RESUMO

Currently, permanent catheters (pCVC) are becoming an alternative vascular access for long-stay patients in whom arteriovenous access cannot be made. Occlusion is a commun mechanical complication related to pCVC, leading to inadequate dialysis dose and frequent changes of local catheter location, which can cause exclusion of vascular sites. The aim of this study was to perform a narrative review of treatment of pCVC thrombotic occlusion in HD patients. The treatment of CVCP thrombosis typically consists on the saline infusion or administration of thrombolytics such as tissue plasminogen activated, reteplase and urokinase. There are few studies on the use of alteplase in pCVC clogged in oncology area and in dialysis population, and they all report success with the use of thrombolytic therapy ranging from 80-95% of cases, using 1mg/ml. Due to the high cost of alteplase, studies have suggested that cryopreservation and fractionated alteplase dose have made its use financially viable.

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RESUMO

Resumo Atualmente, cateteres venosos permanentes (CVCp) estão se tornando cada vez mais uma alternativa de acesso vascular de longa permanência para pacientes nos quais o acesso arteriovenoso não pode ser confeccionado, sendo a oclusão trombótica complicação mecânica comum. Essa complicação pode ocasionar mudanças frequentes dos locais de cateter, eliminando os sítios vasculares. Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão narrativa do manejo da oclusão trombótica de CVCp na população em HD. O tratamento da trombose de CVC consiste em infusão de solução salina ou na administração de trombolíticos como plasminogênio tecidual ativado, reteplase ou uroquinase. Há poucos estudos sobre o uso de alteplase em CVCp obstruídos na população em diálise, e todos eles relatam sucesso entre 80 a 95% dos casos com uso de trombolítico na dose de 1 mg/ml. Por tratar-se de medicamento de custo elevado, estudos sugerem que a criopreservação e o fracionamento da alteplase tornam o uso financeiramente viável.

Abstract Currently, permanent catheters (pCVC) are becoming an alternative vascular access for long-stay patients in whom arteriovenous access cannot be made. Occlusion is a commun mechanical complication related to pCVC, leading to inadequate dialysis dose and frequent changes of local catheter location, which can cause exclusion of vascular sites. The aim of this study was to perform a narrative review of treatment of pCVC thrombotic occlusion in HD patients. The treatment of CVCP thrombosis typically consists on the saline infusion or administration of thrombolytics such as tissue plasminogen activated, reteplase and urokinase. There are few studies on the use of alteplase in pCVC clogged in oncology area and in dialysis population, and they all report success with the use of thrombolytic therapy ranging from 80-95% of cases, using 1mg/ml. Due to the high cost of alteplase, studies have suggested that cryopreservation and fractionated alteplase dose have made its use financially viable.

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RESUMO

Thrombosis of tunneled central venous catheters (CVC) in hemodialysis (HD) patients is common and it can lead to the elimination of vascular sites. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of thrombotic obstruction of tunneled CVC in HD patients and the efficacy of occlusion treatment with alteplase use, and identify factors associated with thrombotic occlusion. It was a prospective cohort study performed in two centers which evaluated the diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic occlusion of CVC in HD patients for 24 consecutive months. The catheter occlusion was defined as the difficulty infusing or withdrawing fluid from their paths. Alteplase dose was infused to fill the lumen of the occluded catheter and remained for 50 min. As there was no obstruction of the catheter, the procedure was repeated. Three hundred and thirty-nine CVC in 247 patients were evaluated and followed, totalling 67,244 CVC-days. One hundred fifty-seven patients had only one CVC, 88 patients had two CVC during the study, and two patients had three CVC. The median age was 58 (47-66) years, patients were predominantly men (54%), with diabetic nephropathy as the main cause of chronic kidney disease (44%), the internal jugular vein as the main site of implantation (82%), and duration of dialysis before CVC implantation of 119 (41.5 to 585.5) days. Eight hundred and fifteen occlusion episodes were diagnosed (12 episodes/1000 CVC-days), with primary success with alteplase in 596 episodes (77%) and secondary in 81 cases (10%). In 99 episodes (13%), success was not achieved after the second dose of alteplase. Two hundred and thirty CVC were removed during the study and the removal causes were arteriovenous fistula use in 88 patients (38.3%), infectious and mechanical complications in 89 (38.7%) and 21 (9.1%), respectively, and others (transplantation, transfer, or death) in 32 patients (13.9%). Adverse effects were also not observed. In the multivariate analysis, we identified the greatest number of days with CVC (OR = 1.02, CI = 1.01-1.04, P = 0.004), the presence of diabetes (OR = 1.560, CI = 1.351-1.894, P = 0.015), and exit site infection (ESI) (OR = 1.567 CI = 1347-1926, P = 0.023) as factors associated with obstruction. Thrombotic occlusion showed frequent mechanical complication in CVC of HD patients. We observed 12 episodes of obstruction per 1000 CVC-days, with a high success rate after alteplase use (87%). In the multivariate analysis, the time with CVC, the presence of diabetes, and ESI were identified as variables associated with thrombotic obstruction.

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RESUMO

Vascular access is the major risk factor for bacteremia, hospitalization, and mortality among hemodialysis (HD) patients. The type of vascular access most associated with bloodstream infection is central venous catheter (CVC). The incidence of catheter-related bacteremia ranges between 0.6 and 6.5 episodes per 1000 catheter days and increases linearly with the duration of catheter use. Given the high prevalence of CVC use and its direct association with catheter-related bacteremia, which adversely impacts morbidity and mortality rates and costs among HD patients, several prevention measures aimed at reducing the rates of CVC-related infections have been proposed and implemented. As a result, a large number of clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses have been conducted in order to assess the effectiveness, clinical applicability, and long-term adverse effects of such measures. In the following article, prophylactic measures against CVC-related infections in HD patients and their possible advantages and limitations will be discussed, and the more recent literature on clinical experience with prophylactic antimicrobial lock therapy in HD CVCs will be reviewed.

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Despite their propensity for significant infectious and mechanical complications, tunneled central venous catheters (CVCs) have become a common means of vascular access in the world for patients requiring chronic hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease. The objective of this study was to explore if cryopreserved solutions of the thrombolytic agent alteplase could be used as an effective, safe, and economically reasonable alternative in hemodialysis patients with occluded tunneled CVC. Patients requiring chronic hemodialysis and presenting with occluded tunneled CVC received a sufficient volume of the alteplase solution to fill the occluded catheter. To make alteplase economically feasible, it was diluted to 1-mg/mL aliquots and they were stored at -20°C until use. Eighty-one patients accounting for 179 attempted clearances were assessable for efficacy. One hundred forty-seven (82.1%) of the 179 catheter clearance attempts resulted in successful catheter clearance after one dose. Twenty-seven (15.1%) of all occluded CVCs were successful after two doses whereas five (2.8%) were not. No adverse events were reported. Cryopreserved 1-mg/mL aliquots of alteplase are safe and effective in the clearance of occluded CVC for hemodialysis patients.

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RESUMO

Hemodiálise (HD) é modalidade de terapia renal substitutiva mais amplamente utilizada no mundo, sendo necessária a disponibilidade de acesso vascular adequado para sua realização. Atualmente, o número de cateteres venosos centrais (CVC) tem aumentado como forma de acesso vascular, paralelamente ao envelhecimento da população em diálise e presença de comorbidades como diabetes mellitus. Apesar da vantagem de obtenção imediata de acesso, a forte associação do CVC com infecções de corrente sanguínea (ICS) e consequente elevada morbi-mortalidade vem direcionando diversos estudos com a finalidade de prevenção dos eventos infecciosos relacionados ao uso de CVC na população em HD. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a eficácia do uso de antibioticoterapia em lock (gentamicina e cefazolina) na redução de ICS relacionada a cateteres tunelizados em pacientes em HD e identificar os efeitos adversos da lock terapia. Estudo prospectivo, não randomizado, realizado em dois centros para avaliação de lock terapia profilática em cateteres tunelizados nos pacientes em HD seguidos por 25 meses consecutivos e divididos em 2 grupos de acordo com o tipo de tratamento em lock prescrito e o serviço de HD de origem: grupo controle (GC=126 pacientes: heparina 5.000 UI/ml) e grupo intervenção (GI=107 pacientes: cefazolina 10mg/ml + gentamicina 5mg/ml + heparina 5000 UI/ml). Os dois grupos foram semelhantes quanto ao sexo, idade, doença de base, comorbidades, tempo em HD e sítio de implante de cateter. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos quanto à densidade de incidência de ICS (GI=0,57 eventos por 1000 cateteres-dia x GC=1,74, p=0.005), sobrevida livre de ICS (log-rank=17,62 no GI, p<0,0001) e número de dias com cateter (GC= 171 dias (79-256) x GI = 203 dias (111,5-326), p=0,015)...

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