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Insight is greatly impaired in Bipolar Disorder (BD), especially during mania. Cognitive impairment is also present in BD. Despite that, few studies have investigated a possible association between these two aspects. The main goal of the current study is to compare BD affective states regarding performance in cognitive testing and investigate clinical and cognitive predictors for insight loss in BD. The study investigated a sample of 65 patients who were evaluated in one of the BD phases (mania, euthymia or depression). All the subjects underwent neuropsychological evaluation and completed the Insight Scale for Affective Disorders (ISAD). The relationship between level of insight and clinical/cognitive variables was analyzed through multiple regression models. No significant differences were found among BD phases regarding performance on cognitive testing. Insight was more impaired in mania then in depression or euthymia. Predictors for loss of insight were: severity of manic symptoms and impairments in selective attention (Symbol search test), divided attention (Trail making test) and inhibition (Stroop test). The sample size is a potential limitation of the current study. Nevertheless, the results suggest this had limited impact, with group differences being detected for a number of variables. The results found have important clinical importance, suggesting, for example, that rehabilitation of specific cognitive skills may improve insight in BD.

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INTRODUCTION:: Compulsive buying can be characterized as an almost irresistible urge to buy various items. Compulsive buying disorder is a subject of growing interest to health professionals. It is a current issue and the prevalence rate in the global population is around 5 to 8%. OBJECTIVES:: The main objective of this study was to identify predictors of compulsive buying in the Brazilian population, assessing possible relationships between compulsive buying, depression and anxiety. METHODS:: The Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale was administered to screen for compulsive buying and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess anxiety and depression in a sample of 359 participants. Pearson coefficients were used to test for correlations. RESULTS:: Our study identified an interaction between female gender and compulsion to purchase. Furthermore, people's occupations also appear to have an influence on the problem. We found a correlation between depressive symptoms and oniomania. CONCLUSION:: Our study has certain limitations, such as the difficulty in recruiting individuals with compulsive buying disorder. Since compulsive buying is a phenomenon that is seldom investigated, it therefore remains unidentified. However, this is nevertheless a pioneering paper on the Brazilian population.

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Abstract Introduction: Compulsive buying can be characterized as an almost irresistible urge to buy various items. Compulsive buying disorder is a subject of growing interest to health professionals. It is a current issue and the prevalence rate in the global population is around 5 to 8%. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to identify predictors of compulsive buying in the Brazilian population, assessing possible relationships between compulsive buying, depression and anxiety. Methods: The Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale was administered to screen for compulsive buying and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess anxiety and depression in a sample of 359 participants. Pearson coefficients were used to test for correlations. Results: Our study identified an interaction between female gender and compulsion to purchase. Furthermore, people's occupations also appear to have an influence on the problem. We found a correlation between depressive symptoms and oniomania. Conclusion: Our study has certain limitations, such as the difficulty in recruiting individuals with compulsive buying disorder. Since compulsive buying is a phenomenon that is seldom investigated, it therefore remains unidentified. However, this is nevertheless a pioneering paper on the Brazilian population.

Resumo Introdução: A compra compulsiva pode ser caracterizada como um desejo quase irresistível de obter vários itens. O transtorno do comprar compulsivo tem sido objeto de interesse crescente para os profissionais de saúde. Considerado um problema atual, sua taxa de prevalência é de cerca de 5 a 8% na população mundial. Objetivos: O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os preditores da compulsão por comprar na população brasileira, avaliando possíveis relações entre compra compulsiva, depressão e ansiedade. Métodos: A Escala de Compras Compulsivas Richmond Adaptada foi utilizada para rastreio do comprar compulsivo, e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão, para avaliar ansiedade e depressão, em uma amostra de 359 participantes. As correlações foram determinadas usando o teste de Pearson. Resultados: Foi identificada em nosso estudo uma interação entre sexo feminino e compulsão por compras. Além disso, a ocupação parece interferir no problema. Encontramos uma correlação entre sintomas depressivos e oniomania. Conclusão: Nosso estudo apresenta algumas limitações, tais como a dificuldade em recrutar indivíduos com transtorno do comprar compulsivo. Por ser um tema pouco explorado, há uma dificuldade em identificar indivíduos acometidos. No entanto, este é um ensaio pioneiro na população brasileira.

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INTRODUCTION: Compulsive buying can be characterized as an almost irresistible impulse to acquire various items. This is a current issue and the prevalence rate in the global population is around 5 to 8%. Some surveys indicate that the problem is growing in young and low-income populations. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of compulsive buying among people with low personal monthly incomes and analyze relationships with socio-demographic data. METHODS: The Compulsive Buying Scale was administered to screen for compulsive buying and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess anxiety and depression in a sample of 56 participants. Pearson coefficients were used to test for correlations. RESULTS: The results indicated that 44.6% presented an average family income equal to or greater than 2.76 minimum wages. It is possible that compulsive buying is not linked to the purchasing power since it was found in a low-income population. CONCLUSION: Despite the small sample, the results of this study are important for understanding the problem in question.

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Introduction: Compulsive buying can be characterized as an almost irresistible impulse to acquire various items. This is a current issue and the prevalence rate in the global population is around 5 to 8%. Some surveys indicate that the problem is growing in young and low-income populations. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of compulsive buying among people with low personal monthly incomes and analyze relationships with socio-demographic data. Methods: The Compulsive Buying Scale was administered to screen for compulsive buying and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess anxiety and depression in a sample of 56 participants. Pearson coefficients were used to test for correlations. Results: The results indicated that 44.6% presented an average family income equal to or greater than 2.76 minimum wages. It is possible that compulsive buying is not linked to the purchasing power since it was found in a low-income population. Conclusion: Despite the small sample, the results of this study are important for understanding the problem in question.

Introdução: A compra compulsiva pode ser caracterizada como um impulso quase irresistível de obter diversos itens. Considerada um problema da atualidade, estima-se que sua taxa de prevalência seja em torno entre 5 a 8% na população mundial. Algumas pesquisas sinalizam um aumento do problema entre jovens e populações de baixa renda. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência da compra compulsiva em sujeitos com baixa renda mensal individual e analisar as relações entre os dados sociodemográficos. Método: A Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS) foi utilizada para rastrear compra compulsiva, e a Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), para avaliar ansiedade e depressão em uma amostra de 56 participantes. Correlações foram verificadas através do teste de Pearson. Resultados: Os resultados indicaram que 44,6% apresentavam renda média familiar igual ou maior a 2,76 salários mínimos. É possível que a compra compulsiva não esteja vinculada ao poder aquisitivo, uma vez que ela foi encontrada em uma população com baixa renda. Conclusão: Embora a amostra seja pequena, os resultados obtidos são importantes para compreender o problema em questão.

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OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to analyze the effect of pharmacological treatment for panic disorder on temperament and character dimensions and to compare the effect of imipramine and fluoxetine on this outcome. METHOD: Temperament and character dimensions were evaluated in panic disorder patients before and after six months of pharmacological treatment with imipramine and fluoxetine, using the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. Patients were randomized between groups and both (patient and investigators) were blinded to the intervention drug. Furthermore, 34 non-panic controls answered the revised Temperament and Character Inventory through an Internet survey. RESULTS: Panic disorder patients showed higher scores for Harm Avoidance and lower scores for Persistence, Self-Directedness, and Cooperativeness than controls at baseline, but only the low Persistence value remained different from controls after treatment. Responder patients presented significant reduction in Harm Avoidance scores and a significant increase in Self-Directedness scores, whereas non-responders showed a significant increase of Harm Avoidance levels. Fluoxetine and Imipramine showed similar effects on the revised Temperament and Character Inventory dimensions. CONCLUSION: High Harm Avoidance and low Self-Directedness, Persistence, and Cooperativeness are associated with panic disorder. Treatment of acute panic disorder symptoms lead to the reduction of Harm Avoidance and to an increase in Self-Directedness scores. However, there was no difference between treatment with fluoxetine and imipramine for the effect on the revised Temperament and Character Inventory dimensions.

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o efeito do tratamento farmacológico do transtorno do pânico nas dimensões de temperamento e caráter, comparando os efeitos das medicações imipramina e fluoxetina neste desfecho. METODOLOGIA: As dimensões de temperamento e caráter foram avaliadas em pacientes com transtorno do pânico antes e depois de seis meses de tratamento com imipramina ou fluoxetina, utilizando-se o "Temperament and Character Inventory- Revised" (TCI-R). O estudo foi randomizado e duplo-cego. Além disso, 34 controles sem transtorno do pânico responderam ao TCI-R via internet. RESULTADOS: Pacientes com transtorno do pânico apresentaram maior pontuação para "Harm Avoidance" e menor pontuação para "Persistence", "Self-Directedness" e "Cooperativeness" que os controles antes do tratamento, mas apenas "Persistence" manteve a diferença após o tratamento. Pacientes respondedores apresentaram redução significativa da pontuação para "Harm Avoidance" e aumento significativo para "Self-Directedness" após o tratamento, enquanto os não-respondedores mostraram aumento significativo na pontuação para "Harm Avoidance". A fluoxetina e a imipramina apresentaram efeitos semelhantes nas dimensões do TCI-R. CONCLUSÃO: Alta pontuação para "Harm Avoidance" e baixa para "Persistence", "Self-Directness" e "Cooperativeness" estão associados ao transtorno do pânico. O tratamento sintomático do transtorno do pânico leva a redução da pontuação para "Harm Avoidance" e aumento de pontuação para "Self-Directedness". No entanto, não há diferença entre os efeitos da imipramina e da fluoxetina nestas dimensões do TCI-R.

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INTRODUCTION: Driving anger has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years because it may induce individuals to drive aggressively or adopt risk behaviors. The Driving Anger Scale (DAS) was designed to evaluate the propensity of drivers to become angry or aggressive while driving. This study describes the cross-cultural adaptation of a Brazilian version of the short form and the long form of the DAS. METHODS: Translation and adaptation were made in four steps: two translations and two back-translations carried out by independent evaluators; the development of a brief version by four bilingual experts in mental health and driving behaviors; a subsequent experimental application; and, finally, an investigation of operational equivalence. RESULTS: Final Brazilian versions of the short form and of the long form of the DAS were made and are presented. CONCLUSIONS: This important instrument, which assesses driving anger and aggressive behaviors, is now available to evaluate the driving behaviors of the Brazilian population, which facilitates research in this field.

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Introduction: Driving anger has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years because it may induce individuals to drive aggressively or adopt risk behaviors. The Driving Anger Scale (DAS) was designed to evaluate the propensity of drivers to become angry or aggressive while driving. This study describes the cross-cultural adaptation of a Brazilian version of the short form and the long form of the DAS. Methods: Translation and adaptation were made in four steps: two translations and two back-translations carried out by independent evaluators; the development of a brief version by four bilingual experts in mental health and driving behaviors; a subsequent experimental application; and, finally, an investigation of operational equivalence. Results: Final Brazilian versions of the short form and of the long form of the DAS were made and are presented. Conclusions: This important instrument, which assesses driving anger and aggressive behaviors, is now available to evaluate the driving behaviors of the Brazilian population, which facilitates research in this field. .

Introdução: A raiva na direção de veículos tem atraído a atenção de pesquisadores nos últimos anos, pois pode induzir as pessoas a dirigirem agressivamente ou a adotarem comportamentos de risco. A Driving Anger Scale (DAS) foi criada a fim de avaliar a propensão de motoristas a se tornarem agressivos ou raivosos enquanto dirigem. Este estudo descreve a adaptação transcultural de uma versão brasileira da forma longa e da forma curta da DAS. Método: O processo consistiu em quatro passos: duas traduções e duas retrotraduções elaboradas por avaliadores independentes; elaboração de uma versão sintética por quatro especialistas em saúde mental e comportamentos na direção bilíngues; posterior aplicação experimental; e, finalmente, investigação da equivalência operacional. Resultados: Foram definidas e são apresentadas as versões finais da forma longa e da forma curta da DAS em português brasileiro. Conclusões: Este importante instrumento, que mensura a raiva na direção e comportamentos agressivos, está agora disponível para avaliar os comportamentos na direção da população brasileira, facilitando a pesquisa nesse campo de estudo. .

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Based on a literature review, the purpose is to identify the main therapeutic approaches for the compulsive buying disorder, a present time disorder characterized by excessive and uncontrollable concerns or behaviors related to buying or expenses, which may lead to adverse consequences. The systematic review was carried out by searching the electronic scientific bases Medline/Pubmed, ISI, PsycInfo. The search was comprised of full-text articles, written in Portuguese and English, with no time limit or restrictions on the type of study and sample. A total of 1659 references were found and, by the end, 23 articles were selected for this review. From the articles found, it was determined that, although there are case studies and clinical trials underlining the effectiveness of the treatment for compulsive buying, only those studies with a focus on the cognitive-behavioral therapy approach make evident the successful response to the treatment. The publication of new studies on the etiology and epidemiology of the disorder is necessary, in order to establish new forms of treatment and to verify the effectiveness and response of the Brazilian population to the existing protocols.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its clinical interrelations in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, prospective study with 100 patients with diagnosed PCOS based on the consensus of Rotterdam (2003). We investigated the interrelationships of MS, with intrinsic PCOS data. Dermatological profile was analyzed, in addition to acanthosis nigricans (AN) in the presence of hirsutism and acne. The use of HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) aimed at the correlation with MS in order to establish the metabolic dysfunction with the state of insulin resistance. RESULTS: The mean and standard deviations corresponding figures for age, body mass index and waist circumference were, respectively, 25.72 (± 4.87), 30.63 (± 9.31) and 92.09 (± 18.73). The prevalence of MS was 36% and significantly correlated with BMI, AN, and in 51% of patients the state of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Regarding skin profile, only AN significant correlation with MS. CONCLUSION: We propose the routine inspection of metabolic components related to severe PCOS. These parameters configure the cardiovascular risk and such conduct is of undoubted importance to public health.

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