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For the first time, the International Symposium on Fungal Stress was joined by the XIII International Fungal Biology Conference. The International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS), always held in Brazil, is now in its fourth edition, as an event of recognized quality in the international community of mycological research. The event held in São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil, in September 2022, featured 33 renowned speakers from 12 countries, including: Austria, Brazil, France, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, México, Pakistan, Spain, Slovenia, USA, and UK. In addition to the scientific contribution of the event in bringing together national and international researchers and their work in a strategic area, it helps maintain and strengthen international cooperation for scientific development in Brazil.

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Understanding the delayed rise of eukaryotic life on Earth is one of the most fundamental questions about biological evolution. Numerous studies have presented evidence for oxygen and nutrient limitations in seawater during the Mesoproterozoic era, indicating that open marine settings may not have been able to sustain a eukaryotic biosphere with complex, multicellular organisms. However, many of these data sets represent restricted marine basins, which may bias our view of habitability. Furthermore, it remains untested whether rivers could have supplied significant nutrient fluxes to coastal habitats. To better characterize the sources of the major nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, we turned to the late Mesoproterozoic Paranoá Group in Brazil (~1.1 Ga), which was deposited on a passive margin of the São Francisco craton. We present carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotope data from an open shelf setting (Fazenda Funil) and from a brackish-water environment with significant riverine input (São Gabriel). Our results show that waters were well-oxygenated and nitrate was bioavailable in the open ocean setting at Fazenda Funil; the redoxcline appears to have been deeper and further offshore compared to restricted marine basins elsewhere in the Mesoproterozoic. In contrast, the brackish site at São Gabriel received only limited input of marine nitrate and sulphate. Nevertheless, previous reports of acritarchs reveal that this brackish-water setting was habitable to eukaryotic life. Paired with previously published cadmium isotope data, which can be used as a proxy for phosphorus cycling, our results suggest that complex organisms were perhaps not strictly dependent on marine nutrient supplies. Riverine influxes of P and possibly other nutrients likely rendered coastal waters perhaps equally habitable to the Mesoproterozoic open ocean. This conclusion supports the notion that eukaryotic organisms may have thrived in brackish or perhaps even freshwater environments.

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El objetivo de este estudio descriptivo cuantitativo observacional de corte transversal fue determinar el volumen de agua usada \r\ncomo recurso principal en el lavado quirúrgico de manos de un servicio hospitalario para cuantificar la cantidad total que se \r\nmalgasta, así como proponer vías de actuación y mejoras en el manejo de la situación. Para ello, se registró caudal, volumen, \r\ntiempo total de lavado y tiempo útil del agua. De los 19,44 litros de agua utilizados en promedio en cada lavado, más del 85% es \r\nagua desperdiciada que no entra en contacto con la piel del profesional. Los casi 39.000 litros de agua malgastados por mes no \r\nsolo suponen un gasto inútil e innecesario en términos económicos sino una merma severa en la conciencia ecológica de cual\r\n-\r\nquier entidad.

The objective of this quantitative descriptive observational \r\ncross-sectional study was to determine the volume of water \r\nused as a primary resource in the surgical hand washing of \r\na hospitable service in order to quantify the total amount of \r\nwater that is used unnecessarily, in order to propose courses of \r\naction and improvements in handling the situation. To do this, \r\nwe recorded the flow, volume, total time and useful water use.\r\nOf the 19.44 liters of water used on average in each wash, over \r\n85% is wasted water that never comes into contact with the \r\nskin of the professional. The nearly 39,000 liters of water wasted \r\neach month not only represent useless and unnecessary \r\nspending in economic terms but a severe decline in the \r\nenvironmental awareness of any entity.

A gestão começa pelo conhecimento e descrição da realidade \r\nque nos rodeia, procurando pontos fracos onde atuar e colocar os \r\nmeios necessários para melhorar o nosso trabalho. Objetivo: avaliar \r\no volume de água utilizado como principal recurso na lavagem \r\ncirúrgica de mãos de um serviço hospitalar (bloco operatório), dife\r\n-\r\nrenciando a quantidade total da mesma que é desperdiçada, assim \r\ncomo a proposição de meios de atuação e melhoria da situação. \r\nMaterial e método: estudo descritivo quantitativo observacional \r\nde corte transversal, por meio do registro do fluxo, volume, tempo \r\ntotal de lavagem e tempo de uso útil da água.\r\nResultados: dos 19,44 litros de água utilizados em média em \r\ncada lavagem, mais do 85% é água desperdiçada, que não \r\nentra em contato com a pele do profissional. Conclusões: os \r\nquase 39.000 litros de água desperdiçados por mês não só \r\nrepresentam um gasto inútil e desnecessário em termos econô\r\n-\r\nmicos, mas também uma ferida na consciência ecológica de \r\nqualquer empresa ouentidade.

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Objetivo: Conocer los motivos de la no vacunación en mujeres fuera de los programas de vacunación sistemática. Metodología: Se evaluaron mediante cuestionario 226 mujeres con infección por VPH. A todas ellas se les había informado de su patología, del VPH y de la vacuna y se les había recomendado el uso del preservativo previamente. Resultados: El 66,7 por ciento tenían pareja estable; 75 por ciento utilizaban preservativo. La edad de inicio de relaciones sexuales fue 17,8 años y el 47,3 por ciento de las pacientes habían tenido 5 ó más parejas a lo largo de su vida. El 72 por ciento conocía su infección por VPH y el 48,8 por ciento su lesión. El 63,7 por ciento no se vacunó: principalmente rechazaron la vacuna por el precio (49,5 por ciento), información insuficiente (18,7 por ciento) u otras causas como la disparidad de opiniones entre los médicos que la atendieron (15 por ciento). Conclusiones: El coste de la vacuna y el conocimiento sobre el VPH son determinantes para la aceptación de la vacunación.

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the reasons for non-vaccination in women outside the routine immunization programs. Method: There were evaluated by questionnaire 226 women with HPV infection. All of them had been informed of their disease and type of HPV infected by. We all had recommended the vaccine and the condom use previously. Results: 66.7 percent had a steady partner, 75 percent used condoms. The age of first sexual relationship was 17.8 years old and 47.3 percent of patients had 5 or more partners during their lifetime. 72 percent knew their HPV infection and 48.8 percent knew their injury. 63.7 percent were not vaccinated: they rejected the vaccine mainly for the price (49.5 percent), insufficient information (18.7 percent) or other causes such as primary care opposite point of view (15 percent). Conclusions: The prize of the vaccine and the HPV knowledge are crucial to the acceptance of vaccination.

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AIM: To develop a real-time PCR-based strategy for the detection of Paenibacillus larvae vegetative cells and spores to improve the diagnosis and the screening of American foulbrood (AFB), the most harmful pathology of honeybee brood. METHODS AND RESULTS: A real-time PCR that allowed selective identification and quantification of P. larvae 16S rRNA sequence was developed. Using standard samples quantified by flow cytometry, detection limits of 37.5 vegetative cells ml(-1) and 10 spores ml(-1) were determined. Compared to spread plate method, this real-time PCR-based strategy allowed, in only 2 h, the detection of P. larvae in contaminated honeys. No false-positive results were obtained. Moreover, its detection limit was 100 times lower than that of the culture method (2 vs 200 spores g(-1) of honey). CONCLUSION: A rapid, selective, with low detection limit, sensitive and specific method to detect and quantify vegetative cells and spores of P. larvae is now available. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: In addition to honey samples, this real-time PCR-based strategy may be also applied to confirm AFB diagnosis in honeybee brood and to screen other apiary supplies and products (bees, pollen, wax), thus broadening the control of AFB spreading.

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CD34, a glycophosphoprotein present in lymphohaematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, as well as in other cell types, exists in both transmembrane and intracytoplasmic forms. Transmembrane CD34 expression, which is high in the earliest haematopoietic precursors, decreases as cells mature. However, to our knowledge, there is no information on whether a decrease in transmembrane CD34 can also predict a release of the molecule from the cell membrane into the extracellular fluid. To investigate the above possibility, we studied conditions (incubation time, cell density and proliferative status) in human myeloid cells (lines KG-1a, KG-1 and cord blood-derived cells) that may cause a decrease in surface CD34 and the generation of a soluble form of the molecule. The latter, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis, adds more complexity to the proposed structural features and functional properties of CD34 in myeloid cells.

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and adenovirus (Advs) serotype 3 (Adv3) and 7h (Adv7h) are associated with mild to severe respiratory infection and are indistinguishable during the acute phases of the illnesses. However, outcome and long-term prognosis are different with both infections. RSV infection is associated with later development of asthma, and Adv, mainly Adv7h, with severe lung damage, bronchiectasis, and hyperlucent lung. We hypothesized that this difference could be partly due to different immune responses induced by these viruses. To test this hypothesis we quantified TCD4+, TCD8+, and BCD19+ expressing the interleukin-2 receptor-alpha chain (CD25) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-4 in the supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from school children infected in vitro with and without RSV, Adv7h, and Adv3 and after phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation in the presence or absence of these viruses at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1. PBMC from every child produced more IL-10 (p

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Viral infections have been associated with cellular immune responses and production of Th-1 cytokines. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), however, induces virus-specific IgE, which might be a consequence of a Th-2-like activation. To test this hypothesis we quantified interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in the supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured for 24 and 48 h in the presence or absence of phytohemaglutinin and pokeweed mitogen and the lymphocyte phenotypes to analyze subsets and their activation markers, from 15 hospitalized infants during an acute lower respiratory infection caused by RSV and 17 healthy control infants from 1 to 15 mo of age. Compared with the control infants, those infected with RSV had an increase in the number of B-cells (p < 0.02) and decreases in both CD8+ T-cells (p < 0.01) and activated CD8+/CD25+ suppressor/ cytotoxic T-cells (p < 0.007). In RSV-infected infants, IFN-gamma production was subtotally suppressed, whereas IL-4 production was decreased to a lesser degree, giving significantly (p < 0.001) increased IL-4/IFN-gamma ratio compared with that in the control infants. These findings suggest a predominant Th-z-like response in RSV-infected infants, which could explain some aspects of the immunopathogenesis of RSV infection and the RSV-specific and nonspecific IgE antibody responses observed.

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