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SUMMARY: This study aimed to construct three-dimensional (3D) anatomical models of the tongue of domestic mammals of veterinary interest. The tongues were obtained from the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Veterinary Macroscopic Anatomy in the Surgery Department of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo. Tongues from a cow, dog, horse, and pig were selected for scanning and creation of the 3D-printed models. The printer used a filamentous thermoplastic material, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), which was deposited together with a support resin. In addition to the printing of models, an interactive 3D PDF was generated, creating a didactic collection for students. The anatomical characteristics and peculiarity of the tongues were easily identified in the scanned and printed images. The 3D scanning and printing offered an innovative method of visualizing different anatomical structures and, together with the existing methods, can optimize anatomy teaching in an educational context.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo construir modelos anatómicos tridimensionales (3D) de la lengua de mamíferos domésticos de interés veterinario. Las lenguas se obtuvieron de la colección didáctica del Laboratorio de Anatomía Macroscópica Veterinaria del Departamento de Cirugía de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad de São Paulo. Se seleccionaron lenguas de vaca, perro, caballo y cerdo para escanear y crear los modelos impresos en 3D. La impresora utilizó un material termoplástico filamentoso, acrilonitrilo-butadieno-estireno (ABS), que se depositó junto con una resina de soporte. Además de la impresión de modelos, se generó un PDF 3D interactivo, creando una colección didáctica para los estudiantes. Las características anatómicas y la peculiaridad de las lenguas se identificaron fácilmente en las imágenes escaneadas e impresas. El escaneo e impresión 3D ofrecieron un método innovador para visualizar diferentes estructuras anatómicas y, junto con los métodos existentes, puede optimizar la enseñanza de la anatomía en un contexto educativo.

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Background: The 3D printer came in the 1980s. Since then, its innovation has allowed its use in many areas suchas: engineering, art, industry, education and medicine. The scanning and 3D printing of anatomical components hasgained relevance in recent years due to the advancement in the technology of scanning equipment and 3D printers.Since 3D models are useful in several areas of health, the present study aimed to standardize the three-dimensionalscanning and printing of the coxal bones and the long ones of the pelvic limbs of dogs. The aim was to build a dynamic3D digital collection, as well as generate templates for didactic use, or for use in both prostheses and orthopedicsurgical planning.Materials, Methods & Results: In present study, a 3D macroscopic scanning system, Creaform brand Go! Scan 3D modeland a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printer (Stratasys Mojo Printer) were used. After proper maceration of thebones under study, these were scanned, edited, printed and washed. Replicas of the coxal and left femur, tibia and fibulabones were obtained, as well as generating digital files that can be converted into PDFs.Discussion: From the models scanned in 3D, a dynamic digital collection was built for anatomical study, which can beused to complement practical classes. The creation of a collection of anatomical pieces printed in 3D can reduce the useof cadavers in class. The printed material can also be used as a template for orthopedic surgical planning or serve as abasis for the manufacture of prostheses, contributing to the improvement of the surgical and orthopedic clinic. 3D printing can be successfully used in veterinary medicine through the production of prostheses for injured animals as well asfor surgical planning of orthopedic procedures. The scan allows the generation of a collection for bioprinting, just as thetomography does in medical practice. Such steps are important in the final generation of parts to be used for both...(AU)

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This research describes for the first time the complete morphology of the digestive apparatus of rock cavies. Dissection, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were performed. The oral cavity has: the hard palate without palatine wrinkles and the soft palate; the tongue composed by striated musculature, with presence of vallate, foliated, and fungiform papillae with taste buds and filiform papillae with mechanical function; and, 20 teeth of the hypsodonts type. Esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and the large intestine (cecum, colon, and rectum) are found. The anus is present at the end of the alimentary channel. Organs of digestive tube are composed by four tunics: mucosa, submucosa, muscular, and serosa. The duodenum, jejunum and ileum have villi. Jejunum, ileum and cecum present Lieberkühn crypts. The cecum has mucous glands. Colon and rectum are folded and have goblet cells. Anus presents sebaceous glands. As associated glands it is found the liver with six lobes and gallbladder; a lobulated pancreas; and a pair of each major salivary gland (parotid, mandibular, and sublingual). Parotid glands have serous acini and mandibular and sublingual glands have mucous acini. Pancreas has adenomers. The liver has hepatocytes and portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct (portal triad), separated by sinusoids. It is concluded that the digestive apparatus of the rock cavy has variations in the dentition, lingual papillae, and acini of the salivary glands when compared to other rodents. Other variations refer to the well-developed cecum characteristic of herbivorous behavior.

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Background: The 3D printer came in the 1980s. Since then, its innovation has allowed its use in many areas suchas: engineering, art, industry, education and medicine. The scanning and 3D printing of anatomical components hasgained relevance in recent years due to the advancement in the technology of scanning equipment and 3D printers.Since 3D models are useful in several areas of health, the present study aimed to standardize the three-dimensionalscanning and printing of the coxal bones and the long ones of the pelvic limbs of dogs. The aim was to build a dynamic3D digital collection, as well as generate templates for didactic use, or for use in both prostheses and orthopedicsurgical planning.Materials, Methods & Results: In present study, a 3D macroscopic scanning system, Creaform brand Go! Scan 3D modeland a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printer (Stratasys Mojo Printer) were used. After proper maceration of thebones under study, these were scanned, edited, printed and washed. Replicas of the coxal and left femur, tibia and fibulabones were obtained, as well as generating digital files that can be converted into PDFs.Discussion: From the models scanned in 3D, a dynamic digital collection was built for anatomical study, which can beused to complement practical classes. The creation of a collection of anatomical pieces printed in 3D can reduce the useof cadavers in class. The printed material can also be used as a template for orthopedic surgical planning or serve as abasis for the manufacture of prostheses, contributing to the improvement of the surgical and orthopedic clinic. 3D printing can be successfully used in veterinary medicine through the production of prostheses for injured animals as well asfor surgical planning of orthopedic procedures. The scan allows the generation of a collection for bioprinting, just as thetomography does in medical practice. Such steps are important in the final generation of parts to be used for both...

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Current study describes possible alterations of the terminal branches of dogs' abdominal aorta to determine their origin and compare them with other species. Thirty specimens of dogs (race not defined), 20 females and 10 males, varying in age and size, were used. The corpses were retrieved from previous practical classes at the veterinary anatomy laboratory of the Universidade de Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, Brazil. The dogs' femoral artery was dissected and catheterized by 10% formaldehyde injection and submerged for at least 48 hours in formalin-fixed vats for fixation. All animals were submitted to abdominal cavity access through the abdominal and lateral abdominal wall and later removed from the abdominal viscera to visualize the abdominal aorta and its terminal branches. Most of the animals under analysis presented, right and left external iliac artery, right and left internal iliac artery and a median sacral arteryas terminal branches of the abdominal aorta, whereas 9 dissected specimens showed a common trunk with internal iliac artery and medial sacral artery. Results show that there are variations among mammals with regard to the origins of terminal branches of the abdominal aorta.

Esse estudo teve o objetivo de descrever as possíveis alterações dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal dos cães determinando a sua origem e comparando com as demais espécies. Foram utilizados 30 exemplares de cães SRD com idade e portes variados, sendo destes 20 fêmeas e 10 machos, todos os cadáveres provenientes de aulas práticas anteriormente ministradas no laboratório de anatomia veterinária da universidade de Sorocaba-UNISO. Os cadáveres tiveram sua artéria femoral dissecada em seguida cateterizada para injeção de formaldeído a 10% e posteriormente foram mantidos submersos por no mínimo 48 horas em cubas com formol para fixação. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao acesso da cavidade abdominal através da retirada da parede abdominal ventral e lateral e posteriormente retirada das vísceras abdominais para visualização da aorta abdominal e seus ramos terminais. A maioria dos animais estudados apresentou como ramos terminais da aorta abdominal, artéria ilíaca externa direita e esquerda, artéria ilíaca interna direita e esquerda e uma artéria sacral mediana, enquanto 9 espécimes dissecados apresentaram um tronco comum onde surgiu a artéria ilíaca interna e artéria sacral mediana, concluindo-se que existem variações das origens dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal entre os mamíferos.

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Current study describes possible alterations of the terminal branches of dogs' abdominal aorta to determine their origin and compare them with other species. Thirty specimens of dogs (race not defined), 20 females and 10 males, varying in age and size, were used. The corpses were retrieved from previous practical classes at the veterinary anatomy laboratory of the Universidade de Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, Brazil. The dogs' femoral artery was dissected and catheterized by 10% formaldehyde injection and submerged for at least 48 hours in formalin-fixed vats for fixation. All animals were submitted to abdominal cavity access through the abdominal and lateral abdominal wall and later removed from the abdominal viscera to visualize the abdominal aorta and its terminal branches. Most of the animals under analysis presented, right and left external iliac artery, right and left internal iliac artery and a median sacral arteryas terminal branches of the abdominal aorta, whereas 9 dissected specimens showed a common trunk with internal iliac artery and medial sacral artery. Results show that there are variations among mammals with regard to the origins of terminal branches of the abdominal aorta.(AU)

Esse estudo teve o objetivo de descrever as possíveis alterações dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal dos cães determinando a sua origem e comparando com as demais espécies. Foram utilizados 30 exemplares de cães SRD com idade e portes variados, sendo destes 20 fêmeas e 10 machos, todos os cadáveres provenientes de aulas práticas anteriormente ministradas no laboratório de anatomia veterinária da universidade de Sorocaba-UNISO. Os cadáveres tiveram sua artéria femoral dissecada em seguida cateterizada para injeção de formaldeído a 10% e posteriormente foram mantidos submersos por no mínimo 48 horas em cubas com formol para fixação. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao acesso da cavidade abdominal através da retirada da parede abdominal ventral e lateral e posteriormente retirada das vísceras abdominais para visualização da aorta abdominal e seus ramos terminais. A maioria dos animais estudados apresentou como ramos terminais da aorta abdominal, artéria ilíaca externa direita e esquerda, artéria ilíaca interna direita e esquerda e uma artéria sacral mediana, enquanto 9 espécimes dissecados apresentaram um tronco comum onde surgiu a artéria ilíaca interna e artéria sacral mediana, concluindo-se que existem variações das origens dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal entre os mamíferos.(AU)

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Current study describes possible alterations of the terminal branches of dogs ́ abdominal aorta to determine their origin and compare them with other species. Thirty specimens of dogs (race not defined), 20 females and 10 males, varying in age and size, were used. The corpses were retrieved from previous practical classes at the veterinary anatomy laboratory of the Universidade de Sorocaba(UNISO), Sorocaba, Brazil. The dogs ́ femoral artery was dissected and catheterized by 10% formaldehyde injection and submerged for at least 48 hours in formalin-fixed vats for fixation. All animals were submitted to abdominal cavity access through the abdominal and lateral abdominal wall and later removed from the abdominal viscera to visualize the abdominal aorta and its terminal branches. Most of the animals under analysis presented, right and left external iliac artery, right and left internal iliac artery and a median sacral arteryas terminal branches of the abdominal aorta, whereas 9 dissected specimens showed a common trunk with internal iliac artery and medial sacral artery. Results show that there are variations among mammals with regard to the origins of terminal branches of the abdominal aorta.(AU)

Esse estudo teve o objetivo de descrever as possíveis alterações dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal dos cães determinando a sua origem e comparando com as demais espécies. Foram utilizados 30 exemplares de cães SRD com idade e portes variados, sendo destes 20 fêmeas e 10 machos, todos os cadáveres provenientes de aulas práticas anteriormente ministradas no laboratório de anatomia veterinária da universidade de Sorocaba-UNISO. Os cadáveres tiveram sua artéria femoral dissecada em seguida cateterizada para injeção de formaldeído a 10% e posteriormente foram mantidos submersos por no mínimo 48 horas em cubas com formol para fixação. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao acesso da cavidade abdominal através da retirada da parede abdominal ventral e lateral e posteriormente retirada das vísceras abdominais para visualização da aorta abdominal e seus ramos terminais. A maioria dos animais estudados apresentou como ramos terminais da aorta abdominal, artéria ilíaca externa direita e esquerda, artéria ilíaca interna direita e esquerda e uma artéria sacral mediana, enquanto 9 espécimes dissecados apresentaram um tronco comum onde surgiu a artéria ilíaca interna e artéria sacral mediana, concluindo-se que existem variações das origens dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal entre os mamíferos.(AU)

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Current study describes possible alterations of the terminal branches of dogs ́ abdominal aorta to determine their origin and compare them with other species. Thirty specimens of dogs (race not defined), 20 females and 10 males, varying in age and size, were used. The corpses were retrieved from previous practical classes at the veterinary anatomy laboratory of the Universidade de Sorocaba(UNISO), Sorocaba, Brazil. The dogs ́ femoral artery was dissected and catheterized by 10% formaldehyde injection and submerged for at least 48 hours in formalin-fixed vats for fixation. All animals were submitted to abdominal cavity access through the abdominal and lateral abdominal wall and later removed from the abdominal viscera to visualize the abdominal aorta and its terminal branches. Most of the animals under analysis presented, right and left external iliac artery, right and left internal iliac artery and a median sacral arteryas terminal branches of the abdominal aorta, whereas 9 dissected specimens showed a common trunk with internal iliac artery and medial sacral artery. Results show that there are variations among mammals with regard to the origins of terminal branches of the abdominal aorta.

Esse estudo teve o objetivo de descrever as possíveis alterações dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal dos cães determinando a sua origem e comparando com as demais espécies. Foram utilizados 30 exemplares de cães SRD com idade e portes variados, sendo destes 20 fêmeas e 10 machos, todos os cadáveres provenientes de aulas práticas anteriormente ministradas no laboratório de anatomia veterinária da universidade de Sorocaba-UNISO. Os cadáveres tiveram sua artéria femoral dissecada em seguida cateterizada para injeção de formaldeído a 10% e posteriormente foram mantidos submersos por no mínimo 48 horas em cubas com formol para fixação. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao acesso da cavidade abdominal através da retirada da parede abdominal ventral e lateral e posteriormente retirada das vísceras abdominais para visualização da aorta abdominal e seus ramos terminais. A maioria dos animais estudados apresentou como ramos terminais da aorta abdominal, artéria ilíaca externa direita e esquerda, artéria ilíaca interna direita e esquerda e uma artéria sacral mediana, enquanto 9 espécimes dissecados apresentaram um tronco comum onde surgiu a artéria ilíaca interna e artéria sacral mediana, concluindo-se que existem variações das origens dos ramos terminais da aorta abdominal entre os mamíferos.

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