RESUMO
The gas-phase enthalpy of formation of cubane (603.4 ± 4 kJâ¯mol(-1)) was calculated using an explicitly correlated composite method (W1-F12). The result obtained for cubane, together with the experimental value for the enthalpy of sublimation, 54.8 ± 2.0 kJâ¯mol(-1), led to 548.6 ± 4.5 kJâ¯mol(-1) for the solid-phase enthalpy of formation. This value is only 6.8 kJâ¯mol(-1) higher than the 50-year-old original calorimetric result. The carbon-hydrogen bond dissociation enthalpy (C-H BDE) of cubane (438.4 ± 4 kJâ¯mol(-1)), together with properties relevant for its experimental determination using gas-phase ion thermochemistry, namely the cubane gas-phase acidity (1704.6 ± 4 kJâ¯mol(-1)), cubyl radical electron affinity (45.8 ± 4 kJâ¯mol(-1)), cubane ionization energy (1435.1 ± 4 kJâ¯mol(-1)), cubyl radical cation proton affinity (918.8 ± 4 kJâ¯mol(-1)), cubane cation appearance energy (1099.6 ± 4 kJâ¯mol(-1)), and cubyl ionization energy (661.2 ± 4 kJâ¯mol(-1)), were also determined. These values were compared with those calculated for unstrained hydrocarbons (viz., methane, ethane, and isobutane). The strain energy of cubane (667.2 kJâ¯mol(-1)) and cubyl radical (689.4 kJâ¯mol(-1)) were independently estimated via quasihomodesmotic reactions. These values were related via a simple model to the C-H BDE in cubane. Taking into account the accuracy of the computational method, the comparison with high-precision experimental results, and the data consistency afforded by the relevant thermodynamic cycles, we claim an uncertainty better than ±4 kJâ¯mol(-1) for the new enthalpy of formation values presented.
Assuntos
Ciclo-Octanos/análogos & derivados , Ciclo-Octanos/química , Ciclo-Octanos/síntese química , Teoria Quântica , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate vaginal microflora and interleukin-1ß (IL-ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations in the cervicovaginal fluid of a group of pregnant women in preterm labor when compared with a group of full-term pregnant women not yet in labor. METHOD: Case-control study performed in a University tertiary referral maternity in Campinas, Brazil with 45 pregnant women in preterm labor and 45 full-term pregnant women not in labor. All patients underwent speculum examination for the collection of cervicovaginal fluid. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) was diagnosed according to the criteria of Amsel and Nugent. Culture was performed for group B streptococcus (GBS) and lactobacilli, and hybrid capture assay for screening for chlamydial and gonococcal infection. Cytokine concentrations were measured using ELISA technique. Statistical analysis was performed using χ(2), Fisher's exact, and crude and adjusted odds ratios. Significance level was defined at 5%. The main outcome measures were cervicovaginal cytokines in preterm labor. RESULTS: IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly associated with preterm labor. The changes in vaginal microflora, as well as BV and GBS, were more frequent in women in preterm labor, although BV and GBS showed no statistical significance. The presence of Candida sp., absence of lactobacilli, positive screening for chlamydial and gonococcal infection and the presence of IL-1ß and TNF-α were not associated with preterm labor. CONCLUSIONS: IL-6 and IL-8 and the presence of any type of vaginal infection were the factors that were significantly associated with preterm labor.
Assuntos
Líquidos Corporais/imunologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Trabalho de Parto Prematuro/imunologia , Trabalho de Parto Prematuro/microbiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/microbiologia , Vagina/imunologia , Vagina/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Líquidos Corporais/química , Brasil , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Citocinas/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/microbiologia , Interleucina-1beta/análise , Interleucina-1beta/imunologia , Interleucina-6/análise , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Interleucina-8/análise , Interleucina-8/imunologia , Gravidez , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/análise , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologia , Vaginose Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to evaluate the cytopathological findings and vaginal flora in cervical smear samples from women using the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) for a period of up to 7 years. STUDY DESIGN: Postinsertion cytology examinations were conducted on 187 women who had an LNG-IUS inserted between April and September 1998 in the family planning clinic of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas. RESULTS: During the 7 years of follow-up, a high frequency of candidiasis was found from the fourth through the seventh year of use in comparison to the first year of use. No significant results were found with respect to cytopathological abnormalities or other microbiological alterations following insertion of the LNG-IUS. CONCLUSION: Use of the LNG-IUS had no effect on cervical smears over the 7-year follow-up period; however, an increase occurred in the frequency of candidiasis.
Assuntos
Colo do Útero/citologia , Dispositivos Intrauterinos Medicados/microbiologia , Vagina/microbiologia , Vaginite , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil , Anticoncepcionais Femininos/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Levanogestrel/administração & dosagem , Estudos Longitudinais , Esfregaço VaginalRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although surgery has been widely accepted as the treatment of choice for stress urinary incontinence (SUI), there has recently been an increased interest in the conservative management of this condition. The aims of this study were to test the ability of a biofeedback-assisted pelvic-floor muscle exercise (PFME) program to affect symptoms of SUI in premenopausal women and to evaluate a training program that might lead to successful outcomes in a relatively limited number of sessions. SUBJECTS: Twenty-six women with SUI were treated with PFME with surface electromyography (sEMG)-assisted biofeedback. All participants were of reproductive age and were treated individually for 12 sessions. METHODS: results were evaluated with a 7-day voiding diary, a 1-hour pad test, pelvic-floor muscle strength measurements, sEMG amplitudes, a leakage index, and a quality-of-life questionnaire. These variables were compared before and after the intervention. RESULTS: The frequency of urine loss, the occurrence of nocturia, and the number of pads required decreased significantly after the intervention. Objective cure was found in 61.5% of women. There was a significant improvement in the quality of life, in pelvic-floor muscle strength, and in the sEMG amplitudes of all contractions throughout the intervention. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A relatively short-term intervention of PFME with sEMG-assisted biofeedback appeared to be helpful in relieving symptoms of SUI in premenopausal women and represents a reasonable conservative management option.
Assuntos
Biorretroalimentação Psicológica , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Diafragma da Pelve , Incontinência Urinária por Estresse/reabilitação , Adulto , Eletromiografia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Contração Muscular , Força Muscular , Pré-Menopausa , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this descriptive study was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) between users of two kinds of once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives (CICs) and control subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study included 97 women aged between 20 and 45 years using CICs containing either 25 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate and 5 mg of estradiol cypionate for 12-82 months or 50 mg of norethindrone enanthate and 5 mg of estradiol valerate for 12-60 months, matched by age (+/-1 year) and body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)) (+/-1) with users of the TCu 380A intrauterine device as control subjects. BMD was evaluated at the midshaft of the ulna and at the distal section of the radius of the nondominant forearm using double X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: There was no difference in BMD between users of either CIC and nonusers at either section of the forearm studied. There was also no difference in BMD between users of the two CICs at either section of the forearm. CONCLUSIONS: Women aged between 20 and 45 years, currently using one of these two kinds of CICs, presented BMDs similar to those of control subjects paired by age and BMI.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Anticoncepcionais Femininos/administração & dosagem , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Estradiol/administração & dosagem , Estradiol/análogos & derivados , Feminino , Humanos , Injeções , Acetato de Medroxiprogesterona/administração & dosagem , Noretindrona/administração & dosagem , Noretindrona/análogos & derivados , Rádio (Anatomia) , UlnaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to analyze the association between bacterial vaginosis (BV) and squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL). Pap smears were analyzed to verify the presence of BV and SIL. One hundred and ten women with SIL comprised the study group, while 110 women with no cytological abnormalities served as controls. BV was similarly present in women of both groups: 18% of women with SIL and 12% of women without SIL. Results were also similar when the grade of SIL was taken into consideration. BV was detected in 16% of women with low-grade SIL and in 12% of women in the control group, while a higher rate of BV (33%) was found among women with high-grade SIL in comparison to the controls (12%). This difference, however, was not statistically significant. BV tended to be more common among women with high-grade SIL than in women with no cytological abnormalities.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/complicações , Displasia do Colo do Útero/complicações , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/complicações , Vaginose Bacteriana/complicações , Brasil/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Teste de Papanicolaou , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia , Esfregaço Vaginal , Vaginose Bacteriana/epidemiologia , Vaginose Bacteriana/patologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/patologiaRESUMO
A study was carried out in 135 women of reproductive age to evaluate the role of the Papanicolaou smear performed in cervical and vaginal samples for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV), to validate the method for this diagnosis and to evaluate the reproducibility of the criterion used. The cervical and vaginal smears were stained using the Papanicolaou method and evaluated by two separate observers. The finding of 20% or more clue cells was considered positive for the presence of BV. This diagnostic criterion presented a sensitivity of 87%, specificity of 94%, a positive predictive value of 81%, and a negative predictive value of 96%, both in cervical and vaginal samples. There was excellent agreement in the diagnosis of BV between the two observers (kappa, 0.87) and between cervical and vaginal samples (kappa, 0.92). Therefore, the presence of 20% or more clue cells in the Papanicolaou smear is an accurate and reproducible criterion for the diagnosis of BV and may be used in screening for this infection, eliminating the need for further vaginal sample collection.
Assuntos
Teste de Papanicolaou , Esfregaço Vaginal/métodos , Vaginose Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
AIM: To compare the effectiveness of an acid-buffering formulation gel (ACIDFORM) with metronidazole gel in the treatment of symptomatic bacterial vaginosis (BV). METHODS: After a confirmed diagnosis of BV according to the criteria established by Nugent and Amsel, 30 nonpregnant women were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind clinical study. The women were randomly assigned to receive either 5 g ACIDFORM gel (n = 13) or 10% metronidazole gel (n = 17) intravaginally once daily for five consecutive days. Participants were evaluated in two follow-up visits (7-12 days and 28-35 days after treatment). Therapeutic success was defined as the presence of less than three of Amsel's criteria. If three or more criteria were present at first or second follow-up visit, the woman was excluded from the study and treated orally with metronidazole. Nugent scores were recorded at each visit but these were not used to define cure. RESULTS: At the first follow-up visit, 15 (88%) of the women in the metronidazole group were cured compared with only three (23%) in the ACIDFORM group (P < 0.001). The remaining 12 women (10 of the ACIDFORM group and two of the metronidazole group) were considered as failure and were treated orally with metronidazole. At the second follow-up visit, two of the ACIDFORM-treated women and six of the metronidazole-treated women presented recurrent BV. Four women in the ACIDFORM group and one in the metronidazole group reported occasional burning and itching during product use. CONCLUSION: ACIDFORM gel was significantly less effective than high-dose metronidazole gel for the treatment of symptomatic BV.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Géis/uso terapêutico , Metronidazol/uso terapêutico , Vaginose Bacteriana/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Intravaginal , Adulto , Esquema de Medicação , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Humanos , Recidiva , Resultado do Tratamento , Cremes, Espumas e Géis Vaginais , Vaginose Bacteriana/diagnósticoRESUMO
Introdução: vaginose bacteriana é a mais freqüente causa de descarga vaginal em mulheres na idade reprodutiva. Entretanto, ainda não são totalmente conhecidas as causas que levam a esta desordem da flora vaginal. Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência de vaginose bacteriana em profissionais do sexo e não-profissionais do sexo e avaliar os fatores comportamentais e características da microbiota vaginal envolvidos na instalação da vaginose bacteriana nesta população. Métodos: este estudo de corte transversal envolveu 68 mulheres, sendo 20 profissionais do sexo e 48 não-profissionais do sexo (grupo-controle). As participantes foram submetidas a um exame ginecológico, no qual foram coletadas amostras cérvico-vaginais para medição do pH, teste do KOH, bacterioscopia corada pelo Gram e culturas para Gardnerella vaginalis, lactobacilos e bacteriófagos. As análises estatísticas foram expressas por meio do valor p e Odds ratio com intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento. Resultados: a prevalência de vaginose bacteriana foi 60 por cento entre as profissionais do sexo e 27 por cento no grupo controle e esta diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (OR=4.04, IC 95 por cento 1.19- 14.11). Variáveis como o hábito de realizar ducha vaginal, uso de preservativo e prática de sexo oral e anal foram significativamente mais freqüentes entre as profissionais do sexo (p<0.001). A freqüência de Gardnerella vaginalis foi maior entre as profissionais do sexo. Por outro lado, uma menor recuperação de lactobacilos e bacteriófagos foi encontrada entre as profissionais do sexo quando comparadas ao grupo controle. Conclusão: alguns fatores comportamentais e características da microbiota vaginal podem estar associados com a maior prevalência de vaginose bacteriana entre as profissionais do sexo
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Comportamento Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Vagina , Vaginose BacterianaRESUMO
This study aimed to assess the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and other cervicovaginal infections, as well as the incidence of complications among new users of IUD, 1 and 6 months after its insertion, in the City of Campinas, Brazil. A total of 223 women who had a TCu-380A IUD inserted from May through November 2001, were included in the study. After the IUD insertion all women were scheduled to two additional visits: after 1 month and after 6 months, when they were interviewed and a pelvic examination was performed, along with a collection of specimens from the vagina and the endocervix for laboratory testing. The Nugent's criterion was used for the BV diagnosis. They were also evaluated with regard to presence of complications possibly related to IUD insertion and use, i.e., abnormal bleeding, dysmenorrhea, expulsion and pelvic inflammatory disease. The prevalence of cervicovaginal infections was 29.1%, BV being the most frequent (19.7%). Dysmenorrhea was more frequent among women with BV than among women without BV (p = 0.03). A trend of abnormal bleeding being more frequent among women with BV was also found. In conclusion, BV after 1 month of IUD insertion was not associated with IUD complications, with the exception of dysmenorrhea.