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OBJECTIVES: To develop a new Body Mass Index (BMI) reference (MULT) based on longitudinal data of multi-ethnic populations and to compare it to international BMI references. METHODS: The MULT BMI reference was constructed through the LMS method and the Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS), with 81 310 observations of 17 505 subjects aged 0-22 years old, from the United Kingdom, Ethiopia, Peru, India, Vietnam, Brazil, and Portugal. Outlier values were removed based on weight z-scores (population level) and based on BMI z-scores using the linear mixed effects model (individual level). The MULT M, S and L curves were compared to the ones of the World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), and Dutch Growth Study (DUTCH). The MULT BMI percentile cutoffs for overweight and obesity were calculated using the adult BMI values of 25 and 30 kg/m2 at 17, 18, 19, and 20 years old. RESULTS: MULT presented the lowest mean BMI values for the ages 102-240 months for boys and 114-220 months for girls. MULT S values were similar to the WHO and IOTF for children under 60 months of age and the highest during puberty, while the L curve showed to be more symmetric than the other BMI references. CONCLUSION: The MULT BMI reference was constructed based on recent data of populations from 10 countries, being a good option to assess the nutritional status of multi-ethnic populations.

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This study aimed to investigate the association of ultra-processed food consumption at 4 and 7 years of age with appetitive traits at 7 years and BMI at 10 years of age. Participants were 1175 children of the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI, who provided food diaries and complete data on socio-demographic variables, anthropometric measures and the Portuguese Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (P-CEBQ). Foods were grouped according to NOVA classification into: 'unprocessed, minimally or moderately processed, and culinary preparations'; 'processed' and 'ultra-processed'. To assess tracking of groups' consumption, Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. Generalised linear models were fitted to test main associations, mediators and interactions among the variables. Ultra-processed consumption exhibited a fair level of stability between ages 4 and 7 years (r 0·34; ICC = 0·32; 95 % CI 0·25, 0·39), corresponding, respectively, to 27·3 % (1881·9 (SD 908·8) kJ/d) and 29·3 % (2204·5 (SD 961·1) kJ/d) of total energy intake. After adjusting for maternal and child characteristics, higher ultra-processed consumption at 4 years was associated directly with 'Food Responsiveness' (ß = 0·019; 95 % CI 0·007, 0·037) and indirectly through energy intake with avoidant traits: 'Food Fussiness' (ß = -0·007; 95 % CI 0·002, 0·012) and 'Satiety Responsiveness' (ß = -0·007; 95 % CI 0·003, 0·012). Ultra-processed consumption at 4 years old was associated with BMI at 10 years old, but appetitive behaviours were not powerful mediators of this association. The results suggest a path by which ultra-processed products may impact on later appetitive traits and higher BMI in children.

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OBJECTIVES: This study describes the development and implementation of a model to assess students' communication skills highlighting the use of reflective writing. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the students' reflections in the assessment of communication skills. DESIGN: Third-year and fourth-year medical students enrolled in an elective course on clinical communication skills development were assessed using different assessment methods. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The communication skills course was offered at four universities (three in Brazil and one in Portugal) and included 69 students. OUTCOME MEASURES: The students were assessed by a Multiple-Choice Questionnaire (MCQ), an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) and reflective writing narratives. The Cronbach's alpha, dimensionality and the person's correlation were applied to evaluate the reliability of the assessment methods and their correlations. Reflective witting was assessed by applying the Reflection Evaluation for Enhanced Competencies Tool Rubric (Reflect Score (RS)) to measure reflections' depth, and the Thematic Score (TS) to map and grade reflections' themes. RESULTS: The Cronbach alpha for the MCQ, OSCE global score, TS and RS were, respectively, 0.697, 0.633, 0.784 and 0.850. The interobserver correlation for the TS and RS were, respectively, 0.907 and 0.816. The assessment of reflection using the TS was significantly correlated with the MCQ (r=0.412; p=0.019), OSCE (0.439; p=0.012) and RS (0.410; p=0.020). The RS did not correlate with the MCQ and OSCE. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing reflection through mapping the themes and analysing the depth of reflective writing expands the assessment of communication skills. While the assessment of reflective themes is related to the cognitive and behavioural domains of learning, the reflective depth seems to be a specific competence, not correlated with other assessment methods-possibly a metacognitive domain.

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OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyse the effect of a portfolio with three activities fostering students' reflection, self-efficacy and teaching of communication skills and professionalism. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was applied with a sample of third- and fourth-year medical students in one Portuguese and three Brazilian universities. A three-activity portfolio (course evaluation and learning, self-efficacy activity and free reflective writing) was used during a two-month course on communication skills and professionalism. The 69 students enrolled in the course were invited to complete the three-activity portfolio via Likert-type questionnaires, open-ended questions and narrative. Content and lexical analysis and the Reflection Evaluation for Learners' Enhanced Competencies Tool (REFLECT) were used for assessing the qualitative data. The questionnaires were evaluated using principal components analysis and Cronbach's α. Pearson's correlation was applied to portfolio activities. RESULTS: Of the 69 participants, 85.5% completed at least one activity. Reflecting on what they learned in the communication module, the students did not mention professionalism themes. In the self-efficacy activity on communication, 25% of the fragments were related to professionalism themes. There was a negative correlation between students' self-efficacy and the REFLECT rubric score (r(19)=-0.744; p< 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Teachers must consider the activity's influence on the reflections when assessing the portfolio. This model of a three-activity portfolio provided diverse ways of encouraging and assessing reflections, supporting teaching improvement and adaptation, evaluating students' self-efficacy and showing that students' higher reflective capacity may promote feelings of low effectiveness.

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OBJECTIVE: To validate the Brazilian version of the Short Assessment of Health Literacy in Portuguese-speaking Adults (SAHLPA), a 50-item test proposed as a particularly helpful instrument to assess health literacy in people with limited skills, in the Portuguese population. METHODS: We used the standard procedure for cultural adaptation and administered the instrument to 249 participants. We examined construct validity using groups with expectedly increasing levels of health literacy (laypersons from the general population, engineering researchers, health researchers, and physicians), and through association with age and educational attainment, dichotomizing scores at the median of the layperson's group. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis revealed the instrument was one-dimensional and justified reduction to 33 items. SAHLPA-33 displayed adequate reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.73). The frequency of limited health literacy was highest among laypersons and lowest among physicians (p <0.001; p for trend <0.001). The proportion of participants with limited health literacy decreased with increasing education attainment (age- and sex-adjusted p for trend <0.001). Limited health literacy also tended to decrease with age, although the association was non-significant (sex- and education-adjusted p for trend = 0.067). CONCLUSION: We culturally adapted a brief and simple instrument for health literacy assessment, and showed it was valid and fairly reliable. In Portuguese low-literate adults, SAHLPA-33 fills the gap in health literacy assessment instruments, and may be used to guide communication strategies with vulnerable patients and communities.

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Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between personality traits and attitudes toward learning communication skills in undergraduate medical students. The relation between students' attitudes and personality trait could help us identify those who those who will need more support to develop communication skills, based on their personality traits. Methods: The data was collected data from an intentional and cross-sectional sample composed of 204 students from three Brazilian universities. The students answered questionnaires containing the Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS-BR) and the Big Five Mini-Markers (BFMM) for personality. Data were analyzed using frequency calculations, principal components analysis, and the multiple linear regression model. Results: Seven among 26 items of the original Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS) presented factor loads lower than |0.30| and must be excluded in the CSAS -BR that showed one domain including positive and negative attitudes. The value of Cronbach's alpha of the 19-item scale was 0.894. The BFMM showed similar dimensional results with five domains with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.804 for Extroversion, 0.753 for agreeableness, 0.755 for conscientiousness, 0.780 for neuroticism and 0.668 for openness. There were positive and statically significant linear associations with the CSAS-BR and agreeableness (ß: 0.230, p<0.001), extraversion (ß: 0.150, p=0.030), and openness to experience (ß: 0.190, p=0.010). These personality factors drive social interactions and interpersonal relations, which involve the tendency to be friendly, flexible, and cooperative; to show a willing disposition; and the ability to actively engage with others. Conclusions: Based on the methods applied in this study, the results demonstrated a relation between agreeableness, extraversion and openness to experience with attitudes on communication skills in students from three Brazilian universities. Our results suggest that the evaluation of personality traits can contribute to the recognition of students for whom the establishment of special teaching strategies can improve communication skills.

Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar se se existe uma associação entre traços de personalidade e atitudes quanto à aprendizagem de habilidades de comunicação em estudantes de medicina. A relação entre as atitudes dos alunos e o traço de personalidade pode nos ajudar a identificar aqueles que necessitarão maior apoio para desenvolver habilidades de comunicação, a partir da identificação inicial do traço de personalidade. Métodos: Os dados foram coletados em uma amostra intencional em um corte transversal composta por 204 estudantes de três universidades brasileiras. Os alunos responderam a questionários contendo a Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS-BR) e o Big Five Mini-Markers (BFMM) para personalidade. Os dados foram analisados usando cálculos de frequência, análise de componentes principais e o modelo de regressão linear múltipla. Resultados: Sete dos 26 itens do Communication Skills Attitude Scale (escala original - CSAS) apresentaram cargas fatoriais inferiores a |0.30|e foram excluídos no CSAS-BR, que mostrou um domínio contendo atitudes positivas e negativas. O valor do alfa de Cronbach na escala de 19 itens foi 0,894. O BFMM mostrou resultados dimensionais semelhantes com cinco domínios com valores alfa de Cronbach de 0,804 para extroversão, 0,753 para amabilidade, 0,755 para conscienciosidade, 0,780 para neuroticismo e 0,668 para abertura. Houve associações lineares positivas e estatisticamente significativas do CSAS-BR com amabilidade (ß: 0,230, p <0,001), extroversão (ß: 0,150, p = 0,030) e abertura à experiência (ß: 0,190, p = 0,010). Esses fatores de personalidade promovem interações sociais e relações interpessoais com tendência de serem amigáveis, flexíveis e cooperativas; bem como estarem disponíveis; e com capacidade de se envolver ativamente com as outras pessoas. Conclusões: Este estudo, com a metodologia empregada, mostrou que traços amabilidade, extroversão e abertura à experiência estiveram associados com habilidades de comunicação em acadêmicos de três universidades brasileiras. Os resultados sugerem que a avaliação dos traços de personalidade possa contribuir para o reconhecimento de alunos para os quais o estabelecimento de estratégias especiais de ensino possa melhorar as habilidades de comunicação.

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The study analyzed self-rated oral health in the Brazilian adult population according to socioeconomic status (region of residence, schooling, income, and social class), exploring the variables with the greatest sensitivity to measure the association. The study sample included 59,758 individuals 18 years or older who participated in the Brazilian National Health Survey in 2013, a population-based household survey. Self-rated oral health (teeth and gums) was analyzed as positive, fair, or negative. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Percentage of agreement and kappa values were calculated to compare the values obtained with the regression models and the expected values. Self-rated oral health was positive in 67.4%, fair in 26.7%, and negative in 5.9%. After adjustment, the odds of negative self-rated health were significantly higher in individuals with per capita household income up to one minimum wage, or approximately USD 270/month (OR = 4.71; 95%CI: 2.84-7.83), without complete primary schooling (OR = 3.28; 95%CI: 2.34-4.61), in the social class devoid of assets (OR = 3.03; 95%CI: 2.12-4.32) and residents of Northeast Brazil (OR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.19-1.89). Various indicators of socioeconomic status influence self-rated oral health, but per capita household income, schooling, and social class accounted for the largest gradient in self-rated oral health in Brazilian adults in 2013.

Analisou-se a autoavaliação da saúde bucal da população adulta brasileira segundo a posição socioeconômica (região de residência, escolaridade, renda e classe social), explorando as variáveis com maior sensibilidade para medir tal associação. Estudaram-se 59.758 indivíduos com 18 anos ou mais de idade, que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013, um inquérito domiciliar de base populacional. A autoavaliação da saúde bucal (dentes e gengivas) foi analisada como positiva, regular e negativa. Com base na regressão logística multinomial, estimaram-se odds ratio (OR) brutos e ajustados e os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Foram calculados os percentuais de concordância e o valor de kappa para comparar os valores obtidos pelos modelos de regressão e os valores esperados. A prevalência da autoavaliação da saúde bucal positiva foi 67,4%, 26,7% para regular e 5,9% para negativa. Após ajuste, a chance de autoavaliar a saúde bucal como negativa foi significativamente mais elevada entre os indivíduos com renda domiciliar per capita de até um salário mínimo (OR = 4,71; IC95%: 2,84-7,83), sem nível de escolaridade completo (OR = 3,28; IC95%: 2,34-4,61), da classe social destituídos de ativos (OR = 3,03; IC95%: 2,12-4,32) e residentes na Região Nordeste (OR = 1,50; IC95%: 1,19-1,89). Diversos indicadores de posição socioeconômica influenciam a percepção sobre a saúde bucal, mas a renda domiciliar per capita, a escolaridade e a classe social foram as responsáveis pelo maior gradiente na autoavaliação da saúde bucal de adultos no Brasil em 2013.

Se analizó la autoevaluación de salud bucal de la población adulta brasileña según la posición socioeconómica (región de residencia, escolaridad, renta y clase social), explorando las variables con mayor sensibilidad para medir tal asociación. Se han estudiado 59.758 individuos con 18 años o más de edad, que participaron en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2013, una encuesta domiciliar de base poblacional. La autoevaluación de la salud bucal (dientes y encías) fue analizada como positiva, regular y negativa. Através de la regresión logística multinomial, se estimaron odds ratio (OR) brutos y ajustados y los respectivos intervalos con 95% de confianza (IC95%). Se calcularon los porcentajes de concordancia y el valor de kappa para comparar los valores obtenidos por los modelos de regresión y los valores esperados. La prevalencia de la autoevaluación de salud bucal positiva fue 67,4%, 26,7% para regular y 5,9% para negativa. Después del ajuste, la posibilidad de autoevaluar la salud bucal como negativa fue significativamente más elevada entre los individuos con ingresos domiciliarios per cápita de hasta un salario mínimo (OR = 4,71, IC95%: 2,84-7,83), sin niveles de escolaridad completa (OR = 3,28; IC95%: 2,34-4,61), de la clase social desposeídos de activos (OR = 3,03; IC95%: 2,12-4,32) y residentes de la región Nordeste (OR = 1,50; IC95%: 1,19-1,89). Diversos indicadores de posición socioeconómica influencian la percepción sobre la salud bucal, pero la renta domiciliar per cápita, la escolaridad y la clase social fueron los responsables del mayor gradiente en la autoevaluación de salud bucal de adultos en Brasil en 2013.

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Resumo: Analisou-se a autoavaliação da saúde bucal da população adulta brasileira segundo a posição socioeconômica (região de residência, escolaridade, renda e classe social), explorando as variáveis com maior sensibilidade para medir tal associação. Estudaram-se 59.758 indivíduos com 18 anos ou mais de idade, que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013, um inquérito domiciliar de base populacional. A autoavaliação da saúde bucal (dentes e gengivas) foi analisada como positiva, regular e negativa. Com base na regressão logística multinomial, estimaram-se odds ratio (OR) brutos e ajustados e os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Foram calculados os percentuais de concordância e o valor de kappa para comparar os valores obtidos pelos modelos de regressão e os valores esperados. A prevalência da autoavaliação da saúde bucal positiva foi 67,4%, 26,7% para regular e 5,9% para negativa. Após ajuste, a chance de autoavaliar a saúde bucal como negativa foi significativamente mais elevada entre os indivíduos com renda domiciliar per capita de até um salário mínimo (OR = 4,71; IC95%: 2,84-7,83), sem nível de escolaridade completo (OR = 3,28; IC95%: 2,34-4,61), da classe social destituídos de ativos (OR = 3,03; IC95%: 2,12-4,32) e residentes na Região Nordeste (OR = 1,50; IC95%: 1,19-1,89). Diversos indicadores de posição socioeconômica influenciam a percepção sobre a saúde bucal, mas a renda domiciliar per capita, a escolaridade e a classe social foram as responsáveis pelo maior gradiente na autoavaliação da saúde bucal de adultos no Brasil em 2013.

Abstract: The study analyzed self-rated oral health in the Brazilian adult population according to socioeconomic status (region of residence, schooling, income, and social class), exploring the variables with the greatest sensitivity to measure the association. The study sample included 59,758 individuals 18 years or older who participated in the Brazilian National Health Survey in 2013, a population-based household survey. Self-rated oral health (teeth and gums) was analyzed as positive, fair, or negative. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Percentage of agreement and kappa values were calculated to compare the values obtained with the regression models and the expected values. Self-rated oral health was positive in 67.4%, fair in 26.7%, and negative in 5.9%. After adjustment, the odds of negative self-rated health were significantly higher in individuals with per capita household income up to one minimum wage, or approximately USD 270/month (OR = 4.71; 95%CI: 2.84-7.83), without complete primary schooling (OR = 3.28; 95%CI: 2.34-4.61), in the social class devoid of assets (OR = 3.03; 95%CI: 2.12-4.32) and residents of Northeast Brazil (OR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.19-1.89). Various indicators of socioeconomic status influence self-rated oral health, but per capita household income, schooling, and social class accounted for the largest gradient in self-rated oral health in Brazilian adults in 2013.

Resumen: Se analizó la autoevaluación de salud bucal de la población adulta brasileña según la posición socioeconómica (región de residencia, escolaridad, renta y clase social), explorando las variables con mayor sensibilidad para medir tal asociación. Se han estudiado 59.758 individuos con 18 años o más de edad, que participaron en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2013, una encuesta domiciliar de base poblacional. La autoevaluación de la salud bucal (dientes y encías) fue analizada como positiva, regular y negativa. Através de la regresión logística multinomial, se estimaron odds ratio (OR) brutos y ajustados y los respectivos intervalos con 95% de confianza (IC95%). Se calcularon los porcentajes de concordancia y el valor de kappa para comparar los valores obtenidos por los modelos de regresión y los valores esperados. La prevalencia de la autoevaluación de salud bucal positiva fue 67,4%, 26,7% para regular y 5,9% para negativa. Después del ajuste, la posibilidad de autoevaluar la salud bucal como negativa fue significativamente más elevada entre los individuos con ingresos domiciliarios per cápita de hasta un salario mínimo (OR = 4,71, IC95%: 2,84-7,83), sin niveles de escolaridad completa (OR = 3,28; IC95%: 2,34-4,61), de la clase social desposeídos de activos (OR = 3,03; IC95%: 2,12-4,32) y residentes de la región Nordeste (OR = 1,50; IC95%: 1,19-1,89). Diversos indicadores de posición socioeconómica influencian la percepción sobre la salud bucal, pero la renta domiciliar per cápita, la escolaridad y la clase social fueron los responsables del mayor gradiente en la autoevaluación de salud bucal de adultos en Brasil en 2013.

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BACKGROUND: The Brazilian undergraduate medical course is six years long. As in other countries, a medical residency is not obligatory to practice as a doctor. In this context, this paper aims to clarify what and when competencies in communication and professionalism should be addressed, shedding light on the role of university, residency and post-residency programmes. METHODS: Brazilian family physicians with diverse levels of medical training answered a questionnaire designed to seek a consensus on the competencies that should be taught (key competencies) and when students should achieve them during their medical training. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and correlation tests. RESULTS: A total of seventy-four physicians participated; nearly all participants suggested that the students should achieve communication and professionalism competencies during undergraduate study (twenty out of thirty competencies - 66.7%) or during residency (seven out of thirty competencies - 23.33%). When competencies were analysed in domains, the results were that clinical communication skills and professionalism competencies should be achieved during undergraduate medical education, and interpersonal communication and leadership skills should be reached during postgraduate study. CONCLUSION: The authors propose that attainment of clinical communication skills and professionalism competencies should be required for undergraduate students. The foundation for Leadership and Interpersonal Abilities should be particularly formed at an undergraduate level and, furthermore, mastered by immersion in the future workplace and medical responsibilities in residency.

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