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Research on biodiversity management in production systems involves various aspects, including selecting optimal population arrangements for cultivated plants. The utilization of unconventional vegetables, such as taioba (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott), in the diversification of production systems offers a promising alternative to enhance food security and income generation for producers. However, limited information exists in the literature regarding its management and production. Thus, the present study aimed to assess different planting densities of taioba cultivated in intercropping under banana orchards by evaluating its development and yield. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), located in Alegre, ES, Brazil. The experimental design employed randomized blocks with six replications, following a split-plot arrangement. The plots consisted of single and double rows of planting systems, while the subplots were comprised of between-plant spacings of 30, 40, and 50 cm. Various parameters were evaluated, namely, leaf area, number of leaves, leaf fresh and dry matter, chlorophyll indices, flavonoids, and nitrogen balance. Additionally, gross income was determined by estimating the production capacity of leaves and converting it into the production capacity of commercial leaf bundles, considering a 1.0 ha taioba cultivation area based on the intercropping arrangements with banana trees. The highest fresh and dry matter yields of taioba were achieved with the largest spacing between plants (50 cm) in both single and double rows. The number of leaves produced by the plants remained unaffected by the studied arrangements. Consequently, the highest gross yield was obtained with the highest plant density, achieved through a planting spacing of 30 cm between plants in double rows. These findings underscore the viability of diversifying production within banana orchards by incorporating taioba planting in alternating rows, providing a genuine opportunity for additional income for farmers.(AU)

As pesquisas associadas ao tema de manejo da biodiversidade em sistemas de produção englobam diversos aspectos, dentre eles a escolha dos melhores arranjos populacionais das plantas cultivadas. A utilização de hortaliças não convencionais, como a taioba Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott, na diversificação dos sistemas produtivos é uma ótima alternativa do ponto de vista de segurança alimentar do produtor e também para a geração de renda. Contudo, na literatura ainda são escassas as informações sobre seu manejo e produção. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar diferentes densidades de plantio de taioba cultivada em consórcio, sob pomar de bananeiras, verificando seu desenvolvimento e produção. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental da Universidades Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), localizado no município de Alegre ES. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, com seis repetições, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram compostas pelos sistemas de plantio em linha simples e duplas. As subparcelas foram compostas pelos espaçamentos entre plantas de 30, 40 e 50 cm. Foram avaliadas a área foliar, número de folhas, matéria fresca e matéria seca de folhas, índices de clorofila, flavonoides e balanço de nitrogênio. Adicionalmente estimou-se a Renda Bruta, através da estimativa da capacidade de produção de folhas, transformada em capacidade de produção de maços de folhas comerciais, que seriam produzidos em 1,0 hectare de taioba, a partir dos arranjos adotados no consórcio com bananeiras. As maiores produções de matérias fresca e seca da taioba foram observadas quando se adotou o maior espaçamento entre plantas (50 cm), tanto em linha simples quanto em linhas duplas. Os arranjos estudados não influenciaram no número de folhas emitidas pelas plantas, por isso, o maior rendimento bruto foi obtido com a maior densidade de plantas, alcançada com o plantio no espaçamento de 30 cm entre plantas, em linhas duplas. Sendo assim, os resultados demonstram que a diversificação da produção do pomar de bananeira, com plantio de taioba em entrelinhas alternadas, representou uma real alternativa de renda extra ao agricultor.(AU)

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ABSTRACT This work evaluated the initial performance and genetic diversity of Coffea canephora genotypes cultivated in environments at contrasting altitudes. Fourteen morphophysiological traits and seven descriptors of the genus Coffea spp. of coffee trees cultivated at altitudes of 140 m and 700 m were evaluated. The design used was Federer's augmented block in a 2 × 112 factorial scheme with six blocks. The first factor was the two environments, and the second was the 112 genotypes, with eight common treatments, being five conilon coffee clones and three arabica coffee cultivars. The data were analyzed by the method of REML/BLUP and genetic correlation method. Genetic diversity was evaluated by estimating the distance matrix, applying the Gower methodology followed by the clustering method by Tocher and UPGMA. The phenotypic means were higher in the environment at an altitude of 700 m, except for plant height, number of leaves, and canopy height (CH). Genotypic effects were significant for most traits except for leaf width, CH, unit leaf area, and total leaf area. A wide genetic diversity was verified, with distances varying from 0.037 to 0.593 for the pairs of genotypes 26 × 93 and T7 × 76, respectively. Most of the traits studied showed high genotypic correlation with the environment and expressive genetic correlation between the evaluated traits thereby demonstrating the possibility of indirect selection. There is an adaptation of conilon coffee genotypes to high altitudes and the possibility of developing a specific cultivar for the southern state of Espírito Santo.

RESUMO

This work evaluated the initial performance and genetic diversity of Coffea canephora genotypes cultivated in environments at contrasting altitudes. Fourteen morphophysiological traits and seven descriptors of the genus Coffea spp. of coffee trees cultivated at altitudes of 140 m and 700 m were evaluated. The design used was Federer's augmented block in a 2 × 112 factorial scheme with six blocks. The first factor was the two environments, and the second was the 112 genotypes, with eight common treatments, being five conilon coffee clones and three arabica coffee cultivars. The data were analyzed by the method of REML/BLUP and genetic correlation method. Genetic diversity was evaluated by estimating the distance matrix, applying the Gower methodology followed by the clustering method by Tocher and UPGMA. The phenotypic means were higher in the environment at an altitude of 700 m, except for plant height, number of leaves, and canopy height (CH). Genotypic effects were significant for most traits except for leaf width, CH, unit leaf area, and total leaf area. A wide genetic diversity was verified, with distances varying from 0.037 to 0.593 for the pairs of genotypes 26 × 93 and T7 × 76, respectively. Most of the traits studied showed high genotypic correlation with the environment and expressive genetic correlation between the evaluated traits thereby demonstrating the possibility of indirect selection. There is an adaptation of conilon coffee genotypes to high altitudes and the possibility of developing a specific cultivar for the southern state of Espírito Santo.

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Sunflower seeds present a great economic importance due to the high oil content. The aim of this study to evaluate the effect of storage sub-zero temperatures and the quick and slow thawing methods on the physiologic quality of seeds of Helianthus annuus, cultivars BRS 122 and BRS 324. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete design, in a factorial 2x6 (cultivars x procedures) with four replications; means were compared by the Tukey test at 5%. Were evaluated: first count and percentage of germination, mean time of germination, germination speed index, dry mass seedling, root and shoot length and stability of membranes, through electrical conductivity test solution soaking of seed. Sunflower seeds tolerate storage in sub zero temperatures up to six months; the seeds of cultivars BRS and BRS 324 122 present different answers in relation to the type of freezing and thawing.

As sementes de girassol apresentam grande importância econômica devido ao grande conteúdo de óleo. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito do armazenamento em temperaturas sub-zero e os métodos de descongelamento rápido e lento sob a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Helianthus annuus cultivares BRS 122 e BRS 324. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, num fatorial 2x6 (cultivares x procedimentos), com quatro repetições; as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey em nível de 5%. Foram avaliados: primeira contagem e porcentagem de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, massa seca de plântulas, comprimento de raiz e parte aérea e estabilidade das membranas, através de teste de condutividade elétrica da solução de embebição das sementes. As sementes de girassol toleram o armazenamento em temperaturas sub-zero até seis meses; as sementes dos cultivares BRS 122 e BRS 324 apresentam respostas diferentes em relação ao tipo de congelamento e descongelamento.

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