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INTRODUCTION: Robust evidence exists regarding initiation, intensification or modification of treatments. Recommendations to de-escalate therapy are lacking, specifically in diabetes. A successful treatment de-intensification reduces overtreatment, polypharmacy, and risk of adverse effects. OBJECTIVE: To encompass current recommendations for deprescribing common drugs and create a consensus among health professionals. METHODS: We reviewed four databases for deprescribing approaches published between 2010 and 2022. Articles were divided into different groups of drugs (for uric-acid, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, and psychotropic drugs). RESULTS: Hypoglycemic agents: strategies were limited to newer agents and insulin regimens for elderly individuals. Reducing insulin was associated with 1.1% reduction of A1c over time. SGLT2i and GLP-1RAs dose reduction depends on adverse events. Lipid-lowering agents: studies show that patients with very low cholesterol have fewer cardiovascular events without associated increased risk. Antihypertensive agents: Younger patients, lower systolic blood pressure, and few comorbidities are ideal characteristics for discontinuation. Uric acid therapy: we found no recommendation for dose de-escalation. Poor treatment adherence is associated with episodes of gout and deforming arthritis in the long term. CONCLUSION: Deprescribing hypoglycemic, statins, antihypertensives, and urate-lowering agents may be feasible in selected patients, but periodic surveillance is important. More evidence is necessary to support this decision entirely.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate CCL2, CXCL8, and CXCL10 in the tears of patients with Primary Sjögren's syndrome (PSS) and correlate them with ocular symptoms/discomfort and objective ocular tests. METHODS: We studied 21 patients with PSS. A single ophthalmologist, expert in dry eye, examined the patients and assessed tear film breakup time, Schirmer I test, tear meniscus height, Van Bijsterveld staining score and SICCA Ocular Staining Score. We also assessed the ESSPRI and ocular dryness VAS and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), a 12-item scale assessing symptoms associated with dry eye disease and their impact on vision (ocular symptoms/discomfort). Tear samples collected with sterile tear flow strips were frozen at -86 °C until testing. After thawing, tears were extracted from the strips. We tested CCL2, CXCL8, and CXCL10 by luminometry. We also included 21 healthy control subjects without a dry eye. RESULTS: CXCL8 levels were similar in patients and controls. PSS patients had lower levels of CXCL10 (472.8 vs. 1652 pg/µL, p = 0.009) and CCL2 (1.08 vs. 9 pg/µL, p = 0.0001) than controls. Patients with worse ocular sicca symptoms/discomfort had the lowest CXCL10 levels (239.3 vs. 646.2 pg/µL, p = 0.02). CCL2 correlated with tear meniscus height (τ = 0.37, p = 0.02) and with OSS (τ = -0.3, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We found lower levels of CXCL10 and CCL2 in the tears of patients with PSS, associating the former with worse ocular symptoms and the latter with positive ocular target tests.

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Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) has been widely reported as a complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but to our knowledge, there have been no reports on the association of the COVID-19 vaccine with thrombocytopenia. Here, we report a case of secondary ITP in a patient who was recently immunised with the messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech).

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Resumen Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a la extubación fallida en pacientes adultos hospitalizados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivo de una clínica de III nivel de la ciudad de Cali, durante el período transcurrido entre junio de 2012 y junio de 2014. Materiales y métodos: estudio de casos y controles, de pacientes adultos que requirieron ventilación mecánica mayor a 48 horas. Los pacientes que fallaron en la extubación (casos) se compararon con los pacientes que fueron extubados exitosamente (control), se analizaron la edad, el índice de oxigenación PaO2/ FIO2, el balance de líquidos, la hemoglobina, los días de ventilación mecánica, el tipo de destete y la mortalidad. Resultados: la población estuvo conformada por 130 pacientes, de los cuales 26 (20%) tuvieron una extubación fallida (casos). No hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos en relación a la edad, género, diagnóstico y comorbilidades. El destete prolongado fue el único factor asociado a la extubación fallida 3,17 (IC 95% 1,01-9,90). No se observó una relación estadísticamente significativa entre PaO2/FIO2, Hb, balance hídrico o escala Apache II con la ocurrencia de extubación fallida. La mortalidad fue más alta en el grupo de casos (23,1% vs 2,9%) con un OR 10,1 (IC 95 % 1,9-65,8). Conclusiones: el destete prolongado fue el único factor asociado al fracaso en la extubación. El riesgo de morir de un paciente con una extubación fallida fue 10 veces el riesgo de un paciente con una extubación exitosa.

Abstract Objective: To identify risk factors associated with failed extubation in adult patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit of a level III hospital of Cali, during the period of June 2012 to June 2014. Materials and methods: Case-control study of adult patients requiring mechanical ventilation greater than 48 hours. Patients who failed extubation (cases) were compared with patients who were successfully extubated (control), age, oxygenation index PaO2/FIO2, fluid balance, hemoglobin, days of mechanical ventilation, type of weaning and mortality were analyzed. Results: The study population consisted of 130 patients, of whom 26 (20%) had failed extubation (cases). There were no significant differences between the groups regarding age, gender, diagnosis and comorbidities. Prolonged weaning was the only factor associated with failed extubation 3,17 (95 % CI 1,01-9,90). No statistically significant relationship between PaO2/FIO2, Hb, fluid balance or Apache II scale and the occurrence of failed extubation were observed. Mortality was higher in the case group (23,1% vs 2,9%) with an OR 10,1 (95% CI 1,9-65,8). Conclusions: Prolonged weaning was the only factor associated with extubation failure. The risk of dying from a patient with a failed extubation was 10 times the risk of a patient with a successful extubation.

Resumo Objetivo: identificar os fatores de risco associados à extubação falhada em pacientes adultos hospitalizados em uma Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos de uma clínica de III Nível da cidade de Cali, durante o período transcorrido entre junho de 2012 até junho de 2014. Materiais e métodos: estudo de casos e controles, de pacientes adultos que requereram ventilação mecânica maior a 48 horas. Os pacientes que falharam a extubação (casos) compararam-se com os pacientes que foram extubados com sucesso (controle), analisando idade, índice de oxigenação PaO2/FIO2, balance de líquidos, hemoglobina, dias de ventilação mecânica, tipo de destete e mortalidade. Resultados: a população esteve conformada por 130 pacientes, dos quais 26 (20%) tiveram uma extubação falhada (casos). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos em relação à idade, gênero, diagnóstico e comorbidades. O destete prolongado foi o único fator associado a extubação falhada 3.17 (IC 95% 1.01-9.90). Não se observou uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre PaO2/FIO2, Hb, balance hídrico ou escala APACHE II com a ocorrência de esxtubação falhada. A mortalidade foi mais alta no grupo de casos (23.1 vs 2,9%) com um OR 10.1 (IC 95% 1.9-65.8). Conclusões: o destete prolongado foi o único fator associado ao fracasso na extubação. O risco de morrer de um paciente com uma extubação falhada foi 10 vezes o risco de um paciente com uma extubação de sucesso.

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INTRODUCTION: While vaccination may be relatively straightforward for regions with a well-defined winter season, the situation is quite different for tropical regions. Influenza activity in tropical regions might be out of phase with the dynamics predicted for their hemispheric group thereby impacting the effectiveness of the immunization campaign. OBJECTIVE: To investigate how the climatic diversity of Mexico hinders its existing influenza immunization strategy and to suggest that the hemispheric vaccine recommendations be tailored to the regional level in order to optimize vaccine effectiveness. METHODS: We studied the seasonality of influenza throughoutMexico by modeling virological and mortality data.De-trended time series of each Mexican state were analyzed by Fourier decomposition to describe the amplitude and timing of annual influenza epidemic cycles and to compare with each the timing of the WHO's Northern and Southern Hemispheric vaccination schedule. FINDINGS: The timings of the primary (major) peaks of both virological and mortality data for most Mexican states are well aligned with the Northern Hemisphere winter (December-February) and vaccine schedule. However, influenza peaks in September in the three states of the Yucatan Peninsula. Influenza-related mortality also peaks in September in Quintana Roo and Yucatan whereas it peaks in May in Campeche. As the current timing of vaccination in Mexico is between October and November, more than half of the annual influenza cases have already occurred in the Yucatan Peninsula states by the time the Northern Hemispheric vaccine is delivered and administered. CONCLUSION: The current Northern Hemispheric influenza calendar adopted for Mexico is not optimal for the Yucatan Peninsula states thereby likely reducing the effectiveness of the immunization of the population. We recommend that Mexico tailor its immunization strategy to better reflect its climatologic and epidemiological diversity and adopt the WHO Southern Hemisphere influenza vaccine and schedule for the Yucatan Peninsula.

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OBJECTIVE: Chagas disease, a disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, disproportionately affects poor people throughout Latin America. In Mexico, assessments of officially reported burden have not been previously reported. To evaluate discontinuity between surveillance data and data from other sources, we used data from the Mexican Ministry of Health to describe the distribution of reported Chagas disease over time in Mexico and compare it with estimates from the literature. METHODS: We summarized age and sex differences for Chagas cases and mortality for 1995-2013 and 1982-2010, respectively. We examined the spatial distribution of Chagas disease over time with respect to disease burden. We further compared officially reported figures with estimates from the literature. RESULTS: Among 6,494 officially reported cases, rates of Chagas disease were highest in adults aged 25-44 years (47.3%). Mortality was highest in adults aged ≥45 years (423/495, 85.5%). The data indicated increasing temporal trends for incidence and mortality. The greatest burden occurred in southern states, with increasing spatial distribution over time. Fewer than 900 cases and 40 deaths were officially reported annually, in contrast to estimates from the literature of approximately 69,000 new cases and 25,000 deaths annually. CONCLUSION: While increasing trends in officially reported data have been observed, large discrepancies in case estimates compromise our understanding of Chagas disease epidemiology. Reported cases based on current practices are not enough to correctly assess the Chagas disease burden and spatial distribution in Mexico. Understanding the true epidemiology of this disease will lead to more focused and successful control and prevention strategies to decrease disease burden.

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OBJECTIVE: Lumbopelvic fixation is a valid surgical option to achieving great stability in cases where it is particularly demanded, such as in patients with poor quality bone, degenerative scoliosis, and revision surgeries with modern materials and techniques. It enables simple integration of the iliopelvic systems with the rest of the spinal structure, maintaining hemorrhagia at acceptable levels, as well as surgery time. METHODS: We analyzed a case series of 15 patients of our center, who required major construction and/or presented poor quality bone. RESULTS: A total of 15 patients was studied, of which 12 (80%) were women and three (20%), men. Nine (60%) of these were revision surgeries, maintaining a surgery time of 5 hours (±1 h), with average blood loss of 1380 ml (±178 ml). All the patients received six to eight transpedicular screws, including iliac screws, and in all cases, a bone graft was inserted. CONCLUSION: Lumbopelvic fixation in patients with characteristics associated with osteopenia and osteoporosis, and in major instrumentations, particularly revision surgeries, three-dimensional correction is achieved, constructing a strong, stable pelvic base that is very useful, in patients with fragile surgical anatomy, for changes of implant or extensive decompression, provided the arthrodesis technique is adequate and with the insertion of a sufficient bone graft, and obviously, taking care to maintain the sagittal balance. .

OBJETIVO: A fixação lombopélvica é uma opção cirúrgica válida para se atingir grande estabilidade nos casos em que ela é particularmente exigida, como em pacientes com má qualidade óssea, escoliose degenerativa e cirurgias de revisão com os materiais e técnicas modernas, e permite a integração simples dos sistemas iliopélvicos ao restante da estrutura espinal, mantendo a hemorragia em taxa aceitável, assim como o tempo de cirurgia. MÉTODOS: Analisamos uma série de casos de 15 pacientes de nosso centro, que exigiam grande construção e/ou apresentavam má qualidade óssea. RESULTADOS: Foi estudado um total de 15 pacientes, dos quais 12 (80%) eram mulheres e tres (20%), homens. Nove (60%) dessas cirurgias foram de revisão, mantendo-se o tempo cirúrgico de 5 horas (±1 h), com média de perda de sangue de 1380 ml (±178 ml). Todos os pacientes receberam de seis a oito parafusos transpediculares, inclusive ilíacos e, em todos os casos, colocou-se enxerto ósseo. CONCLUSÃO: A fixação lombopélvica em pacientes com características associadas de osteopenia e osteoporose e nas instrumentações grandes, sobretudo nas cirurgias de revisão, atinge correção tridimensional, construindo base pélvica forte e estável, muito útil para os pacientes cuja anatomia cirúrgica é frágil ao se realizarem trocas de implante ou descompressão extensa, desde que a técnica de artrodese seja adequada e com colocação de enxerto ósseo suficiente e, evidentemente, com o cuidado de manter o equilíbrio sagital. .

OBJETIVO: La fijación lumbopélvica es una opción quirúrgica válida para adquirir gran estabilidad en casos donde es especialmente requerido, como pacientes con pobre calidad ósea, escoliosis degenerativa y cirugías de revisión con los materiales y técnicas actuales y permite una integración sencilla de los sistemas iliopélvicos al resto de la construcción espinal, manteniendo un sangrado en rango aceptable así como el tiempo quirúrgico. MÉTODOS: Analizamos una serie de casos de 15 pacientes de nuestro centro en donde se requería una construcción larga y/o presentaban pobre calidad ósea. RESULTADOS: Se estudió un total de 15 pacientes de los cuales 12 (80%) fueron del sexo femenino y tres (20%) del sexo masculino. El nueve (60%) fueron cirugías de revisión y se mantuvo un tiempo quirúrgico de 5 horas (±1 hora), con sangrado promedio de 1380 ml (±178 ml). A todos se les colocó seis a ocho tornillos transpediculares incluyendo iliacos y en todos los casos se coloco injerto óseo. CONCLUSIÓN: La fijación lumbopélvica en pacientes con características asociadas de osteopenia y osteoporosis y en las instrumentaciones largas, sobre todo cirugía de revisión, logra una corrección tridimensional, construyendo una base pélvica potente y estable, muy útil en pacientes en donde la anatomía quirúrgica queda endeble al realizar cambios de implantes o descompresión extensa, siempre y cuando la técnica de la artrodesis sea adecuada y con aporte suficiente de injerto óseo, y evidentemente con el cuidado de mantener el balance sagital. .

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OBJECTIVE: Early weaning from mechanical ventilation is one of the primary goals in managing critically ill patients. There are various techniques and measurement parameters for such weaning. The objective of this study was to describe the practices of ventilatory weaning in adult intensive care units in the city of Cali. METHODS: A survey of 32 questions (some multiple choice) evaluating weaning practices was distributed to physiotherapists and respiratory therapists working in intensive care units, to be answered anonymously. RESULTS: The most common strategy for the parameter set was the combination of continuous positive airway pressure with pressure support (78%), with a large variability in pressure levels, the most common range being 6 to 8 cm H2O. The most common weaning parameters were as follows: tidal volume (92.6%), respiratory rate (93.3%) and oxygen saturation (90.4%). The most common waiting time for registration of the parameters was >15 minutes (40%). The measurements were preferably obtained from the ventilator display. CONCLUSION: The methods and measurement parameters of ventilatory weaning vary greatly. The most commonly used method was continuous positive airway pressure with more pressure support and the most commonly used weaning parameters were the measured tidal volume and respiratory rate.

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Objetivo: El destete temprano de la ventilación mecánica es uno de los objetivos primordiales en el manejo del paciente crítico. Existen diversas técnicas y parámetros de medida para realizarlo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir las prácticas del destete ventilatorio en unidades de cuidado intensivo adulto en la ciudad de Cali. Métodos: Una encuesta de 32 preguntas; algunas de múltiple escogencia, que evaluaron las prácticas del destete, fue distribuida entre los fisioterapeutas y terapeutas respiratorios que trabajaban en unidades de cuidado intensivo, para ser respondida de forma anónima. Resultados: La estrategia más frecuente para el registro de parámetros fue la combinación de presión positiva continua con presión de soporte (78%), con gran variabilidad en los niveles de presión, siendo el rango más frecuente de 6 a 8cmH2O. Los parámetros de destete más registrados fueron: el volumen corriente (92,6%), la frecuencia respiratoria (93,3%) y la saturación de oxígeno (90,4%). El tiempo de espera más frecuente para el registro de los parámetros fue >15 minutos (40%). Las medidas se realizaron preferentemente con el display del ventilador. Conclusion: Existe una gran variabilidad sobre los métodos y la medición de los parámetros de destete ventilatorio. El método más utilizado fue presión positiva continua en la vía aérea más presión de soporte y los parámetros de destete más usados fueron la medición del volumen corriente y la frecuencia respiratoria. .

Objective: Early weaning from mechanical ventilation is one of the primary goals in managing critically ill patients. There are various techniques and measurement parameters for such weaning. The objective of this study was to describe the practices of ventilatory weaning in adult intensive care units in the city of Cali. Methods: A survey of 32 questions (some multiple choice) evaluating weaning practices was distributed to physiotherapists and respiratory therapists working in intensive care units, to be answered anonymously. Results: The most common strategy for the parameter set was the combination of continuous positive airway pressure with pressure support (78%), with a large variability in pressure levels, the most common range being 6 to 8cmH2O. The most common weaning parameters were as follows: tidal volume (92.6%), respiratory rate (93.3%) and oxygen saturation (90.4%). The most common waiting time for registration of the parameters was >15 minutes (40%). The measurements were preferably obtained from the ventilator display. Conclusion: The methods and measurement parameters of ventilatory weaning vary greatly. The most commonly used method was continuous positive airway pressure with more pressure support and the most commonly used weaning parameters were the measured tidal volume and respiratory rate. .

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To quantify age-specific excess-mortality rates and transmissibility patterns for the 1918-20 influenza pandemic in Boyacá, Colombia, we reviewed archival mortality records. We identified a severe pandemic wave during October 1918-January1919 associated with 40 excess deaths per 10,000 population. The age profile for excess deaths was W shaped; highest mortality rates were among infants (<5 y of age), followed by elderly persons (>60 y) and young adults (25-29 y). Mean reproduction number was estimated at 1.4-1.7, assuming 3- or 4-day generation intervals. Boyacá, unlike cities in Europe, the United States, or Mexico, experienced neither a herald pandemic wave of deaths early in 1918 nor a recrudescent wave in 1920. In agreement with reports from Mexico, our study found no death-sparing effect for elderly persons in Colombia. We found regional disparities in prior immunity and timing of introduction of the 1918 pandemic virus across populations.

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