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Surgery has been historically the preferred primary treatment for patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma and for selected locoregional recurrences. Adjuvant therapy with radioactive iodine is typically recommended for patients with an intermediate to high risk of recurrence. Despite these treatments, locally advanced disease and locoregional relapses are not infrequent. These patients have a prolonged overall survival that may result in long periods of active disease and the possibility of requiring subsequent treatments. Recently, many new options have emerged as salvage therapies. This review offers a comprehensive discussion and considerations regarding surgery, active surveillance, radioactive iodine therapy, ultrasonography-guided percutaneous ablation, external beam radiotherapy, and systemic therapy for well-differentiated thyroid cancer based on relevant publications and current reference guidelines. We feel that the surgical member of the thyroid cancer management team is empowered by being aware and facile with all management options.
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Most cases of thyroid carcinoma are classified as low risk. These lesions have been treated with open surgery, remote access thyroidectomy, active surveillance, and percutaneous ablation. However, there is lack of consensus and clear indications for a specific treatment selection. The objective of this study is to review the literature regarding the indications for management selection for low-risk carcinomas. Systematic review exploring inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select patients with low-risk carcinomas for treatment approaches. The search found 69 studies. The inclusion criteria most reported were nodule diameter and histopathological confirmation of the tumor type. The most common exclusions were lymph node metastasis and extra-thyroidal extension. There was significant heterogeneity among inclusion and exclusion criteria according to the analyzed therapeutic approach. Alternative therapeutic approaches in low-risk carcinomas can be cautiously considered. Open thyroidectomy remains the standard treatment against which all other approaches must be compared.
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Carcinoma Papilar , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide , Carcinoma Papilar/cirurgia , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Câncer Papilífero da Tireoide/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/cirurgia , TireoidectomiaRESUMO
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is one of the most common salivary gland malignancies. Our aim was to evaluate the prognostic impact of primary tumor site in patients with MEC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cohort identified 308 patients with MEC who underwent primary surgery between 1985 and 2015. Survival outcomes were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Hazard ratios for primary site were determined using the Cox proportional-hazards model. RESULTS: One hundred eighty (58%) patients were diagnosed with minor and 128 (42%) with major salivary gland cancer. Primary site in the minor salivary gland group included 137 (44%) oral cavity, 38 (12%) pharynx, 3 (0.9%) nasal cavity, and 2 (0.6%) trachea and larynx. The major salivary gland group included 118 (38%) parotid, 8 (3%) submandibular, and 2 (0.6%) sublingual. With a median follow-up of 73 months, 5-year overall survival and disease-specific survival were 84% and 91%, respectively. Patients with tumors located in the hard palate and retromolar trigone had the best survival, while patients with tumors located in the paranasal sinuses and submandibular gland had the poorest survival. After controlling for tumor grade and stage, MEC primary site was not predictive of survival or recurrence. On multivariate analysis, worse DSS was associated with stage III-IV tumors (HR: 7,11; 95% CI: 1.19-26.43; p = 0.0034) and high-grade tumors (HR: 19.12; 95% CI: 2.26-162.77; p = 0.0068). CONCLUSIONS: While high grade and advanced overall stage were found to be independent predictors of worse survival, primary tumor site was not predictive of poor outcome.
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Carcinoma Mucoepidermoide , Neoplasias das Glândulas Salivares , Carcinoma Mucoepidermoide/patologia , Carcinoma Mucoepidermoide/cirurgia , Humanos , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias das Glândulas Salivares/patologia , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Guidelines should provide accessible and reliable information for decision-making. Also, they should be translatable to multiple settings, allowing their use in diverse situations. METHODS: We searched in GOOGLE, PUBMED, SCIELO, and SCOPUS for guidelines on oral squamous cell carcinoma. They were evaluated using the AGREE II protocol. RESULTS: We identified 16 guidelines that fulfilled inclusion criteria. The mean score and range for each AGREE II domain were: "scope and purpose" 74.1% (6-100.0%); "stakeholder" 78.6% (0-100.0%); "rigor of development" 71.4% (0-100.0%); "clarity of presentation" 71.4% (6-100.0%); "applicability" 50.0% (0-85.7%); "editorial independence" 57.1% (14.3-85.7%) and "overall assessment" 57.1% (14.3-100.0%). CONCLUSION: Guidelines for oral cancer present variable quality. Among those available, only four surpassed the 70% AGREE II score threshold.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias Bucais , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/terapia , Humanos , Neoplasias Bucais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Bucais/terapia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e PescoçoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Larynx cancer is a common site for tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract. In cases with a clinically negative neck, the indications for an elective neck treatment are still debated. The objective is to define the prevalence of occult metastasis based on the subsite of the primary tumor, T classification and neck node levels involved. METHODS: All studies included provided the rate of occult metastases in cN0 larynx squamous cell carcinoma patients. The main outcome was the incidence of occult metastasis. The pooled incidence was calculated with random effects analysis. RESULTS: 36 studies with 3803 patients fulfilled the criteria. The incidence of lymph node metastases for supraglottic and glottic tumors was 19.9% (95% CI 16.4-23.4) and 8.0% (95% CI 2.7-13.3), respectively. The incidence of occult metastasis for level I, level IV and level V was 2.4% (95% CI 0-6.1%), 2.0% (95% CI 0.9-3.1) and 0.4% (95% CI 0-1.0%), respectively. For all tumors, the incidence for sublevel IIB was 0.5% (95% CI 0-1.3). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of occult lymph node metastasis is higher in supraglottic and T3-4 tumors. Level I and V and sublevel IIB should not be routinely included in the elective neck treatment of cN0 laryngeal cancer and, in addition, level IV should not be routinely included in cases of supraglottic tumors.
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Introduction: Management of clinically negative neck (cN0) in patients with parotid gland cancer is controversial. Treatment options can include observation, elective neck dissection or elective radiotherapy. Areas covered: We addressed the treatment options for cN0 patients with parotid gland cancer. A literature review was undertaken to determine the optimal management of this group of patients. Expert opinion: Patients with parotid carcinoma and clinically negative neck have various options for their management. The analysis of tumor stage, histology and grade is essential to better define patients at risk for occult lymph node metastasis. These patients can be managed by surgery, radiotherapy or their combination, depending on the presence of risk factors, the moment at which such risk factors are detected, patient-related clinical conditions, medical provider expertise and institutional facilities.
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Esvaziamento Cervical/métodos , Neoplasias Parotídeas/terapia , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Humanos , Metástase Linfática , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Parotídeas/patologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Age is a critical factor in outcome for patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Currently, age 45 years is used as a cutoff in staging, although there is increasing evidence to suggest this may be too low. The aim of this study was to assess the potential for changing the cut point for the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) staging system from 45 years to 55 years based on a combined international patient cohort supplied by individual institutions. METHODS: A total of 9484 patients were included from 10 institutions. Tumor (T), nodes (N), and metastasis (M) data and age were provided for each patient. The group was stratified by AJCC/UICC stage using age 45 years and age 55 years as cutoffs. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate outcomes for disease-specific survival (DSS). Concordance probability estimates (CPE) were calculated to compare the degree of concordance for each model. RESULTS: Using age 45 years as a cutoff, 10-year DSS rates for stage I-IV were 99.7%, 97.3%, 96.6%, and 76.3%, respectively. Using age 55 years as a cutoff, 10-year DSS rates for stage I-IV were 99.5%, 94.7%, 94.1%, and 67.6%, respectively. The change resulted in 12% of patients being downstaged, and the downstaged group had a 10-year DSS of 97.6%. The change resulted in an increase in CPE from 0.90 to 0.92. CONCLUSIONS: A change in the cutoff age in the current AJCC/UICC staging system from 45 years to 55 years would lead to a downstaging of 12% of patients, and would improve the statistical validity of the model. Such a change would be clinically relevant for thousands of patients worldwide by preventing overstaging of patients with low-risk disease while providing a more realistic estimate of prognosis for those who remain high risk.
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Diferenciação Celular , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Estadiamento de Neoplasias/métodos , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Fatores Etários , Brasil , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , New South Wales , América do Norte , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/terapia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
IMPORTANCE: After surgical resection for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, adjuvant radiotherapy may be recommended for patients at higher risk for locoregional recurrence, but it can be difficult to predict whether a particular patient will benefit. OBJECTIVE: To construct a model to predict which patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma would benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy. DESIGN AND SETTING: We constructed several types of survival models using a set of 979 patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Covariates were age, sex, tobacco use, stage, grade, margins, and subsite. The best performing model was externally validated on a set of 431 patients. PARTICIPANTS: The model was based on a set of 979 patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, including 563 from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, and 416 from the Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil. The validation set consisted of 431 patients from Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: The primary outcome measure of interest was locoregional recurrence-free survival. RESULTS: The lognormal model showed the best performance per the Akaike information criterion. An online nomogram was built from this model that estimates locoregional failure-free survival with and without postoperative radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: A web-based nomogram can be used as a decision aid for adjuvant treatment decisions for patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/radioterapia , Neoplasias Bucais/radioterapia , Nomogramas , Radioterapia Adjuvante , Brasil/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Bucais/patologia , Neoplasias Bucais/cirurgia , Gradação de Tumores , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , New York/epidemiologia , Ontário/epidemiologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/epidemiologia , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Se describe una creciente incidencia de carcinoma de tiroides en todo el mundo, pero la mayor parte de estos casos corresponde a cánceres de bajo riesgo. Se necesita comprender con precisión la patología tumoral y su comportamiento biológico, para aprovechar estos parámetros en una terapia rentable con utilización adecuada de recursos. La apreciación de la importancia y el significado de los factores pronósticos y la estratificación por grupos de riesgo es esencial para el enfoque actual del carcinoma tiroideo. Se requiere discreción para la selección del tratamiento quirúrgico y la indicación de terapias adyuvantes, así como para las estrategias de vigilancia
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Gânglios/anormalidades , Metástase Neoplásica/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/complicações , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/reabilitação , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/terapiaRESUMO
Se describe una creciente incidencia de carcinoma de tiroides en todo el mundo, pero la mayor parte de estos casos corresponde a cánceres de bajo riesgo. Se necesita comprender con precisión la patología tumoral y su comportamiento biológico, para aprovechar estos parámetros en una terapia rentable con utilización adecuada de recursos. La apreciación de la importancia y el significado de los factores pronósticos y la estratificación por grupos de riesgo es esencial para el enfoque actual del carcinoma tiroideo. Se requiere discreción para la selección del tratamiento quirúrgico y la indicación de terapias adyuvantes, así como para las estrategias de vigilancia (AU)