RESUMO
The last record of a rabies case caused by the dog-specific rabies virus (RABV) lineage in dogs or cats in São Paulo State was in 1998. From 2002 to 2021, 57 cases of rabies in these animals were reported, and the vast majority (51) were genetically characterized as belonging to the Desmodus rotundus/Artibeus lituratus RABV lineage. However, it is not currently possible to infer which of these bats is the source of infection by genome sequencing of RABV isolates. The aims of this study were (a) to characterize the Desmodus rotundus/Artibeus lituratus lineage to determine the relationships between the RABV lineages and each reservoir, (b) to assess the phylogeny and common ancestors of the RABV lineages found in D. rotundus and A. lituratus, and (c) to further understand the epidemiology and control of rabies. In this study, we genetically analyzed 70 RABV isolates from São Paulo State that were received by the Virology Laboratory of the Pasteur Institute of São Paulo between 2006 and 2015. Of these isolates, 33 were associated with the hematophagous bat D. rotundus and 37 with the fruit bat A. lituratus. A genomic approach using phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide sequence comparisons demonstrated that these isolates belonged to the same genetic lineage of RABV. We also found that, in São Paulo State, the D. rotundus/A. lituratus lineage could be subdivided into at least four phylogenetic sublineages: two associated with D. rotundus and two with A. lituratus. These results are of importance for the epidemiological surveillance of rabies in São Paulo.
Assuntos
Quirópteros , Vírus da Raiva , Raiva , Animais , Cães , Raiva/epidemiologia , Raiva/veterinária , Filogenia , Brasil/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In Brazil, rabies control in dogs and cats was pioneered by the state of São Paulo with the adoption of the Pan American Health Organization recommendations for prophylaxis and control, which led to a reduction in rabies cases from 1994 onwards. As a result of these measures, the rabies virus (RABV) genetic lineage associated with dogs has not been found in the state since 1998, and all the cases in domestic animals reported since then have been caused by bat-associated lineages of RABV. In the light of this, this study sought to investigate rabies cases in dogs and cats in the state of São Paulo between 2005 and 2014 and identify the associated transmission cycles by characterizing the RABV lineages responsible for these cases. Nine samples from dogs (n = 5) and from cats (n = 4) were collected between 2005 and 2014. The tenth animal, a rabid cat, was analysed by a different laboratory. The N gene nucleotide sequences obtained were analysed with the neighbor-joining algorithm and Kimura 2-parameter model using the MEGA 6 program. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genetic lineages identified in all the samples were those circulating in Brazilian bats. The findings of this study demonstrate that bats play an important role in the transmission of rabies to domestic animals in São Paulo state and that emphasis should be placed on the implementation of public policies to support surveillance of chiropterans for rabies.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/virologia , Quirópteros/virologia , Doenças do Cão/virologia , Raiva/veterinária , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/etiologia , Gatos , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/etiologia , Cães , Filogenia , Raiva/epidemiologia , Raiva/transmissão , Raiva/virologia , Vírus da Raiva/genética , Vírus da Raiva/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/veterinária , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Lithium is administered for the treatment of mood and bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to verify whether treatment with different concentrations of lithium may affect the glycogen metabolism in the salivary glands of the rats when compared with the liver. Mobilization of glycogen in salivary glands is important for the process of secretion. Two sets of experiments were carried out, that is, in the first, the rats received drinking water supplemented with LiCl (38,25 and 12 mM of LiCl for 15 days) and the second experiment was carried out by intraperitoneal injection of LiCl solution (12 mg/kg and 45 mg LiCl/kg body weight) for 3 days. The active form of glycogen phosphorylase was not affected by treatment with LiCl considering the two experiments. The active form of glycogen synthase presented higher activity in the submandibular glands of rats treated with 25 and 38 mM LiCl and in the liver, with 25 mM LiCl. Glycogen level was higher than that of control in the submandibular glands of rats receiving 38 and 12 mM LiCl, in the parotid of rats receiving 25 and 38 mM, and in the liver of rats receiving 12 mM LiCl. The absolute value of glycogen for the submandibular treated with 25 mM LiCl, and the liver treated with 38 mM LiCl, was higher than the control value, although not statistically significant for these tissues. No statistically significant difference was found in the submandibular and parotid salivary glands for protein concentration when comparing experimental and control groups. We concluded that LiCl administered to rats influences the metabolism of glycogen in salivary glands.
Assuntos
Antimaníacos/farmacologia , Glicogênio/metabolismo , Cloreto de Lítio/farmacologia , Glândula Parótida/efeitos dos fármacos , Glândula Submandibular/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Oral , Animais , Antimaníacos/administração & dosagem , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Glicogênio Fosforilase/metabolismo , Glicogênio Sintase/metabolismo , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Cloreto de Lítio/administração & dosagem , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Glândula Parótida/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Glândula Submandibular/metabolismoRESUMO
AIM: To compare the ion release and mechanical properties of a calcium hydroxide (Dycal) and two calcium silicate (MTA Angelus and Biodentine) cements. METHODOLOGY: Calcium and hydroxyl ion release in water from 24-h set cements were calculated from titration with HCl (n = 3). Calcium release after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at pH 5.5 and 7.0 was measured using ICP-OES (n = 6). Flexural strength (FS) and modulus (E) were tested after 48-h storage, and compressive strength (CS) was tested after 48 h and 7 days (n = 10). Ion release and mechanical data were subjected to anova/Tukey and Kruskal-Wallis/Mann-Whitney tests, respectively (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Titration curves revealed that Dycal released significantly fewer ions in solution than calcium silicates (P < 0.001). Calcium release remained constant at pH 7.0, whilst at pH 5.5, it dropped significantly by 24% after 21 days (P < 0.05). At pH 5.5, MTA Angelus released significantly more calcium than Dycal (P < 0.01), whilst Biodentine had superior ion release than Dycal at pH 7.0 (P < 0.01). Biodentine had superior flexural strength, flexural modulus and compressive strength than the other cements, whilst MTA Angelus had higher modulus than Dycal (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Immediate calcium and hydroxyl ion release in solution was significantly lower for Dycal. In general, all materials released constant calcium levels over 28 days, but release from Dycal was significantly lower than Biodentine and MTA Angelus depending on pH conditions. Biodentine had substantially higher strength and modulus than MTA Angelus and Dycal, both of which demonstrated low stress-bearing capabilities.
Assuntos
Compostos de Alumínio/química , Compostos de Cálcio/química , Hidróxido de Cálcio/química , Capeamento da Polpa Dentária/métodos , Íons/química , Minerais/química , Óxidos/química , Agentes de Capeamento da Polpa Dentária e Pulpectomia/química , Silicatos/química , Bismuto , Força Compressiva , Análise do Estresse Dentário , Combinação de Medicamentos , Módulo de Elasticidade , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Espectrofotometria AtômicaRESUMO
Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) has become the technique of choice in many areas of dosimetry. Natural materials like topaz are available in large quantities in Brazil and other countries. They have been studied to investigate the possibility of use its thermoluminescence (TL) properties for dosimetric applications. In this work, we investigate the possibility of utilising the OSL properties of natural Brazilian topaz in dosimetry. Bulk topaz samples were exposed to doses up to 100 Gy of beta radiation and the integrated OSL as a function of the dose showed linear behaviour. The fading occurs in the first 20 min after irradiation but it is <6% of the integrated OSL measured shortly after exposure. We conclude that natural colourless topaz is a very suitable phosphor for OSL dosimetry.
Assuntos
Partículas beta , Cimentos de Resina/análise , Cimentos de Resina/efeitos da radiação , Dosimetria Termoluminescente/métodos , Brasil , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Teste de Materiais , Óptica e Fotônica , Doses de Radiação , Cimentos de Resina/químicaRESUMO
The properties of the thermally stimulated exoelectron emission (TSEE) and thermoluminescent (TL) emission of topaz-glass composites were studied with the aim of using them as solid-state dosemeters. The TSEE response was studied as a function of radiation energy and as a function of absorbed dose. Topaz-glass composites presented a linear TL and TSEE response to dose within a range of 0.01-1 Gy. The topaz-glass composites presented higher TSEE peaks than topaz-Teflon pellets. In the dosimetry of radiotherapic fields normally the responses of the topaz-glass dosemeters are comparable to topaz-Teflon pellets. The results confirmed that these new dosemeters can be useful in monitoring the quality of the radiation sources. This dose mapping technique is particularly useful in investigating dose distribution throughout a planned target volume.
Assuntos
Vidro/química , Vidro/efeitos da radiação , Modelos Químicos , Cimentos de Resina/química , Cimentos de Resina/efeitos da radiação , Dosimetria Termoluminescente/instrumentação , Dosimetria Termoluminescente/métodos , Simulação por Computador , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Desenho de Equipamento , Análise de Falha de Equipamento , Manufaturas/análise , Teste de Materiais , Doses de RadiaçãoRESUMO
Dose measurements are acknowledged to be a vital part of the quality assurance process in diagnostic radiology, and the use of thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLDs) is a recommended method of entrance dose evaluation. Measurement of doses in radiographic examinations is widely adopted in clinical practice for adults as well as for children. Phantoms can be used to simulate different parts of the body, depending on the materials used to build them. In this work two different sets of phantoms have been prepared with acrylic blocks. The first set was used to simulate children of different ages. The second set was used to simulate the adult spine. The dosimetric measurements have been carried out using TLD and an ionising chamber. Measurements were performed in three X-ray equipments in Aracaju, Brazil. The entrance, half thickness and exit surface doses were analysed.
Assuntos
Absorciometria de Fóton/métodos , Osso e Ossos/diagnóstico por imagem , Proteção Radiológica/métodos , Medição de Risco/métodos , Dosimetria Termoluminescente/métodos , Filhos Adultos , Carga Corporal (Radioterapia) , Humanos , Doses de Radiação , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The aim of the present work is to investigate the possibility of using the properties of the thermoluminescent emission (TL) of Brazilian natural topaz for dosimetric applications. Topaz is an aluminium fluorsilicate with general composition of Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 found with relative abundance in Brazil and in other parts of the world. Topaz from Santo Antonio do Jacinto, Minas Gerais. Brazil, was used in this work, in the form of pellets of topaz mixed with Teflon and composites made with topaz embedded in a glass matrix. The TL sensitivity was tested between 10(-4) and 10(4) Gy. The TL peak intensity increases with the dose before saturation, which occurs around 2 kGy. The peak intensity showed a strong dependence with radiation energy. The effect of visible light and the behaviour of the TL signals after successive irradiation-reading-annealing cycles are presented and discussed.
Assuntos
Silicatos de Alumínio/efeitos da radiação , Dosimetria Termoluminescente/métodos , Silicatos de Alumínio/química , Silicatos de Alumínio/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Cor , Raios gama , Temperatura Alta , Medições Luminescentes , Radioquímica , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Dosimetria Termoluminescente/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Whole-saliva samples were collected under slight suction from children enrolled in a dental-care programme at a baby clinic and analysed according to sex. The children were allocated to three age groups: 18, 30 and 42 months. No distinct sex difference was found for flow rate; there was a statistically non-significant tendency for an increased rate in females. In the males the flow rates of the 30- and 42-month groups were higher than those of the 18-month group; a similar result was obtained when findings for both sexes were combined. There was no difference in salivary protein concentration between the sexes or the age groups. Amylase activity increased significantly in males from 18 to 30 months of age. Sialic acid concentration (micromol/mg protein) showed a sex difference for the 18-month group; it was 38% higher in males than in females, and 48% higher than in the males of 42 months. This trend toward a reduction in sialic acid concentration with age suggests a reduced synthesis and secretion of glycoproteins.
Assuntos
Amilases/análise , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/análise , Saliva/metabolismo , Proteínas e Peptídeos Salivares/análise , Fatores Etários , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Saliva/química , Saliva/enzimologia , Taxa Secretória , Fatores Sexuais , Espectrofotometria , Estatística como AssuntoRESUMO
In this study, parameters such as the flow rate, buffer capacity, sialic acid, protein and electrolyte concentrations, and amylase and peroxidase activities were analyzed in stimulated whole saliva from adolescents with dental fluorosis. From 135 adolescents (13 and 14 years-old) attending a primary and secondary school in the coastal city of Vitoria-Brazil, 72 were selected to participate in this study. The degree of fluorosis was graded using the TSIF, and was carried out by a calibrated and trained dentist. No variation in the flow rate, pH and buffer capacity, protein concentration or amylase activity was observed between the groups with dental fluorosis and the control group (fluorosis score 0). The peroxidase activity and sialic acid concentration showed some differences compared to the control. Sialic acid concentrations were reduced in the groups with dental fluorosis scores above 2. The concentration of Na was lower in adolescents with dental fluorosis, while Mg concentrations were higher in two fluorosis groups, Ca concentration was reduced in two groups with fluorosis. We conclude, that 13 and 14 year-old adolescents attending a school in the coastal city of Vitoria-Brazil showed no variations relative to some parameters and some variations in relation to others of the salivary parameters studied.