RESUMO
Interactions between different pest control methods can affect Integrated Pest Management efficiency. This study sought to evaluate (1) if Si accumulation is related to the level of constitutive resistance in sorghum genotypes, (2) the level of Si induces resistance by antibiosis in sorghum genotypes with different levels of constitutive resistance to Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (reared individualized or in colonies), and (3) the fitness of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) in aphids reared on Si-treated and untreated plants. Several experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions, using sorghum genotypes with different levels of resistance grown in pots with or without the addition of Si to the soil. The susceptible (BR007B), moderately resistant (GB3B), and highly resistant (TX430XGR111) genotypes all absorbed more Si when it was added to the soil compared with when it was not amended. However, the final Si content of treated plants was not related to the level of constitutive resistance among treated genotypes. While Si soil application did reduce the fecundity of individualized aphids reared on the susceptible and moderately resistant sorghum plants, it did not reduce populational growth of aphid colonies, independent of the level of plant's constitutive resistance. Parasitoid (L. testaceipes) had higher weight when reared from aphids fed on plants with added Si. Sorghum × constitutive resistance × S. graminum interactions were affected by plant Si content only for individualized aphids but not for aphid colonies. Sorghum × S. graminum × L. testaceipes interactions suggest that Si can have, overall, a positive effect on the biological control of S. graminum.
Assuntos
Afídeos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Silício/administração & dosagem , Sorghum/genética , Vespas/fisiologia , Animais , Afídeos/parasitologia , Fertilizantes , Genótipo , Crescimento Demográfico , Solo/químicaRESUMO
The oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) is a submaximal index incorporating cardiovascular, peripheral, and pulmonary factors that determine the ventilatory response to exercise. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of continuous exercise training and interval exercise training on the OUES in patients with coronary artery disease. Thirty-five patients (59.3±1.8 years old; 28 men, 7 women) with coronary artery disease were randomly divided into two groups: continuous exercise training (n=18) and interval exercise training (n=17). All patients performed graded exercise tests with respiratory gas analysis before and 3 months after the exercise-training program to determine ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT), respiratory compensation point, and peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2). The OUES was assessed based on data from the second minute of exercise until exhaustion by calculating the slope of the linear relation between oxygen uptake and the logarithm of total ventilation. After the interventions, both groups showed increased aerobic fitness (P<0.05). In addition, both the continuous exercise and interval exercise training groups demonstrated an increase in OUES (P<0.05). Significant associations were observed in both groups: 1) continuous exercise training (OUES and peak VO2 r=0.57; OUES and VO2 VAT r=0.57); 2) interval exercise training (OUES and peak VO2 r=0.80; OUES and VO2 VAT r=0.67). Continuous and interval exercise training resulted in a similar increase in OUES among patients with coronary artery disease. These findings suggest that improvements in OUES among CAD patients after aerobic exercise training may be dependent on peripheral and central mechanisms.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana/metabolismo , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Limiar Anaeróbio/fisiologia , Análise de Variância , Índice de Massa Corporal , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/fisiopatologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/reabilitação , Teste de Esforço/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Condicionamento Físico Humano/métodos , Esforço Físico/fisiologia , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Função Ventricular EsquerdaRESUMO
The oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) is a submaximal index incorporating cardiovascular, peripheral, and pulmonary factors that determine the ventilatory response to exercise. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of continuous exercise training and interval exercise training on the OUES in patients with coronary artery disease. Thirty-five patients (59.3±1.8 years old; 28 men, 7 women) with coronary artery disease were randomly divided into two groups: continuous exercise training (n=18) and interval exercise training (n=17). All patients performed graded exercise tests with respiratory gas analysis before and 3 months after the exercise-training program to determine ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT), respiratory compensation point, and peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2). The OUES was assessed based on data from the second minute of exercise until exhaustion by calculating the slope of the linear relation between oxygen uptake and the logarithm of total ventilation. After the interventions, both groups showed increased aerobic fitness (P<0.05). In addition, both the continuous exercise and interval exercise training groups demonstrated an increase in OUES (P<0.05). Significant associations were observed in both groups: 1) continuous exercise training (OUES and peak VO2 r=0.57; OUES and VO2 VAT r=0.57); 2) interval exercise training (OUES and peak VO2 r=0.80; OUES and VO2 VAT r=0.67). Continuous and interval exercise training resulted in a similar increase in OUES among patients with coronary artery disease. These findings suggest that improvements in OUES among CAD patients after aerobic exercise training may be dependent on peripheral and central mechanisms.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/metabolismo , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/fisiopatologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/reabilitação , Limiar Anaeróbio/fisiologia , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Análise de Variância , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Teste de Esforço/métodos , Esforço Físico/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Humano/métodos , Hipertensão/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Nearly 60% of Paracoccidioides lutzii genes encode products annotated as hypothetical or predicted proteins (HPs). In this study, we describe the global detection and functional inference of HPs, using computational methods based on sequence similarity, identification of targeting signals, presence of known protein domains, and use of the Gene Ontology functional classification scheme. Our analysis enabled a high-throughput characterization of predicted cellular localization and presence of protein domains, clustering HPs into different functional categories including metabolism, localization, cell cycle, response to stimulus, and signaling. To investigate P. lutzii HP expression profiles, we used data obtained from the expressed sequence tag database (dbEST). These analyses revealed 2364 HPs expressed in different situations, namely in mycelial and yeast forms, during the transition from mycelium to yeast, and under conditions mimicking infection. Based on this transcriptomic data, we performed a functional enrichment analysis according to the domains present in the HPs expressed in each condition. The most overrepresented functional domains were those involved in the regulation of gene expression, suggesting important and as yet undescribed roles for these HPs in the adaptation of P. lutzii to environmental conditions. In addition, the expression profiles of six randomly selected HPs were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in order to verify their expression in the complementary DNA libraries analyzed in this investigation. The approach used in this study should improve functional characterization of P. lutzii HPs.
Assuntos
Etiquetas de Sequências Expressas , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Paracoccidioides/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica , Biblioteca Gênica , Micélio/genéticaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) from pigs of different production categories and from different pig farms in South Brazil. A total of 170 porcine faecal samples from breeder sows, boars, suckling piglets, weaned and growing pigs were collected from 14 pig farms. The faecal samples were screened by nested RT-PCR using primers targeting the ORF2 region of HEV genome. The samples that were positive from this screening were used in a nested RT-PCR targeting the ORF1 region. The screening detected HEV RNA in 62.5% of the pig farms and in 15.3% of the faecal samples. In 15 faecal samples, it was possible to amplify the HEV RNA with both the ORF1 and ORF2 regions. The phylogenetic analyses obtained for both ORFs confirmed that all of the Brazilian swine HEV isolates clustered with genotype 3b, the same genotype described previously in humans in Brazil.
Assuntos
Vírus da Hepatite E/genética , Hepatite E/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Fezes/virologia , Feminino , Genótipo , Hepatite E/epidemiologia , Hepatite E/virologia , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , Filogenia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The increasing use of antimicrobial agents such as sulfonamides by the pig industry is of concern, since residues in both pork and its by-products, when derived from animals treated improperly, can endanger human health. The aim of this study was to establish the production conditions and to evaluate the homogeneity and the stability of sulfamethazine in porcine liver quality control material, produced 'in-house' for use in ring tests of the laboratory network of residues and contaminants of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Brazil. In the process of preparing the material, a FOSS blender was used, where the samples were ground to obtain a homogeneous mass, which was packed in polypropylene bottles. The material resulting from this process of homogenisation was sampled and analysed by LC/MS/MS. The analytical results were statistically evaluated by one-way ANOVA. According to statistical evaluation, the material produced was considered homogeneous, with 95% confidence. Stability tests were performed with the bottles stored under the specified storage conditions. They were randomly selected and analysed in duplicate by the same analytical method as the homogeneity study. The analytical results were statistically evaluated by the procedures for a stability check described in ISO 13528:2005, indicating that the material was unstable under the conditions of storage.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Sulfametazina/análise , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/normas , Brasil , Cromatografia Líquida , Resíduos de Drogas/análise , Resíduos de Drogas/normas , Contaminação de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Contaminação de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Humanos , Fígado/química , Carne/análise , Controle de Qualidade , Padrões de Referência , Sulfametazina/normas , Sus scrofa , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Drogas Veterinárias/análise , Drogas Veterinárias/normasRESUMO
Iron accumulation in the brain has been associated to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. We have previously demonstrated that iron overload in the neonatal period results in severe and persistent memory deficits in adult rats. Alterations in histone acetylation have been associated with memory deficits in models of neurological disorders. Here we examine histone acetylation in the brain and the effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) sodium butyrate (NaB) on memory in the neonatal iron overload model in rats. Rats received vehicle or 30.0-mg/kg Fe⺲ orally at postnatal days 12-14. When animals reached adulthood, they were given training in either novel object recognition or inhibitory avoidance. Histone acetylation in the dorsal hippocampus and the effects of NaB were examined in separate sets of rats. Iron overload led to a reduction in H3 lysine 9 acetylation in the hippocampus, without affecting the acetylation of other H3 and H4 lysine residues. A single systemic injection of NaB (1.2 g/kg) immediately after training ameliorated iron-induced memory impairments. The results suggest that a reduction in H3K9 acetylation might play a role in iron-induced memory impairment and support the view that HDACis can rescue memory dysfunction in models of brain disorders.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Butiratos/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/uso terapêutico , Histonas/metabolismo , Ferro/efeitos adversos , Lisina/metabolismo , Transtornos da Memória , Acetilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Variância , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Aprendizagem da Esquiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Transtornos da Memória/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos da Memória/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos da Memória/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Reconhecimento Psicológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
Caracterizaram-se as respostas clínicas, hematológicas, bioquímicas e hormonais de 71 bovinos F2 (½ Gir x ½ Holandês), 39 machos e 32 fêmeas, entre 14 e 20 meses de idade, submetidos a condições de termoneutralidade (22ºC a 70 por cento de umidade relativa) e ao estresse calórico (42ºC e 60 por cento de umidade relativa). Os tratamentos foram realizados nas estações de verão e inverno em câmara bioclimática. Ao exame clínico, todos os animais apresentaram salivação e retração de globo ocular. Os animais apresentaram aumento do número de eritrócitos, concentração de hemoglobina, hematócrito, proteínas totais, ureia, creatinina, sódio, potássio, cloretos, cortisol, pH e densidade urinária e matéria seca das fezes no período de estresse calórico (P<0,05). O aumento de todas essas variáveis foi mais acentuado no verão (P<0,05). Os valores de γ-glutamil transferase e aspatato aminotransferase aumentaram no período da tarde no verão (P<0,05), e a concentração sérica de potássio foi constante entre estações (P>0,05). Concluiu-se que as variáveis hematológicas, bioquímicas e hormonais, bem como as características fenotípicas, revelaram-se importantes para caracterizar o estresse calórico em bovinos.(AU)
Clinical, haemathological, biochemical, and hormonal parameters were characterized in 39 males and 32 females crossbred cattle (½ Holstein x ½ Gir), averaging 14 to 20 months of age, submitted to thermoneutrality (22ºC and 70 percent of RH) and heat stress (42ºC and 60 percent RH) in summer and winter in climatic chamber. At clinical examination, all animals presented salivation and ocular globe retraction. Under heat stress, animals increased erythrocytes count, hemoglobin total concentration, hematocrit, concentraction of total proteins, urea, creatinin, sodium, potassium, chlorides, cortisol, urinary pH and density, and dry matter of feces (P<0.05). The increase of all these variables was more evident in the summer. The values of γ-glutamil transferase and aspartate aminotransferase increased under stress only in the summer (P<0.05), been potassium blood concentration constant during the seasons (P>0.05). It was concluded that hematology, biochemical, and hormonal parameters are important to characterize the heat stress in cattle.(AU)
Assuntos
Bovinos , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor , Bioquímica , Testes Hematológicos , Hormônios/análise , Hormônios/fisiologiaRESUMO
Caracterizaram-se o pelame, a taxa de sudação e os parâmetros histológicos de 71 bovinos F2 (½ Gir x ½ Holandês), 39 machos e 32 fêmeas, entre 14 e 20 meses de idade, submetidos a condições de termoneutralidade (22ºC e 70 por cento de umidade relativa - UR) e ao estresse calórico (42ºC e 60 por cento UR). Os tratamentos foram realizados nas estações de verão e inverno em câmara bioclimática. O comprimento dos pelos e a espessura da capa foram maiores no inverno que no verão, sendo de 1,58 e 1,04cm e 5,31 e 3,91mm, respectivamente (P<0,05). A histologia da pele mostrou que, no verão, a área da glândula sudorípara e a distância da glândula ao epitélio foram menores que no inverno, sendo de 2589 e 4051µm e 294 e 344µm, respectivamente (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que a estação do ano influencia as características de pelame, o posicionamento e a atividade das glândulas sudoríparas de forma a maximizar o controle da homeostase térmica.(AU)
Coat thickness, sweat rate, and histological parameters were characterized in 39 males and 32 females crossbred cattle (½ Holstein x ½ Gir), averaging 14 to 20 months of age, submitted to thermoneutrality (22ºC and 70 percent of relative humidity - RH) and heat stress (42ºC and 60 percent RH) in summer and winter in a climatic chamber. Fur length and coat thickness were significantly higher in summer than winter, 1.58 and 1.04cm and 5.31 and 3.91mm, respectively (P<0.05). Skin histology showed that sweat gland area and distance of gland to epithelium was shorter in summer than in winter, 2,589 and 4,051µm and 294 and 344µm, respectively (P<0.05). It was concluded that the season influenced the coat thickness, the sweat glands disposal and activity to maximize thermic homeostasis control.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Sudorese , Meteorologia , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/fisiopatologia , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/veterinária , Bovinos/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of prenatal exposure to cocaine in a sample of newborns using two methods: fluorescence polarization immunoassay and interview with the mother. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out in a university teaching hospital. The population included all live births between March 23, 1999 and June 01, 1999 (n=847). Exposure was determined by a benzoylecgonine-positive meconium specimen and/or by a positive interview with the mother. RESULTS: The prevalence of prenatal exposure to cocaine in this sample was 2.4% (16 cases) according to the interviews, and 3.4% (25 cases) according to the meconium analysis. A rate of 4.6% (34 cases) was found when both methods were associated. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that the meconium test was more effective than the maternal interview for the diagnosis of prenatal exposure to cocaine. The meconium analysis enhanced diagnostic chances by 53.4%, compared to 26% in the case of maternal interview.