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Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a acurácia, utilidade, reprodutibilidade e aplicabilidade do Escore Pediátrico de Alerta (EPA) na identificação da deterioração clínica em crianças e adolescentes hospitalizados. Métodos Estudo de teste diagnóstico, prospectivo, realizado entre outubro/2018 a outubro/2019, para medir a acurácia diagnóstica do EPA em uma amostra de 240 crianças, e sua reprodutibilidade e aplicabilidade em uma amostra de 60 crianças. Os dados foram processados e analisados no MedCalc e VassarStats.net. Resultados No ponto de corte ≥ 3, o escore apresentou sensibilidade de 73,6%, especificidade de 95,7%, valor preditivo positivo de 83%, valor preditivo negativo de 92,7, área sob a curva ROC de 93,6%, prevalência estimada pelo teste de 19,6%, razão de probabilidade positiva 17,1, probabilidade pós-teste positivo de 77,8%, kappa simples de 0,946. Conclusão O estudo fornece evidências sobre a elevada acurácia, utilidade e reprodutibilidade do EPA na identificação da deterioração clínica em um cenário hospitalar pediátrico brasileiro, e considerou o instrumento aplicável no contexto da pesquisa.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la precisión, utilidad, reproducibilidad y aplicabilidad del Sistema de Alerta Precoz Infantil (SAPI) en la identificación del deterioro clínico en niños y adolescentes hospitalizados. Métodos Estudio de prueba diagnóstica, prospectiva, realizada entre octubre de 2018 y octubre de 2019, para medir la precisión diagnóstica del SAPI en una muestra de 240 niños y su reproducibilidad y aplicabilidad en una muestra de 60 niños. Los datos fueron procesados y analizados en MedCalc y VassarStats.net. Resultados En el punto de corte ≥ 3, el puntaje presentó una sensibilidad del 73,6 %, especificidad del 95,7 %, valor predictivo positivo del 83 %, valor predictivo negativo de 92,7, área bajo la curva ROC del 93,6 %, prevalencia estimada por la prueba del 19,6 %, razón de probabilidad positiva 17,1, probabilidad posprueba positiva del 77,8 %, kappa simple de 0,946. Conclusión El estudio presenta evidencias sobre la elevada precisión, utilidad y reproducibilidad del SAPI en la identificación del deterioro clínico en un escenario hospitalario pediátrico brasileño, por lo que el instrumento se consideró aplicable en el contexto de la investigación.

Abstract Objective To assess the Pediatric Alert Score (EPA) accuracy, usefulness, reproducibility and applicability in identifying clinical deterioration in hospitalized children and adolescents. Methods This is a prospective diagnostic test study, carried out between October/2018 and October/2019, to measure EPA diagnostic accuracy in a sample of 240 children, and its reproducibility and applicability in a sample of 60 children. Data were processed and analyzed on MedCalc and VassarStats.net. Results At cut-off point ≥ 3, the score had a sensitivity of 73.6%, specificity of 95.7%, positive predictive value of 83%, negative predictive value of 92.7, area under the ROC curve of 93.6%, estimated prevalence of 19.6%, positive probability ratio of 17.1, positive post-test probability of 77.8%, simple Kappa of 0.946. Conclusion The study provides evidence on EPA high accuracy, usefulness and reproducibility in identifying clinical deterioration in a Brazilian pediatric hospital setting, and considered the instrument applicable in the context of the research.

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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the maximum theoretical daily intake of pesticides potentially consumed, chronically, by the Brazilian population. METHOD: By using data from the food consumption section of the 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey to characterize the population diet, a database was built to group the foods based on the NOVA classification. Considering the maximum residue limit values of each pesticide authorized in the country until 2016, the limits of all consumed foods were added and multiplied by the amount consumed, resulting in the maximum theoretical intake index, which was compared with the acceptable daily intake. RESULTS: The results show that, of the 283 pesticides considered in the database, 71 (25%) compounds had estimates of zero intake, 144 compounds (50.8%) reached acceptable daily intake values and 68 compounds (24%) showed median intake that exceeded the acceptable daily value. The pesticide intake estimation according to the different regions of the country showed a variation in the amount of compounds that exceeded the acceptable daily intake (48 to 69 substances) due to the different consumption patterns. The categories of products that most exceeded the limits were the insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. CONCLUSION: The application of this methodology is valid for the first step in risk assessment, but the resulting values may be different from the actual exposure since they do not include other factors, such as the combined use of pesticides or unauthorized products. The importance of developing research on specific national food consumption data in a systematic way is emphasized, which generates data and analyses that allow a detailed risk assessment.

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The article aims to present an overview of pesticide usage and population exposure, focusing on the impact on health and the correlation with food and nutrition security (FNS). This review is relevant due to the extensive use of pesticides in food production, which exposes individuals in various ways, including the ingestion of contaminated food, with adverse health effects. Brazil is one of the largest consumers of pesticides in the world, with product sale growth above 200% from 2000 to 2013, increasing the predisposition of the population and environment to the impacts caused by these compounds. The country has weaknesses regarding the monitoring of pesticide usage, besides its vulnerable population affected by social and economic problems. Studies on the correlation between pesticides and diseases have shown potential health risks, including birth defects, hearing loss, cancer, and infertility, in addition to symptoms related to acute intoxication, such as weakness, vomiting, seizures, difficulty breathing, loss of appetite, and nosebleed, among others. Reduction policies in pesticide usage and the encouragement for the sustainable agricultural practices should be prioritized by public managers. It is also essential to improve the monitoring and surveillance programs and research on the topic, as well as training of health professionals to identify and report the cases of pesticide poisoning.

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Background: The objectives of the study were to describe caffeine intake by 10 years of age or older Brazilian individuals and to investigate possible associations with demographic and socioeconomic determinants as well as the major dietary sources. Methods: The data used are from the personal food consumption module (n= 34,003) of a country-representative household budget survey. Consumed foods and beverages were identified during the application of food diaries. Caffeine contents in food and beverage sources were obtained primarily in national publications. Multivariate regressions were calculated to assess the correlations between population factors and caffeine intake. Results: The daily intake per person was estimated as 115.7 mg, ranging from 84.7 mg, for 10­13 years of age children and adolescents, to 139.8 mg, for individuals with no education. The percentage of individuals whom diet reveals daily caffeine intake higher than 400 mg is up to 3.0 %, according to age groups. Males and individuals living in the Northeast or South regions or in the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and Espírito Santo are likely to ingest higher contents of the substance. The major dietary sources are coffee (63.1 %) and coffee with milk (24.9 %), cola soft drinks (3.6 %) and yerba mate (1.9 %).Conclusions: Caffeine intake in Brazil is below the recommended limit reference value for adults, and the percentage of individuals whom diet reveals excessive content of caffeine is low. Thus, excessive caffeine intake may not be a health issue in Brazil and depends on the domicile and gender. The major source in the Brazilian diet is coffee.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a opinião dos pais dos alunos quanto aos modelos de auto gestão e de terceirização do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar - PNAE em município do interior paulista. A amostra foi composta por 196 pais de alunos matriculados em duas escolas de Piracicaba, no ano de 2006. Em uma das escolas a Prefeitura assumia a responsabilidade pelo PNAE e para a outra, uma empresa prestadora de serviços de alimentação foi contratada, em caráter experimental. A opinião dos pais foi identificada por meio de questionário auto aplicado. A maioria (n = 134; 70,6%) dos pais avaliou positivamente a qualidade da alimentação distribuída nas escolas. Cerca de 70% (n = 107) dos pais, cujos filhos já haviam frequentado escolas nas quais o PNAE era gerenciado pela administração pública, declararam que o programa era bem administrado pela Prefeitura. Quando questionados sobre a possibilidade de terceirização do programa para a totalidade das escolas do município, a maioria dos pais (52,1 %) afirmou ser indiferente ao processo, o que pode refletir o desconhecimento sobre os modelos de gestão, e/ou relativo desinteresse pelo PNAE e pelas consequências decorrentes de possíveis mudanças. (AU)

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the opinion of pupils' parents regarding the management models (self-management and outsourcing) of the Brazilian School Meals Program - PNAE. A sample, involving 196 parents of pupils enrolled in two schools in the city of Piracicaba/São Paulo State was adopted in 2006. 1n one of the schools, the city hall assumed the management of the program, and in the other, as an experiment, the school meals were outsourced to a company specialized in food services. The parents' opinions were identified using a self-reported questionnaire. Most of the parents (n = 134, 70.6%) evaluated the quality of the school meals as positive. About 70% (n = 107) of the parents whose children had attended schools where the PNAE was under the management of the city hall, declared that the program was well-managed by the government. When asked about the possibility of the program being outsourced for all the schools in the city, the majority of the parents (52.1%) said they were indifferent to the process, which could reflect ignorance about the management models and/or a relative disinterest in the PNAE and in the consequences related to possible changes. (AU)

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Analisa-se o estado nutricional, bem como alguns de seus condicionantes, de 257 escolares, com 7 a 13 anos de idade, matriculados nos

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The objective of this study was to describe the availability of carotenoids in households located in rural and urban areas of Brazil and in major regions. For the analyzes, we used the results obtained by Morato and Silva (2008) based on microdata from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (?IBGE?) through the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) ? 2002/2003 data and the CES ? 2008/2009 data. The information in the table of the United States Department of Agriculture was adopted for calculation and analysis of carotenoids availability. The nutritional calculations were made possible through the use of the SAS software. The results showed that beta-carotene stood out among the carotenoids, with increased availability in recent years. With regard to alpha-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin, the results indicated that Brazilian families had access to limited quantities of such substances. Regarding lycopene, it was possible to observe that this carotenoid showed higher average availability in households located in urban areas, with 64.2% availability increase between the two surveys. The highest available lutein and zeaxanthin were identified in households of the rural areas. Regarding pro-vitamin-A carotenoids (beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin), average availability growth was noted in Brazilian households between the two studies. The average availability of carotenoids in Brazilian households was considered reduced despite the increase of 51.8% identified in the interval between the two surveys. The availability of carotenoids for the population, based on the data captured from the CES ? 2008/2009, showed significant increase; however, it is evident that it is not substantial in the Brazilian households.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la disponibilidad de carotenoides en los hogares ubicados en las zonas rurales y urbanas de las principales regiones de Brasil. Para el análisis se utilizaron los resultados obtenidos por Morato y Silva (2008) sobre la base de microdatos del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística a través de la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares (POF) 2002-2003 y datos POF-2008-2009. Para el cálculo y análisis de la disponibilidad de carotenoides se usó la información de la tabla del Departamento de Agricultura de EE.UU. Los cálculos estadísticos se hicieron con el software SAS. Los resultados demostraron que el beta-caroteno se destacó entre los carotenoides, con mayor disponibilidad en los últimos años. Las familias brasileñas tuvieron poco acceso al alfa-caroteno y a la beta-criptoxantina. Se observó, en media, una mayor disponibilidad de licopeno (64,2% de aumento) en los hogares ubicados en zonas urbanas. La luteína y la zeaxantina estuvieron más disponibles en los hogares de las zonas rurales. La disponibilidad de la pro-vitamina A (beta-caroteno, alfa-caroteno, beta-criptoxantina) creció en los hogares brasileños entre los dos estudios. La disponibilidad media de los carotenoides en la población mostró un aumento significativo (51,8% de aumento) en base a los datos de la POF-2008-2009. Sin embargo, a pesar del incremento identificado en el intervalo entre las encuestas, esa disponibilidad no es significativa en los hogares brasileños y se muestra, aún, reducida.

O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever a disponibilidade de carotenoides nos domicílios localizados nas áreas rurais e urbanas do Brasil e nas grandes Regiões. Para as análises, foram utilizados os resultados obtidos por Morato e Silva (2008) baseados nos microdados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística por meio da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 2002-2003 e os dados da POF- 2008-2009. As informações contidas na tabela do United States of Department Agriculture foram adotadas para os cálculos e análise da disponibilidade de carotenoides. Os cálculos nutricionais foram viabilizados por meio da utilização do software SAS. Os resultados mostraram que o betacaroteno se destacou entre os carotenoides, com aumento da disponibilidade nos anos mais recentes. No tocante ao alfacaroteno e a betacriptoxantina, as análises indicaram que as famílias brasileiras tiveram acesso a reduzidas quantidades das referidas substâncias. Em relação ao licopeno, verificou-se que esse carotenoide apresentou maior disponibilidade média nos domicílios localizados nas áreas urbanas, com aumento de 64,2% da disponibilidade entre as duas pesquisas. Os maiores conteúdos disponíveis de luteína e zeaxantina foram identificados nos domicílios das áreas rurais. No que se refere aos carotenoides provitamínicos A (betacaroteno, alfacaroteno, betacriptoxantina), notou-se crescimento da disponibilidade média nos domicílios brasileiros entre os dois estudos. A disponibilidade média de carotenoides totais nos domicílios brasileiros mostrou-se reduzida apesar do aumento de 51,8% identificado no intervalo entre as pesquisas. A disponibilidade de carotenoides para a população apresentou um importante aumento, captado com base nos dados da POF 2008-2009. No entanto, é evidente que se revela pouco expressiva nos domicílios brasileiros.

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