RESUMO

In the conducted studies, the moorphological and physiological properties of nodule bacteria of lupine were studied. Lupine plants were grown under the conditions of a microfield experiment on a typical medium loamy urban soil. In the study, a pure culture of Bradyrhizobium lupini was isolated. Then, the morphological properties of nodule bacteria cells and the chemical composition of cell membranes of nodule bacteria were determined. The acid resistance and physiological properties of lupine nodule bacteria were also determined, as well as the ratio of Bradyrhizobium lupini to antibiotics. All studies were carried out according to generally accepted methods. The results of the research showed that during the cultivation of lupine on a typical urban soil, nodule bacteria Bradyrhizobium lupini were isolated, which can be characterized as gram-negative, non-spore-forming rods that do not exhibit amylolytic activity. It was revealed that the rhizobia of nodule bacteria are not acid-resistant. Nodule bacteria turned out to be the least resistant to polymyxin, then to levomycetin, and Bradyrhizobium lupini showed the greatest resistance to tetracycline.

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The research was carried out in order to find ways to optimize the system of protection of spring wheat crops. In the conducted studies, the effect of combinations of sodium selenite and various pesticides, differing in the specifics of action and biological activity, on the yield and quality of spring wheat of the Yubileinaya 80 variety was studied. Currently, there is a need to achieve a sufficient effect of the action of chemical plant protection products and to obtain a minimum impact on human health and the environment. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of various combinations of chemical plant protection products and methods of using sodium selenite on the yield and grain quality indicators of spring wheat variety Yubileinaya 80. The studies were carried out under the conditions of a vegetative experiment with spring wheat variety Yubileinaya 80. Two methods of using sodium selenite and chemical plant protection agents of different specifics of action were studied: fungicide, herbicide, and insecticide, which were applied in different combinations and at different times. As a result of the studies, the phytotoxicity of the studied preparations of chemical plant protection was revealed, which apparently manifests itself as a result of inhibition of the morphometric indicators of the growth of the root system and vegetative organs of wheat plants, resulting in a violation of the processes of accumulation of assimilates and their outflow to the reproductive organs. Optimal combinations of pesticides and sodium selenite have been established, allowing to obtain reliable changes in yield and quality indicators of wheat grain. It was revealed that the use of selenium treatment before sowing seeds contributed to a decrease in the phytotoxicity of the studied pesticides, as a result of stimulating the processes of absorption by plants and the redistribution of nitrogen to the reproductive organs of wheat, which had a positive effect not only on the yield and quality of spring wheat of the Yubileynaya 80 variety, but also on the external surface microstructure of the fruit shell of the grain. The noted features of the surface of the fruit shell of the grain will reduce losses during grain processing and obtain processed products from such grain of higher quality.

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The researchers of Russian State Agrarian University, Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in 2013-2016 conducted a long-term stationary experiment to study chemical and toxicological properties of fiber flax, Voskhod variety, growing on sod-podzolic soil in the soil and climate of the Moscow region. Test plots were selected with following crop rotation options: without fertilizers, without liming; without fertilizers, with liming; N100P150K120 (kg a.i./ha), without liming; N100P150K120, with liming; N100P150K120 + manure 20 t/ha, without liming; N100P150K120 + manure 20 t/ha, with liming. The agro-climatic conditions of the growing seasons during the research years did not have a negative impact on the growth and development of fiber flax, the hydro-thermal index was 1.1 in 2013, -1.05 in 2014, 1.5 in 2015, and 1.5 in 2016. The maintained crop rotation and the introduction of a full range of mineral and organic fertilizers has been found to contribute to high yields of flax in terms of fiber (18.5-18.9 hwt/ha) and seeds (7.9-8.3 hwt/ha). The seeds contain 16.9-19.5% protein and 33.5-39.4% lipids. The yield of flaxseed oil from seeds ranged from 19.5-35.7% on average for different variants of the experiment. The peroxide number index was 2.5-1.5 mg-eq O2/kg, the acid number index was 1.1-1.9 mg KOH/g, which corresponds to obtaining high-quality linseed oil in compliance with quality standards for all variants of the experiment.

Os pesquisadores da Universidade Agrária Estatal Russa, Academia Agrícola Timiryazev de Moscou, de 2013 a 2016, realizaram um experimento estacionário de longo prazo para estudar as propriedades químicas e toxicológicas da fibra de linho, variedade Voskhod, crescendo em solo sod-podzólico e no clima da região de Moscou. As parcelas-teste foram selecionadas com as seguintes opções de rotação de culturas: sem fertilizantes e sem calagem; sem fertilizantes e com calagem; N100P150K120 (kg ia/ha), sem calagem; N100P150K120 e com calagem; N100P150K120 + esterco 20 t/ha e sem calagem; N100P150K120 + esterco 20 t/há e com calagem. As condições agroclimáticas das épocas de cultivo durante os anos de pesquisa não tiveram impacto negativo no crescimento e desenvolvimento do linho têxtil, o índice hidrotérmico foi de 1,1 em 2013, -1,05 em 2014, 1,5 em 2015 e 1,5 em 2016. Verificou-se que a manutenção da rotação de culturas e a introdução de uma gama completa de fertilizantes minerais e orgânicos contribuem para altos rendimentos de linho em termos de fibra (18,5-18,9 hwt/ha) e sementes (7,9-8,3 hwt/ha). As sementes contêm 16,9-19,5% de proteína e 33,5-39,4% de lipídios. O rendimento de óleo de linhaça das sementes variou de 19,5 a 35,7% em média para diferentes variantes do experimento. O índice de peróxido foi de 2,5-1,5 mg-eq O2/kg, o índice de acidez foi de 1,1-1,9 mg KOH/g, o que corresponde à obtenção de óleo de linhaça de alta qualidade em conformidade com os padrões de qualidade para todas as variantes do experimento.

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At the present time one of the tasks of modern agricultural industry consists in obtaining the ecologically safe and clean products. Contamination of soils with heavy metals due to an anthropogenic impact drives up their content in the composition of plant products. This shapes not only a reduction in crop yields, but also a deterioration in products quality. Within the terms of vegetation research in soil culture, there has been studied the protective and stimulating effect of sodium selenite upon the adaptive capacity of spring wheat plants of the variety Zlata under conditions of oxidative stress due to the soil contamination with cadmium. There has been studied the effect of different methods of sodium selenite application on the yield of spring wheat and the plants photosynthetic activity, depending on the level of soil contamination with cadmium. The object of research was a spring wheat variety Zlata. Plants have been cultivated in a greenhouse trial under soil culture conditions in Mitscherlich-vessels with a capacity of 6 kg of soil. Sod-podzolic soil has been used for research. Sodium selenite was introduced in three ways: pre-sowing seed treatment, foliar treatment of vegetative plants at the beginning of stage VI of organogenesis - the end of the tillering phase - the beginning of the stem-extension phase and the application of a salt solution into the soil when packing the vessels. The control samples represented variants without sodium selenite. To assess the plants photosynthetic productivity, there has been determined the chlorophyll content in plant leaves. The research results made it possible to determine the protective effect of sodium selenite on the adaptive capacity of plants under conditions of oxidative stress due to the soil contamination with cadmium. The increase in the adaptive capacity of plants manifested itself through the decrease in yield diminishing due to the improvement of conditions for fertile florets and ear initiations on the vegetative apex, as well as the development of flowers into grains, which contributed to increase in the grain content of the spike. The stimulating effect of selenium on the intensity of photosynthetic processes has been revealed, which showed not only the increase of chlorophylls content, but also the ratio changes of chlorophylls a and b.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The researchers of Russian State Agrarian University, Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in 2013-2016 conducted a long-term stationary experiment to study chemical and toxicological properties of fiber flax, Voskhod variety, growing on sod-podzolic soil in the soil and climate of the Moscow region. Test plots were selected with following crop rotation options: without fertilizers, without liming; without fertilizers, with liming; N100P150K120 (kg a.i./ha), without liming; N100P150K120, with liming; N100P150K120 + manure 20 t/ha, without liming; N100P150K120 + manure 20 t/ha, with liming. The agro-climatic conditions of the growing seasons during the research years did not have a negative impact on the growth and development of fiber flax, the hydro-thermal index was 1.1 in 2013, -1.05 in 2014, 1.5 in 2015, and 1.5 in 2016. The maintained crop rotation and the introduction of a full range of mineral and organic fertilizers has been found to contribute to high yields of flax in terms of fiber (18.5-18.9 hwt/ha) and seeds (7.9-8.3 hwt/ha). The seeds contain 16.9-19.5% protein and 33.5-39.4% lipids. The yield of flaxseed oil from seeds ranged from 19.5-35.7% on average for different variants of the experiment. The peroxide number index was 2.5-1.5 mg-eq O2/kg, the acid number index was 1.1-1.9 mg KOH/g, which corresponds to obtaining high-quality linseed oil in compliance with quality standards for all variants of the experiment.

Assuntos

RESUMO

At the present time one of the tasks of modern agricultural industry consists in obtaining the ecologically safe and clean products. Contamination of soils with heavy metals due to an anthropogenic impact drives up their content in the composition of plant products. This shapes not only a reduction in crop yields, but also a deterioration in products quality. Within the terms of vegetation research in soil culture, there has been studied the protective and stimulating effect of sodium selenite upon the adaptive capacity of spring wheat plants of the variety Zlata under conditions of oxidative stress due to the soil contamination with cadmium. There has been studied the effect of different methods of sodium selenite application on the yield of spring wheat and the plants photosynthetic activity, depending on the level of soil contamination with cadmium. The object of research was a spring wheat variety Zlata. Plants have been cultivated in a greenhouse trial under soil culture conditions in Mitscherlich-vessels with a capacity of 6 kg of soil. Sod-podzolic soil has been used for research. Sodium selenite was introduced in three ways: pre-sowing seed treatment, foliar treatment of vegetative plants at the beginning of stage VI of organogenesis - the end of the tillering phase - the beginning of the stem-extension phase and the application of a salt solution into the soil when packing the vessels. The control samples represented variants without sodium selenite. To assess the plants photosynthetic productivity, there has been determined the chlorophyll content in plant leaves. The research results made it possible to determine the protective effect of sodium selenite on the adaptive capacity of plants under conditions of oxidative stress due to the soil contamination with cadmium. The increase in the adaptive capacity of plants manifested itself through the decrease in yield diminishing due to the improvement of conditions for fertile florets and ear initiations on the vegetative apex, as well as the development of flowers into grains, which contributed to increase in the grain content of the spike. The stimulating effect of selenium on the intensity of photosynthetic processes has been revealed, which showed not only the increase of chlorophylls content, but also the ratio changes of chlorophylls a and b.

Atualmente, uma das tarefas da indústria agrícola moderna consiste em obter produtos ecologicamente seguros e limpos. A contaminação dos solos com metais pesados devido ao impacto antrópico aumenta o seu conteúdo na composição dos produtos vegetais. Isto molda não apenas uma redução no rendimento das colheitas, mas a deterioração da qualidade dos produtos. No âmbito da investigação da vegetação em cultura do solo, estudou-se o efeito protetor e estimulante do selenito de sódio sobre a capacidade adaptativa de plantas de trigo de primavera da variedade Zlata em condições de stress oxidativo devido à contaminação do solo com cádmio. Tem sido estudado o efeito de diferentes métodos de aplicação de selenito de sódio na produtividade do trigo de primavera e na atividade fotossintética das plantas, dependendo do nível de contaminação do solo com cádmio. O objeto de pesquisa foi uma variedade de trigo de primavera Zlata. As plantas foram cultivadas em um teste de estufa sob condições de cultura do solo em vasos Mitscherlich com capacidade para 6 kg de solo. Solo sod-podzólico tem sido usado para pesquisa. O selenito de sódio foi introduzido de três maneiras: tratamento de sementes pré-semeadura, tratamento foliar de plantas vegetativas no início da fase VI da organogênese - final da fase de perfilhamento - início da fase de extensão do caule e aplicação de solução salina no solo ao embalar os vasos. As amostras de controle representaram variantes sem selenito de sódio. Para avaliar a produtividade fotossintética das plantas, determinou-se o teor de clorofila nas folhas das plantas. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram determinar o efeito protetor do selenito de sódio sobre a capacidade adaptativa de plantas em condições de estresse oxidativo devido à contaminação do solo com cádmio. O aumento da capacidade adaptativa das plantas se manifestou pela diminuição do rendimento diminuindo devido à melhoria das condições para floretes férteis e iniciações de espigas no ápice vegetativo, bem como o desenvolvimento de flores em grãos, o que contribuiu para o aumento do grão conteúdo da espiga. O efeito estimulante do selênio na intensidade dos processos fotossintéticos foi revelado, o que mostrou não apenas o aumento do teor de clorofilas, mas também as mudanças na proporção de clorofilas a e b.

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RESUMO

In 2017-2019, we conducted the field and vegetation experiments at the field station of Russian State Agrarian University, Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy to study the effect of sodium selenite on the yield and grain quality indicators of white lupine, Dega variety, and spring wheat, Yubileynaya-80 variety. The best way found to use selenium is to spray vegetative plants with 0.01% aqueous sodium selenite solution. The studies have shown an increase in grain yield by 15-17%, crude protein content by 9-15% and crude fat content by 5-7% when treated with sodium selenite. The obtained grain yield of white lupine has a higher feed and nutritional value and is suitable for feeding animals and preparing various types of feed and feed additives. The optimal way to use selenium is spraying vegetative plants before shooting. Treatment with sodium selenite contributes to an increase in wheat yield by 1.5 times. We have established the positive effect of sodium selenite on the quality indicators of wheat grain. An increase in the content of raw gluten and glassiness of grain has been noted, which determines high bread-making qualities.

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The use of phytoregulators is a modern way of producing crops to increase yields and product quality. The components of phytoregulators have a beneficial effect on the growth and development of plants and help to withstand unfavorable environmental factors, stress, lack of mineral nutrition, soil fatigue, and the action of a wide range of pesticides. The research is aimed to investigate the influence of three phytoregulators: Cherkaz, Floravit, EcoFus on two varieties of flax: Severny and LM 98. We conducted a 3-year, field experiment with flax. In the so-called herringbone stage of the plant growth, the flax seedlings were treated the investigated phytoregulators. Flax plants were analyzed for yields. The method of near-infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the content of lipids and proteins in flax seeds after harvesting. The oil content in flax seeds was determined. Using chromatography, we analyzed each variant of the experiment from the point of view of fatty acid composition. The application of phytoregulators increased the seed yield by 14-19% and the short fiber yield by 9-20% relative to control. The protein content in the seeds of the experimental samples Floravit and Cherkaz increased by 2.3-2.5% and by 1.5% in the experiments with EcoFus relative to the control. The lipid content in flax seeds increased by 5-5.6% (Floravit), by 3.5-3.95% (EcoFus), and by 4.7-5.1% (Cherkaz) relative to control. The oil ratio in flax seeds of the LM 98 and Severny varieties averaged 35.5-45.5%. An increase in the oil yields was 2.8-6.9% for Floravit, 2-4.1% for EcoFus, and 4.4-4.9% for Cherkaz relative to control. The application of Floravit, Cherkaz and EkoFus in flaxseed cultivation contributed to an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids in oil: the content of ω-3 fatty acids ranged 61.90-63.10% compared to control 54.70%. Floravit proved to be the most effective of the three tested phytoregulators. The studies carried out over three years allow us to conclude that the use of new phytoregulators contributes to an increase in the quality and flaxseed yield and the flax fiber yield. Floravit was the most effective preparation and can be used for pre-sowing seed treatment and during the growing season.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In 2017-2019, we conducted the field and vegetation experiments at the field station of Russian State Agrarian University, Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy to study the effect of sodium selenite on the yield and grain quality indicators of white lupine, Dega variety, and spring wheat, Yubileynaya-80 variety. The best way found to use selenium is to spray vegetative plants with 0.01% aqueous sodium selenite solution. The studies have shown an increase in grain yield by 15-17%, crude protein content by 9-15% and crude fat content by 5-7% when treated with sodium selenite. The obtained grain yield of white lupine has a higher feed and nutritional value and is suitable for feeding animals and preparing various types of feed and feed additives. The optimal way to use selenium is spraying vegetative plants before shooting. Treatment with sodium selenite contributes to an increase in wheat yield by 1.5 times. We have established the positive effect of sodium selenite on the quality indicators of wheat grain. An increase in the content of raw gluten and glassiness of grain has been noted, which determines high bread-making qualities.

Em 2017-2019, conduzimos os experimentos de campo e vegetação na estação de campo da Universidade Agrária Estatal Russa, Academia Agrícola Timiryazev de Moscou, para estudar o efeito do selenito de sódio nos indicadores de rendimento e qualidade de grãos de tremoço branco, variedade Dega, e trigo de primavera, variedade Yubileynaya-80. A melhor maneira encontrada para usar o selênio é pulverizar as plantas vegetativas com solução aquosa de selenito de sódio a 0,01%. Os estudos mostraram um aumento no rendimento de grãos em 15-17%, teor de proteína bruta em 9-15% e teor de gordura bruta em 5-7% quando tratados com selenito de sódio. O rendimento de grãos obtido de tremoço branco tem maior valor alimentar e nutricional e é adequado para alimentação de animais e preparação de vários tipos de rações e aditivos alimentares. A maneira ideal de usar o selênio é pulverizar plantas vegetativas antes de fotografar. O tratamento com selenito de sódio contribui para um aumento no rendimento do trigo em 1,5 vez. Estabelecemos o efeito positivo do selenito de sódio nos indicadores de qualidade do grão de trigo. Observou-se um aumento no teor de glúten cru e vítreo do grão, o que determina altas qualidades de panificação.

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RESUMO

The use of phytoregulators is a modern way of producing crops to increase yields and product quality. The components of phytoregulators have a beneficial effect on the growth and development of plants and help to withstand unfavorable environmental factors, stress, lack of mineral nutrition, soil fatigue, and the action of a wide range of pesticides. The research is aimed to investigate the influence of three phytoregulators: Cherkaz, Floravit, EcoFus on two varieties of flax: Severny and LM 98. We conducted a 3-year, field experiment with flax. In the so-called herringbone stage of the plant growth, the flax seedlings were treated the investigated phytoregulators. Flax plants were analyzed for yields. The method of near-infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the content of lipids and proteins in flax seeds after harvesting. The oil content in flax seeds was determined. Using chromatography, we analyzed each variant of the experiment from the point of view of fatty acid composition. The application of phytoregulators increased the seed yield by 14-19% and the short fiber yield by 9-20% relative to control. The protein content in the seeds of the experimental samples Floravit and Cherkaz increased by 2.3-2.5% and by 1.5% in the experiments with EcoFus relative to the control. The lipid content in flax seeds increased by 5-5.6% (Floravit), by 3.5-3.95% (EcoFus), and by 4.7-5.1% (Cherkaz) relative to control. The oil ratio in flax seeds of the LM 98 and Severny varieties averaged 35.5-45.5%. An increase in the oil yields was 2.8-6.9% for Floravit, 2-4.1% for EcoFus, and 4.4-4.9% for Cherkaz relative to control. The application of Floravit, Cherkaz and EkoFus in flaxseed cultivation contributed to an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids in oil: the content of ω-3 fatty acids ranged 61.90-63.10% compared to control 54.70%. Floravit proved to be the most effective of the three tested phytoregulators. The studies carried out over three years allow us to conclude that the use of new phytoregulators contributes to an increase in the quality and flaxseed yield and the flax fiber yield. Floravit was the most effective preparation and can be used for pre-sowing seed treatment and during the growing season.

O uso de fitorreguladores é uma maneira moderna de produzir culturas para aumentar a produtividade e a qualidade do produto. Os componentes dos fitorreguladores têm um efeito benéfico no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas e ajudam a suportar fatores ambientais desfavoráveis, estresse, falta de nutrição mineral, fadiga do solo e ação de uma gama de pesticidas. A pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a influência de três fitorreguladores, Cherkaz, Floravit e EcoFus, em duas variedades de linho: Severny e LM 98. Realizamos um experimento de campo de três anos com o linho. No chamado estágio de espinha de peixe do crescimento da planta, as mudas de linho foram tratadas com os fitorreguladores investigados. As plantas de linho foram analisadas quanto à produtividade. O método de espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo foi utilizado para analisar o conteúdo de lipídios e proteínas em sementes de linho após a colheita. O teor de óleo nas sementes de linho foi determinado. Usando cromatografia, analisamos cada variante do experimento do ponto de vista da composição de ácidos graxos. A aplicação de fitorreguladores aumentou o rendimento de sementes em 14-19% e o rendimento de fibra curta em 9-20% em relação ao controle. O teor de proteína nas sementes das amostras experimentais Floravit e Cherkaz aumentou em 2,3-2,5% e em 1,5% nos experimentos com EcoFus em relação ao controle. O teor de lipídios nas sementes de linho aumentou 5-5,6% para Floravit, 3,5-3,95% para EcoFus e 4,7-5,1% para Cherkaz em relação ao controle. A proporção de óleo nas sementes de linho das variedades LM 98 e Severny foi de 35,5 a 45,5%. Um aumento nos rendimentos do petróleo foi de 2,8-6,9% para Floravit, 2-4,1% para EcoFus e 4,4-4,9% para Cherkaz em relação ao controle. A aplicação de Floravit, Cherkaz e EkoFus no cultivo de linhaça contribuiu para o aumento dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados no óleo: o teor de ácidos graxos ω-3 variou de 61,90 a 63,10% em comparação com o controle (54,70%). Floravit provou ser o mais eficaz dos três fitorreguladores testados. Os estudos realizados ao longo de três anos permitem concluir que o uso de novos fitorreguladores contribui para o aumento da qualidade e do rendimento da linhaça e do rendimento da fibra de linho. Floravit foi o medicamento mais eficaz e pode ser usado para o tratamento de sementes pré-semeadura e durante a estação de crescimento.

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