RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify key epidemiologic factors relevant to fetal development that are associated with biliary atresia. STUDY DESIGN: This population-based registry study examined infants born in Texas between 1999 and 2014. Epidemiologic data relevant to fetal development were compared between cases of biliary atresia identified in the Texas Birth Defects Registry (n = 305) vs all live births (n = 4 689 920), and Poisson regression was used to calculate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS: The prevalence of biliary atresia over the study period was 0.65 per 10 000 live births. Biliary atresia was positively associated with female sex (adjusted PR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.33-2.12), delivery before 32-37 weeks of gestation (adjusted PR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.18-2.29), delivery before 32 weeks of gestation (adjusted PR, 3.85; 95% CI, 2.38-6.22), and non-Hispanic Black vs non-Hispanic White maternal race/ethnicity (adjusted PR, 1.54, 95% CI, 1.06-2.24), while biliary atresia was inversely associated with season of conception in the fall relative to spring (adjusted PR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.45-0.86). In addition, biliary atresia was associated with maternal diabetes (adjusted PR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.57-3.48), with a stronger association with pregestational diabetes compared with gestational diabetes. In subgroup analyses, these associations were present in isolated biliary atresia cases that do not have any additional birth defects. CONCLUSIONS: Biliary atresia is associated with multiple factors related to fetal development, including pregestational maternal diabetes, female sex, and preterm birth. These associations also were observed in isolated cases of biliary atresia without other malformations or laterality defects. Our results are consistent with early life events influencing the pathogenesis of biliary atresia, and support further studies investigating in utero events to better understand etiology and time of onset.
Assuntos
Atresia Biliar , Diabetes Gestacional , Nascimento Prematuro , Atresia Biliar/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Nascido Vivo , Gravidez , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Osteopenia and bone fractures are significant causes of morbidity in children with cholestatic liver disease. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis was performed in children with intrahepatic cholestatic diseases who were enrolled in the Longitudinal Study of Genetic Causes of Intrahepatic Cholestasis in the Childhood Liver Disease Research Network. DXA was performed on participants aged >5 years (with native liver) diagnosed with bile acid synthetic disorder (BASD), alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AT), chronic intrahepatic cholestasis (CIC), and Alagille syndrome (ALGS). Weight, height, and body mass index Z scores were lowest in CIC and ALGS. Total bilirubin (TB) and serum bile acids (SBA) were highest in ALGS. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) Z scores were significantly lower in CIC and ALGS than in BASD and A1AT (P < 0.001). After anthropometric adjustment, bone deficits persisted in CIC but were no longer noted in ALGS. In ALGS, height-adjusted and weight-adjusted subtotal BMD and BMC Z scores were negatively correlated with TB (P < 0.001) and SBA (P = 0.02). Mean height-adjusted and weight-adjusted subtotal BMC Z scores were lower in ALGS participants with a history of bone fractures. DXA measures did not correlate significantly with biliary diversion status. Conclusion: CIC patients had significant bone deficits that persisted after adjustment for height and weight and generally did not correlate with degree of cholestasis. In ALGS, low BMD and BMC reference Z scores were explained by poor growth. Anthropometrically adjusted DXA measures in ALGS correlate with markers of cholestasis and bone fracture history. Reduced bone density in this population is multifactorial and related to growth, degree of cholestasis, fracture vulnerability, and contribution of underlying genetic etiology.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Colestase/etiologia , Transtornos do Crescimento/etiologia , Hepatopatias/complicações , Hepatopatias/fisiopatologia , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adolescente , Criança , Doença Crônica , Correlação de Dados , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , MasculinoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of corticosteroid therapy on the growth of participants in the Steroids in Biliary Atresia Randomized Trial (START) conducted through the Childhood Liver Disease Research Network. The primary analysis in START indicated that steroids did not have a beneficial effect on drainage in a cohort of infants with biliary atresia. We hypothesized that steroids would have a detrimental effect on growth in these infants. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 140 infants were enrolled in START, with 70 randomized to each treatment arm: steroid and placebo. Length, weight, and head circumference were obtained at baseline and follow-up visits to 24 months of age. RESULTS: Patients treated with steroids had significantly lower length and head circumference z scores during the first 3 months post-hepatoportoenterostomy (HPE), and significantly lower weight until 12 months. Growth trajectories in the steroid and placebo arms differed significantly for length (P < .0001), weight (P = .009), and head circumference (P < .0001) with the largest impact noted for those with successful HPE. Growth trajectory for head circumference was significantly lower in patients treated with steroids irrespective of HPE status, but recovered during the second 6 months of life. CONCLUSIONS: Steroid therapy following HPE in patients with biliary atresia is associated with impaired length, weight, and head circumference growth trajectories for at least 6 months post-HPE, especially impacting infants with successful bile drainage. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00294684.
Assuntos
Corticosteroides/efeitos adversos , Atresia Biliar/tratamento farmacológico , Atresia Biliar/cirurgia , Insuficiência de Crescimento/induzido quimicamente , Sarcopenia/induzido quimicamente , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Atresia Biliar/mortalidade , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cefalometria/métodos , Desenvolvimento Infantil/efeitos dos fármacos , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Pré-Escolar , Método Duplo-Cego , Insuficiência de Crescimento/epidemiologia , Insuficiência de Crescimento/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Monitorização Fisiológica/métodos , Portoenterostomia Hepática/métodos , Portoenterostomia Hepática/mortalidade , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios/métodos , Estudos Prospectivos , Valores de Referência , Medição de Risco , Sarcopenia/epidemiologia , Sarcopenia/fisiopatologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To assess neurodevelopmental outcomes among participants with biliary atresia with their native liver at ages 12 months (group 1) and 24 months (group 2), and to evaluate variables predictive of neurodevelopmental impairment. STUDY DESIGN: Participants enrolled in a prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study underwent neurodevelopmental testing with either the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd edition, or Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition. Scores (normative mean = 100 ± 15) were categorized as ≥100, 85-99, and <85 for χ2 analysis. Risk for neurodevelopmental impairment (defined as ≥1 score of <85 on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd edition, or Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition, scales) was analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 148 children who completed 217 Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition, examinations (group 1, n = 132; group 2, n = 85). Neurodevelopmental score distributions significantly shifted downward compared with test norms at 1 and 2 years of age. Multivariate analysis identified ascites (OR, 3.17; P = .01) and low length z-scores at time of testing (OR, 0.70; P < .04) as risk factors for physical/motor impairment; low weight z-score (OR, 0.57; P = .001) and ascites (OR, 2.89; P = .01) for mental/cognitive/language impairment at 1 year of age. An unsuccessful hepatoportoenterostomy was predictive of both physical/motor (OR, 4.88; P < .02) and mental/cognitive/language impairment (OR, 4.76; P = .02) at 2 years of age. CONCLUSION: Participants with biliary atresia surviving with native livers after hepatoportoenterostomy are at increased risk for neurodevelopmental delays at 12 and 24 months of age. Those with unsuccessful hepatoportoenterostomy are >4 times more likely to have neurodevelopmental impairment compared with those with successful hepatoportoenterostomy. Growth delays and/or complications indicating advanced liver disease should alert clinicians to the risk for neurodevelopmental delays, and expedite appropriate interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00061828 and NCT00294684.
Assuntos
Atresia Biliar/terapia , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/etiologia , Fígado/fisiologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Atresia Biliar/complicações , Pré-Escolar , Cognição , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Destreza Motora , Análise Multivariada , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , Estudos Prospectivos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Análise de Regressão , Risco , Resultado do Tratamento , Populações VulneráveisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To further refine a measure of self-management, the Responsibility and Familiarity with Illness Survey (REFILS), and to determine if this score predicts medication adherence and, thus, fewer instances of allograft rejection among pediatric liver transplant recipients. STUDY DESIGN: Participants were 400 liver transplant recipients and their parents recruited for the Medication Adherence in Children Who Had a Liver Transplant study, from 5 US pediatric transplant centers. The REFILS was administered to participants (ages 9-17 years) and their parents at enrollment (n = 213 completed dyads). The REFILS scores, and a discrepancy score calculated between patient and parent report of the patient's self-management, were used to predict Medication Level Variability Index (MLVI), a measure of medication adherence (higher MLVI = more variability in medication levels) and central pathologist-diagnosed rejection over a 2-year follow-up. RESULTS: When patients reported greater self-management, their adherence was lower (higher MLVI, r = 0.26, P < .01). Discrepancies between patient and parent report (patients endorsing higher levels than parents) were associated with lower adherence (r = 0.20, P < .01). Greater patient-reported self-management and higher discrepancy scores also predicted rejection. CONCLUSIONS: We found that when patients endorse more responsibility for their care, clinical outcomes are worse, indicating that indiscriminate promotion of self-management by adolescents may not be advisable. A discrepancy between patient and parent perception of self-management emerged as a novel strategy to gauge the degree of risk involved in transitioning care responsibilities to the child.
Assuntos
Rejeição de Enxerto/diagnóstico , Transplante de Fígado/estatística & dados numéricos , Adesão à Medicação/estatística & dados numéricos , Autogestão/métodos , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Rejeição de Enxerto/epidemiologia , Rejeição de Enxerto/etiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pais , Estudos Prospectivos , Psicometria/métodos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e Questionários , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Specific inherited disorders may be more common in island communities. Prior case reports suggest that cholestatic liver diseases may constitute a group of these inherited disorders in Puerto Rico. A cross-sectional survey of liver diseases in children was conducted to assess this hypothesis. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was performed in patients with chronic cholestasis at "Hospital Pediátrico Universitario" in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Ten potential participants with high gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) cholestasis were identified. Therapeutic response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was assessed by the examination of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and GGTP changes. RESULTS: Four participants, who were under 1 year of age, presented with pruritus, abnormal liver biochemistries, and/or hepatomegaly. Older patients had similar presentations but also had splenomegaly, jaundice, and/or esophageal varices. Three had progression of liver disease, 2 required liver transplantion after partial external biliary diversion. The third patient developed hypersplenism despite having a normal liver profile on UDCA. Six of 10 patients had normalization of their liver profiles (ALT<40 IU/L; GGTP<100 IU/L) after UDCA administration (before: ALT = 182 ± 61 and GGTP = 353 ± 192; after: ALT = 30 ± 15 and GGTP = 21 ± 13; p-value<0.001). CONCLUSION: The response to UDCA in a sub-group of patients in Puerto Rico with high GGTP cholestatic liver disease is described. The findings suggest the possibility that ABCB4-related disease is an important genetic disorder in Puerto Rico. Future investigations utilizing the genome sequence are important to the further understand liver disease in Puerto Rico.
Assuntos
Colagogos e Coleréticos/uso terapêutico , Colestase Intra-Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Ácido Ursodesoxicólico/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Porto RicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To prospectively assess the value of serum total bilirubin (TB) within 3 months of hepatoportoenterostomy (HPE) in infants with biliary atresia as a biomarker predictive of clinical sequelae of liver disease in the first 2 years of life. STUDY DESIGN: Infants with biliary atresia undergoing HPE between June 2004 and January 2011 were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter study. Complications were monitored until 2 years of age or the earliest of liver transplantation (LT), death, or study withdrawal. TB below 2 mg/dL (34.2 µM) at any time in the first 3 months (TB <2.0, all others TB ≥ 2) after HPE was examined as a biomarker, using Kaplan-Meier survival and logistic regression. RESULTS: Fifty percent (68/137) of infants had TB < 2.0 in the first 3 months after HPE. Transplant-free survival at 2 years was significantly higher in the TB < 2.0 group vs TB ≥ 2 (86% vs 20%, P < .0001). Infants with TB ≥ 2 had diminished weight gain (P < .0001), greater probability of developing ascites (OR 6.4, 95% CI 2.9-14.1, P < .0001), hypoalbuminemia (OR 7.6, 95% CI 3.2-17.7, P < .0001), coagulopathy (OR 10.8, 95% CI 3.1-38.2, P = .0002), LT (OR 12.4, 95% CI 5.3-28.7, P < .0001), or LT or death (OR 16.8, 95% CI 7.2-39.2, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Infants whose TB does not fall below 2.0 mg/dL within 3 months of HPE were at high risk for early disease progression, suggesting they should be considered for LT in a timely fashion. Interventions increasing the likelihood of achieving TB <2.0 mg/dL within 3 months of HPE may enhance early outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00061828 and NCT00294684.
Assuntos
Atresia Biliar/cirurgia , Bilirrubina/sangue , Progressão da Doença , Portoenterostomia Hepática , Ascite/epidemiologia , Atresia Biliar/epidemiologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Canadá/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Bases de Dados Factuais , Coagulação Intravascular Disseminada/epidemiologia , Seguimentos , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Humanos , Hipoalbuminemia/epidemiologia , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Transplante de Fígado/estatística & dados numéricos , Modelos Logísticos , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In vitro studies have suggested that 4-phenylbutyrate (PBA) may rescue missense mutated proteins that underlie some forms of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Encouraging preliminary responses to 4-PBA have been reported in liver disease secondary to mutations in ABCB11 and ATP8B1. A 4-year-old boy with Byler disease was treated with 4-PBA in the forms of sodium PBA (5 months) and then glycerol PBA (7 months) as part of expanded access single patient protocols. During this therapy serum total bilirubin fell and his general well-being was reported to be improved, although total serum bile acids were not reduced. Discontinuation of rifampin therapy, which had been used to treat pruritus, resulted in reversible severe acute liver injury that was potentially the result of phenylacetate toxicity. Interactions between 4-PBA and cytochrome P450 enzymes should be considered in the use of this agent with special attention to potential phenylacetate toxicity.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/diagnóstico , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/etiologia , Colestase Intra-Hepática/tratamento farmacológico , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenilacetatos/toxicidade , Fenilbutiratos/uso terapêutico , Rifampina/efeitos adversos , Bilirrubina/sangue , Pré-Escolar , Colestase Intra-Hepática/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Lactente , Testes de Função Hepática , Masculino , Prurido/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Byler disease, originally described in Amish kindred, results from mutations in ATPase Class I Type 8b Member 1 (ATP8b1). Specific clinical reports of Amish Byler disease were last published 40 years ago. These investigations were directed at the present detailed clinical understanding of the early course of hepatic manifestations of Byler disease. METHODS: This study analyzed routine clinical practice and outcomes of children with Byler disease (defined by homozygous c.923G>T mutation in ATP8b1), who initially presented to Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC between January 2007 and October 2014. Data were analyzed to the earlier of 24 months of age or partial external biliary diversion. RESULTS: Six children presented between 1 and 135 days of life: 2 presented with newborn direct hyperbilirubinemia, 2 had complications of coagulopathy, 1 had failure to thrive and rickets, and 1 sibling was identified by newborn genetic testing. Intensive fat-soluble vitamin supplementation was required to prevent insufficiencies in vitamins D, E, and K. Hyperbilirubinemia was variable both over time and between children. Serum bile acid levels were elevated, whereas γ-glutamyltranspeptidase levels were low normal. Scratching behavior (pruritus) was intractable in 4 of 6 children with onset between 6 and 12 months of age. Features of portal hypertension were not observed. Partial external biliary diversion was used during the second year of life in 4 children. CONCLUSIONS: Detailed analysis of Byler disease revealed varied disease presentation and course. Nutritional issues and pruritus dominated the clinical picture in the first 2 years of life.
Assuntos
Adenosina Trifosfatases/genética , Ductos Biliares/patologia , Colestase Intra-Hepática/patologia , Fígado/patologia , Mutação , Deficiência de Vitaminas/etiologia , Ácidos e Sais Biliares/sangue , Ductos Biliares/cirurgia , Colestase Intra-Hepática/epidemiologia , Colestase Intra-Hepática/terapia , Insuficiência de Crescimento/epidemiologia , Insuficiência de Crescimento/etiologia , Testes Genéticos , Hospitais , Humanos , Hiperbilirrubinemia/epidemiologia , Hiperbilirrubinemia/etiologia , Incidência , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Pennsylvania/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Prurido/etiologia , Raquitismo/epidemiologia , Raquitismo/etiologia , gama-Glutamiltransferase/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Partial external bile diversion (PEBD) is an established therapy for low-γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC). This study sought to determine whether the dynamics of the cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) pools in subjects with low-GGT-PFIC with successful PEBD were equivalent to those achieved with successful liver transplantation (LTX). METHODS: The kinetics of CA and CDCA metabolism were measured by stable isotope dilution in plasma samples in 5 subjects with PEBD, all with intact canalicular bile salt export pump expression and compared with subjects with low-GGT-PFIC with successful LTX. Stomal loss of bile acids was measured in subjects with PEBD. RESULTS: The fractional turnover rate for CA in the PEBD group ranged from 0.5 to 4.2/day (LTX group, range 0.2-0.9/day, P = 0.076) and for CDCA from 0.7 to 4.5/day (LTX group 0.3-0.4/day, P = 0.009). The CA and CDCA pool sizes were equivalent between groups; however, pool composition in PEBD was somewhat more hydrophilic. The CA/CDCA ratio in PEBD ranged from 0.9 to 19.5, whereas in LTX it ranged from 0.5 to 2.6. Synthesis rates computed from isotope dilution correlated well with timed output for both CA (r2 = 0.760, P = 0.024) and CDCA (r2 = 0.690, P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: PEBD results in bile acid fractional turnover rates greater than LTX, pool sizes equivalent to LTX, and pool composition that is at least as hydrophilic as produced by LTX.