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Abstract (1) Background: Oxygen supply is an important parameter to be considered in submerged cultures. This study evaluated the influence of different conditions for dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on laccases activities and growth of Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001 in submerged process in stirred-tank bioreactor. (2) Methods: Initially, three different conditions were tested: uncontrolled DO and minimum levels of 30% and 80% of saturation, with the pH controlled between 4.5 and 7.0. (3) Results: Best results were observed at 30% DO (26 U mL-1 of laccases at 96 h), whereas higher mycelial biomass was observed at 30% and 80% DO (above 4.5 g L-1). Four different conditions of DO (uncontrolled, 10%, 30% and 50% of saturation) were tested at pH 6.5, with higher laccases activity (80 U mL-1 at 66 h) and lower mycelial growth (1.36 g L-1 at 90 h) being achieved with DO of 30%. In this test, the highest values for volumetric productivity and specific yield factor were determined. Under the different pH conditions tested, the production of laccases is favoured at DO concentration of 30% of saturation, while superior DO levels favours fungal growth. (4) Conclusion: The results indicate that dissolved oxygen concentration is a critical factor for the culture of P. sajor-caju PS-2001 and has important effects not only on laccases production but also on fungal growth.

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(1) Background: In this study, the effects of different pH values ​​(2.4, 3.2, 4.4 and 5.0), temperatures (30, 35, 40, 45 and 50°C) and agitation (100 rpm) on the enzymatic decolourisation of twenty-two dyes belonging to the chromophore groups anthraquinone, azo and triphenylmethane were assessed. (2) Methods: In all conditions, it was used a crude enzyme broth containing 30 U mL-1 laccases produced by Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001 in submerged process. (3) Results: Regarding the effects of pH values, the best results were obtained at pH 3.2 and 30°C, in which bleaching was observed for all dyes evaluated. In assays conducted at different temperatures, highest levels of decolourisation were observed at 35°C and pH 3.2 for nineteen of the dyes assessed. Thirteen dyes presented colour reduction exceeding 50% after the enzymatic treatment, including all acid and all disperse dyes evaluated. The reciprocal agitation of 100 rpm promoted negative effect on decolourisation. (4) Conclusion: From the results achieved, one can conclude that the laccase-containing preparation of P. sajor-caju PS-2001 has potential for the decolourisation of some dyes widely used in different industrial sectors, especially in the textile industry, and therefore could be used in future strategies for the biotreatment of coloured wastes.

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Endo-polygalacturonase (endo-PG) production by Aspergillus niger T0005/007-2 in solid medium with 170 mm of height was evaluated in a cylindrical double surface bioreactor in 96-h experiments. Cell concentration close to 92 mg.g -¹ dm (mg per g of dry medium) in the standard condition (static) was achieved, whereas in tests under forced aeration of 1.4 and 2.8 L.min-1. Kg-1 mm (L of air per minute per Kg of moist medium) and with the central shaft fungal biomass attained approximately 100 mg.g-1 dm. Superior endo-PG activity was obtained with the central-shaft system, 78 U.g-1 dm (units per g of dry medium). Forced aeration and pressure pulse showed no positive effect on the production of endo-PG, 45 U.g-1 dm and 28 U.g-1 dm, respectively. None of the conditions evaluated was efficient for medium temperature control. Endo-PG was stable up to 40ºC. The activity decreased in 50 percent after 120 minutes at 50ºC, which is a temperature normally found during this process.

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The solid-state production of endo- and exo-polygalacturonases (PG) by Aspergillus niger was studied in a media containing wheat bran, salts, and different citric pectin and/or glucose concentrations. Kinetic analysis of the process indicated that the formation of PG and the growth of A. niger are associated processes. By increasing citric pectin from 0 to 16% (w/w), the maximum A. niger concentration (X (m)) was raised from 94 to 121 mg/g dry medium suggesting that pectin can be used by A. niger as a growth substrate besides its role as an inducer. With 16% (w/w) pectin, 281 U exo-PG/gdm and 152 U endo-PG/gdm were obtained. Otherwise, pectin concentrations from 20 to 30% (w/w) hindered both production and growth. A. niger concentrations of 108-113 mg/gdm were achieved in runs with glucose from 5 to 12% (w/w), whereas at 16 and 20% (w/w) glucose, lower X (m) values (ca. 100 mg/gdm) were measured. The addition of glucose to the wheat bran medium, up to 10% (w/w) led to maximum endo-PG titers slightly lower than those found in the absence of glucose. Nevertheless, exo-PG formation in these media was strongly increased and activities over 370 U/gdm were achieved. The results suggest that in experiments with pectin concentrations until 16% (w/w), exo-PG production was repressed by pectin-degradation products although these same substances had favored biomass growth. When glucose concentrations over 10% (w/w) were added to the media, the maximum activities of both enzymes decreased drastically, suggesting that glucose at high concentrations also exerts a repressive effect on PG production.

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Um meio líquido contendo farelo de trigo, sais e fonte de indutor (pectina) foi definido para a produção de exo e endo-poligalacturonases por Aspergillus oryzae CCT3940. A indução por pectina purificada foi significativamente maior que a observada com cascas de cítricos. O crescimento de A. oryzae é favorecido por valores de pH próximos a 4, embora uma queda até valor em torno de 3 seja necessária para a produção das enzimas. Posteriormente, atividades decrescentes foram observadas com a subida normal do pH até próximo à neutralidade. As maiores atividades foram alcançadas quando o processo foi iniciado em pH 4 e controlado quando decresceu até níveis ligeiramente abaixo de 3 (159 unidades.mL-1 para endo-PG, em 83 h, e 45 unidades.mL-1, em 64 h, para exo-PG), com a perda de atividades sendo drasticamente reduzida. Os melhores valores de pH e temperatura para a ação de exo-PG (4,5/57°C) e endo-PG (4,3/40ºC) foram estimados.

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Sorbitol e ácido glucônico são produzidos por células previamente cultivadas da bactéria produtora de etanol Zymomonas mobilis pela acão das enzimas periplasmáticas glicose-frutose oxidorredutase (GFOR) e glucono-d-lactonase (GL). A atividade de GFOR/GL em células a serem empregadas nesta bioconversão depende das condicões de crescimento. Em cultivo em regime descontínuo, com concentracões iniciais de glicose (S0) entre 42 e 230 g/L, as maiores atividades específica e total de GFOR/GL foram obtidas com S0 = 153 g/L (12,6 U/g de células e 62 U/L), enquanto maiores S0 levaram a atividades decrescentes em células não tratadas. Com S0 = 209 g/L, a atividade específica final foi de 7 U/g, mas, após a ruptura das células, atividade superior a 15 U/g foi medida. Uma vez que em descontínuo observou-se inibicão por substrato com S0 a partir de 153 g/L, ensaios em regime descontínuo alimentado, com glicose equivalente a 230 g/L em descontínuo, foram realizados. Embora a inibicão pelo substrato tenha sido superada, a atividade permaneceu baixa (5,2 U/g). Um novo ensaio em descontínuo alimentado, conduzido sob baixa pressão para remover o etanol do meio, resultou em atividade específica de 9,8 U/g e total de 68,7 U/L. Estes resultados indicam que as baixas atividades em células de Z. mobilis cultivadas com maiores S0 se deveram a mudancas na parede celular, provocadas por concentracões elevadas de etanol, que dificultaram o transporte de substrato para as enzimas intracelulares durante a bioconversão. Esta conclusão foi confirmada em ensaios de bioconversão com células provenientes de cultivos em diferentes condicões.

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