RESUMO
We aimed to develop and validate the Unesp-Botucatu goat acute pain scale (UGAPS). Thirty goats (5 negative controls and 25 submitted to orchiectomy) were filmed for 7 min at the time points 24 h before and 2 h, 3 h (1 h after analgesia), and 24 h after orchiectomy. After content validation, according to an ethogram and literature, four blind observers analyzed the videos randomly to score the UGAPS, repeating the same assessment in 30 days. According to the confirmatory factor analysis, the UGAPS is unidimensional. Intra- and interobserver reliability was very good for all raters (Intraclass correlation coefficient ≥85%). Spearman's correlation between UGAPS versus VAS was 0.85 confirming the criterion validity. Internal consistency was 0.60 for Cronbach's α Cronbach and 0.67 for McDonald's ω. The item-total correlation was acceptable for 80% of the items (0.3-0.7). Specificity and sensitivity based on the cut-off point were 99% and 90%, respectively. The scale was responsive and demonstrated construct validity shown by the increase and decrease of scores after surgery pain and analgesia, respectively. The cut-off point for rescue analgesia is ≥3 of 10, with an area under the curve of 95.27%. The UGAPS presents content, criterion, and construct validities, responsiveness, and reliability to assess postoperative pain in castrated goats.
RESUMO
Aquapuncture (AqP) consists of a water or saline solution injection into acupoints. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aquapuncture on post-operative analgesia in bitches submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy (OHE). The study was prospective, randomised, and blinded for pain assessment. Sixteen dogs were randomly distributed in two groups of eight animals each. All animals were sedated with 0.05 mg kg-1 of acepromazine intramuscularly (IM), 30 minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia with propofol and maintenance with isoflurane. Eight animals underwent bilateral acupoint injection with 0.1 ml of 0.9% saline (AqP) at Gall Bladder 34, Stomach 36, Liver 3 and Spleen 6 acupoints 15 minutes after sedation. Pain score was investigated after 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 8 and 24 hours post-operatively and was compared with a control untreated group of eight animals. Morphine, at 0.5 mg kg-1 IM, was administered when the numerical rating scale was above 33% of the maximum value, in order to control post-operative pain in both groups. There were no differences in cardiorespiratory variables and pain and sedation scores between the groups. Seven (87.5%) animals from the control group required rescue analgesia at the first two postoperative hours and five (62.5%) animals treated with AqP required rescue analgesia, however, only one (12.5%) animal was treated at the first two hours and the remaining animals were treated from 5 hours after surgery. Aquapuncture produced residual analgesia up to 5 h after surgery and may be an option for post-operative analgesia in bitches undergoing OHE, providing that pain is assessed and rescue analgesia administered if necessary.
A aquapuntura (AqP) é uma técnica que consiste na injeção de solução fisiológica ou água destilada em pontos de acupuntura. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da AqP na analgesia pós-operatória em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva (OHE). O estudo foi prospectivo, aleatório e cego para avaliação da dor. Dezesseis cadelas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos de oito animais cada. Todos os animais foram sedados com 0.05 mg kg-1 de acepromazina por via intramuscular (IM), 30 minutos antes da indução à anestesia com propofol e manutenção com isoflurano. Oito animais foram submetidos à injeção bilateral com 0,1 mL de solução salina 0,9% (AqP) nos acupontos Vesícula Biliar 34, Estômago 36, Fígado 3 e Baço 6, 15 minutos após a sedação. A dor foi avaliada 0,5, 1, 2, 5, 8 e 24 horas após a cirurgia e comparada com um grupo controle não tratado, de oito animais. O resgaste analgésico foi realizado com 0,5 mg kg-1 de morfina IM quando o escore de dor foi superior a 33% do valor máximo em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferenças nas variáveis cardiorrespiratórias e escores de dor e de sedação entre os grupos. Sete (87,5%) animais do grupo controle necessitaram analgesia de resgate nas duas primeiras horas de pós-operatório e cinco (62,5%) animais tratados com AqP necessitaram analgesia de resgate, no entanto, tratou-se apenas um (12,5%) animal nas primeiras duas horas e tratou-se os demais apenas a partir de 5 horas após a cirurgia. A AqP produziu analgesia residual de até 5 horas após a cirurgia e pode ser uma opção para analgesia pós-operatória em cadelas submetidas à OHE, desde que a dor seja monitorada e o resgate analgésicoadministrado se necessário.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Cães , Acupuntura , Analgesia/veterinária , Histerectomia , Ovário/cirurgiaRESUMO
Aquapuncture (AqP) consists of a water or saline solution injection into acupoints. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aquapuncture on post-operative analgesia in bitches submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy (OHE). The study was prospective, randomised, and blinded for pain assessment. Sixteen dogs were randomly distributed in two groups of eight animals each. All animals were sedated with 0.05 mg kg-1 of acepromazine intramuscularly (IM), 30 minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia with propofol and maintenance with isoflurane. Eight animals underwent bilateral acupoint injection with 0.1 ml of 0.9% saline (AqP) at Gall Bladder 34, Stomach 36, Liver 3 and Spleen 6 acupoints 15 minutes after sedation. Pain score was investigated after 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 8 and 24 hours post-operatively and was compared with a control untreated group of eight animals. Morphine, at 0.5 mg kg-1 IM, was administered when the numerical rating scale was above 33% of the maximum value, in order to control post-operative pain in both groups. There were no differences in cardiorespiratory variables and pain and sedation scores between the groups. Seven (87.5%) animals from the control group required rescue analgesia at the first two postoperative hours and five (62.5%) animals treated with AqP required rescue analgesia, however, only one (12.5%) animal was treated at the first two hours and the remaining animals were treated from 5 hours after surgery. Aquapuncture produced residual analgesia up to 5 h after surgery and may be an option for post-operative analgesia in bitches undergoing OHE, providing that pain is assessed and rescue analgesia administered if necessary.(AU)
A aquapuntura (AqP) é uma técnica que consiste na injeção de solução fisiológica ou água destilada em pontos de acupuntura. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da AqP na analgesia pós-operatória em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva (OHE). O estudo foi prospectivo, aleatório e cego para avaliação da dor. Dezesseis cadelas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos de oito animais cada. Todos os animais foram sedados com 0.05 mg kg-1 de acepromazina por via intramuscular (IM), 30 minutos antes da indução à anestesia com propofol e manutenção com isoflurano. Oito animais foram submetidos à injeção bilateral com 0,1 mL de solução salina 0,9% (AqP) nos acupontos Vesícula Biliar 34, Estômago 36, Fígado 3 e Baço 6, 15 minutos após a sedação. A dor foi avaliada 0,5, 1, 2, 5, 8 e 24 horas após a cirurgia e comparada com um grupo controle não tratado, de oito animais. O resgaste analgésico foi realizado com 0,5 mg kg-1 de morfina IM quando o escore de dor foi superior a 33% do valor máximo em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferenças nas variáveis cardiorrespiratórias e escores de dor e de sedação entre os grupos. Sete (87,5%) animais do grupo controle necessitaram analgesia de resgate nas duas primeiras horas de pós-operatório e cinco (62,5%) animais tratados com AqP necessitaram analgesia de resgate, no entanto, tratou-se apenas um (12,5%) animal nas primeiras duas horas e tratou-se os demais apenas a partir de 5 horas após a cirurgia. A AqP produziu analgesia residual de até 5 horas após a cirurgia e pode ser uma opção para analgesia pós-operatória em cadelas submetidas à OHE, desde que a dor seja monitorada e o resgate analgésicoadministrado se necessário.(AU)