiência Cardíaca/sangue , Hospitalização , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Proteínas Sanguíneas , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Galectinas , Humanos , Hipertensão/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peptídeo Natriurético Encefálico/sangue , Alta do Paciente , Prognóstico , Volume SistólicoRESUMO
Objetivo: Determinar los niveles/dosis (ND) del ácido valproico y la influencia de los fármacos inductores y no inductores enzimáticos en pacientes voluntarios de la ciudad de Mérida-Venezuela. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental, observacional, prospectivo de corte transversal, en el Hospital de Mérida-Venezuela. Luego de pasar por los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, los pacientes firmaron el consentimiento informado en forma individual y voluntaria.El protocolo consistió en obtener la sangre de 88 pacientes (42 hombres y 46 mujeres) con edades entre 16 y 68 años, que sufrían de convulsiones parciales o generalizadas y que estaban recibiendo 3,97-38,04 mg/kg de ácido valproico (AVP) dos veces al día en monoterapia o en combinación con carbamacepina (CBZ), fenobarbital (PB), fenitoína (PHT), lamotrigina (LTG) y oxcarbacepina (OXC). Se tomó la muestra después de cuatro semanas de tratamiento, en condiciones de ayuno y antes de la administración del medicamento del presente día, para determinar posteriormente la concentración plasmática por medio del método de radioinmunoensayo. Con los datos de la concentración plasmática se determinó el ND. Resultados: En monoterapia con AVP se encontró que la concentración plasmática media era de 64,94 mg/l (DE 31,7) y el ND de 4,32 (DE 2,1). En combinación de AVP+CBZ+PB se obtuvo un ND de 2,31 (DE 0,06), con la combinación AVP+PB+PHT se obtuvo el ND de 2,46 (DE 0,43) y con la combinación AVP+PB+OXC se obtuvo un ND de 4,63 (DE 3,12). Conclusiones: Los fármacos administrados en forma concomitante influyen sobre la concentración plasmática y el ND del AVP en un grupo de pacientes de Mérida-Venezuela.
Objective: To determine valproic acid level/dose ratio (ND) and the influence of enzyme-inducing and non-enzymeinducing drugs in volunteer patients of the city of Mérida, Venezuela. Materials and methods: An experimental, observational, prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Hospital de Mérida, Venezuela. After undergoing the inclusion and exclusion criteria process, patients signed an informed consent individually and voluntarily. The protocol consisted in collecting blood from 88 patients (42 males y 46 females) from 16 to 68 years old, who had partial or generalized seizures, and were receiving 3.97-38.04 mg/kg of valproic acid (AVP) twice a day as monotherapy or combination therapy with carbamazepine (CBZ), phenobarbital (PB), phenytoin (PHT), lamotrigine (LTG) and oxcarbazepine (OXC). A sample was taken after four weeks of treatment, in the fasting state and before the administration of the medication of the day. Afterwards, plasma concentration was determined through a radioimmunoassay method. The ND was established using the plasma concentration data. Results: AVP monotherapy showed a mean plasma concentration of 64.94 mg/l (SD 31.7) and ND of 4.32 (SD 2.1). Combination therapy with AVP+CBZ+PB showed an ND of 2.31 (SD 0.06), combination therapy with AVP+PB+PHT showed an ND of 2.46 (SD 0.43) and combination therapy with AVP+PB+OXC showed an ND of 4.63 (SD 3.12). Conclusions: The administration of concomitant drugs affected plasma concentration and AVP ND in a group of patients of the Hospital de Mérida, Venezuela.