RESUMO
Alterations to the LRRK2 gene have been associated with Parkinson's disease and alcohol consumption in animals and humans. Furthermore, these disorders are strongly related to anxiety disorders (ADs). Thus, we investigated how the LRRK2 gene might influence anxiety in humans and mice. We elaborated a systematic review based on the PRISMA Statement of studies that investigated levels of anxiety in animal or human models with alterations in the LRRK2 gene. The search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, and in reference lists with descriptors related to ADs and the LRRK2. From the 62 articles assessed for eligibility, 16 were included: 11 conducted in humans and seven, in mice. Lrrk2 KO mice and the LRRK2 G2019S, LRRK2 R1441G, and LRRK2 R1441C variants were addressed. Five articles reported an increase in anxiety levels concerning the LRRK2 variants. Decreased anxiety levels were observed in two articles, one focusing on the LRRK2 G2019S and the other, on the Lrrk2 KO mice. Eight other articles reported no differences in anxiety levels in individuals with Lrrk2 alterations compared to their healthy controls. This study discusses a possible influence between the LRRK2 gene and anxiety, adding information to the existing knowledge respecting the influence of genetics on anxiety.
Assuntos
Doença de Parkinson , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Serina-Treonina Proteína Quinase-2 com Repetições Ricas em Leucina/genética , Doença de Parkinson/genética , Ansiedade/genética , MutaçãoRESUMO
Neobenedenia melleni (MacCallum, 1927) (Monogenea) é um patógeno amplamente distribuído em cultivo de teleósteos marinhos no mundo. Com o crescimento da piscicultura marinha no Brasil, faz-se necessário um maior cuidado em relação à identificação e ao tratamento das principais patologias nesse tipo de cultivo. Este estudo relata a primeira ocorrência de Neobenedenia melleni em dentão (Lutjanus jocu) no oeste do Atlântico Sul. Também são sugeridos procedimentos adotados para eliminação desse parasito em peixes cultivados em laboratório.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Platelmintos , Perciformes/parasitologia , Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Oceano Atlântico , BrasilRESUMO
Neobenedenia melleni (MacCallum, 1927) (Monogenea) é um patógeno amplamente distribuído em cultivo de teleósteos marinhos no mundo. Com o crescimento da piscicultura marinha no Brasil, faz-se necessário um maior cuidado em relação à identificação e ao tratamento das principais patologias nesse tipo de cultivo. Este estudo relata a primeira ocorrência de Neobenedenia melleni em dentão (Lutjanus jocu) no oeste do Atlântico Sul. Também são sugeridos procedimentos adotados para eliminação desse parasito em peixes cultivados em laboratório.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Platelmintos , Perciformes/parasitologia , Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Oceano Atlântico , BrasilRESUMO
We present molecular dynamics simulations of cardiolipin (CL) and CL monohydroperoxized derivative (CLOOH) monolayers to investigate the initial steps of phospholipid oxidation induced by methylene blue (MB) photoexcitation under continuous illumination. We considered different MB atomic charge distributions to simulate the MB electronic distribution in the singlet ground and triplet excited states. Simulation results allied to experimental data revealed that initial CL photooxidation probably occurs via a type II mechanism, to produce lipid hydroperoxide by singlet oxygen attack to the alkyl chain unsaturations. The resulting hydroperoxide group prefers to reside near the aqueous interface, to increase the membrane surface area and to decrease lipid packing. Interestingly, MB orientation changes from nearly parallel to the water-monolayer interface in the ground state to normal to the interface in its triplet excited state. The latter orientation favors oxidative chain reaction continuity via a type I mechanism, during which the hydrogen atom must be transferred from the hydroperoxide group to triplet MB. Taken together, the present results can be extrapolated to improve our understanding of how oxidation progresses in lipidic biomembrane, which will lead to the formation of oxidized species with shortened chains and will cause severe photodamage to self-organized systems.
Assuntos
Cardiolipinas/química , Peróxidos Lipídicos/química , Membranas Artificiais , Azul de Metileno/química , Azul de Metileno/efeitos da radiação , Luz , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Oxigênio Singlete/químicaRESUMO
AIM: The occurrence of virulence markers, serotypes and invasive ability were investigated in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from faecal samples of healthy dairy cattle at Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. METHODS AND RESULTS: From 1562 stx-positive faecal samples, 105 STEC strains were isolated by immuno-magnetic separation (IMS) or plating onto MacConkey agar (MC) followed by colony hybridisation. Fifty (47·6%) strains belonged to nine serotypes (O8:H19, O22:H8, O22:H16, O74:H42, O113:H21, O141:H21, O157:H7, O171:H2 and ONT:H21). The prevalent serotypes were O157:H7 (12·4%), O113:H21 (6·7%) and O8:H19 (5·7%). Virulence genes were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). E-hlyA (77·1%) was the more prevalent virulence marker, followed by espP (64·8%), saa (39%), eae (24·8%) and astA (21·9%). All O157:H7 strains carried the γ (gamma) variant of the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) genes and the stx2c gene, while the stx1/stx2 genotype prevailed among the eae-negative strains. None of the eae-positive STEC produced the localized adherence (LA) phenotype in HEp-2 or Caco-2 cells. However, intimate attachment (judged by the fluorescent actin staining test) was detected in some eae-positive strains, both in HEp-2 (23·1%) and in Caco-2 cells (11·5%). Most strains (87·5%) showed 'peripheral association' (PA) adherence phenotype to undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. Twenty-five (92·6%) of 27 strains invaded Caco-2 cells. The highest average value of invasion (9·6%) was observed among the eae-negative bovine strains from serotypes described in human disease. CONCLUSION: Healthy dairy cattle is a reservoir of STEC carrying virulence genes and properties associated with human disease. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Although reports of human disease associated with STEC are scarce in Brazil, the colonization of the animal reservoir by potentially pathogenic strains offers a significant risk to our population.
Assuntos
Bovinos/microbiologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/microbiologia , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Brasil , Células CACO-2 , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Fezes/microbiologia , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Sorotipagem , Toxina Shiga/metabolismo , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/classificação , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/genética , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/fisiologia , Virulência/genética , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismoRESUMO
Biological membranes and model lipid systems containing high amounts of unsaturated lipids and sterols are subject to chemical and/or photo-induced lipid oxidation, which leads to the creation of exotic oxidized lipid products (OxPLs). OxPLs are known to have significant physiological impact in cellular systems and also affect physical properties of both biological and model lipid bilayers. In this paper we (i) provide a perspective on the existing literature on simulations of lipid bilayer systems containing oxidized lipid species as well as the main related experimental results, (ii) describe our new data of all-atom and coarse-grained simulations of hydroperoxidized lipid monolayer and bilayer systems and (iii) provide a comparison of the MARTINI and ELBA coarse grained force fields for lipid bilayer systems. We show that the better electrostatic treatment of interactions in ELBA is able to resolve previous conflicts between experiments and simulations. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biosimulations edited by Ilpo Vattulainen and Tomasz Róg.
Assuntos
Bicamadas Lipídicas/química , Lipídeos/química , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Oxirredução , Eletricidade EstáticaRESUMO
RESUMO O uso de espécies vegetais para curar doenças e sintomas remonta ao início da civilização. Em várias culturas produtos botânicos eram empregados para essa finalidade. No Brasil, sob influência das interações culturais entre índios, negros e portugueses, essa relação homem-natureza permitiu a disseminação da sabedoria herdada em relação ao uso e cultivo de diversas espécies vegetais. O presente trabalho objetivou realizar um levantamento das plantas medicinais indicadas pelos índios da etnia Kantaruré, aldeia Baixa das Pedras com ação antiparasitária. Para a coleta de dados foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com quatorze pessoas, pertencentes a uma população de 150 indígenas, selecionadas pela técnica da bola de neve, reconhecidas pela comunidade como maiores detentores do conhecimento sobre a realidade local e sobre plantas. Os resultados indicam que doze espécies são utilizadas na medicina tradicional local com ação antiparasitária, podendo destacar a caçatinga (Croton argyrophylloides Muell. Arg.), mastruz (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), hortelã miúdo (Mentha piperita L.) e babosa (Aloe vera (L.) Burm f.) como as mais indicadas. As plantas citadas pertencem à vegetação nativa, sendo que as espécies cultivadas são encontradas principalmente nos quintais, nas proximidades das residências e em locais de cultivo próprio. Os dados levantados nesta pesquisa evidenciam a importância terapêutica, cultural e histórica do uso de espécies botânicas na prevenção e cura de enfermidades. A aldeia estudada depende diretamente dos recursos vegetais para as suas práticas de cura. Os resultados dessa pesquisa podem servir como base para bioprospecção bem como para seleção de espécies da caatinga para estudos futuros visando o seu uso e manejo sustentável.
ABSTRACT The use of plant species to cure diseases and symptoms dates back to the dawn of civilization. In various cultures, botanical products were employed for this purpose. In Brazil, influenced by cultural interactions between native indians, Africans, and the Portuguese, this man-nature relationship allowed the spread of inherited knowledge regarding the use and cultivation of various species of plants. The purpose of this study was to carry out a survey of medicinal plants with antiparasitic action indicated by the Kantaruré indians from the Baixa das Pedras village. For data collection, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 people belonging to an indigenous population of 150, selected by the snowball technique, recognized by the community as the most knowledgeable on the local situation and plants. The results indicate that 12 species with antiparasitic action are used in traditional local medicine, with emphasis on the caçatinga (Croton argyrophylloides Muell. Arg.), mastruz (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), and babosa (Aloe vera (L.) Burm f.) as the most suitable. These plants belong to the native vegetation, and the cultivated species are found mainly in backyards, near homes, and on cultivation sites. The data from this study demonstrate the therapeutic, cultural, and historical importance of the use of botanical species to prevent and cure diseases. The village studied depends directly on plant resources for their healing practices. The results of this study can serve as a basis for bioprospecting as well as for the selection of caatinga species in future studies toward its use and sustainable management.
Assuntos
Humanos , Plantas Medicinais/classificação , Antiparasitários/análise , Etnobotânica/métodos , Medicina TradicionalRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Urban Ethnoveterinary should be further explored because of its value as it resists conventional medical care. In addition, the comparison between the resources used by Ethnoveterinary and Ethnopharmacology should be investigated in depth, increasing the availability of new bioactive potential in human and veterinary medicines. This project aimed to determine whether plants are used in the health care of dogs and/or cats in urban area and to compare its uses with other ethnoveterinary and ethnopharmacological data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three veterinary clinics from east area of São Paulo city were selected, in order to record the offering of plants to pets by their owners. Individual interviews were conducted from May to November 2012 and consisted of application of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. A literature search was performed to compare our findings with other ethnopharmacological and ethnoveterinarian data from the literature. RESULTS: A total of 273 people were interviewed and 46 (16.84%) of them utilize medicinal plants for their pets. Most plant species are exclusively home grown (57.9%). The plants most cited were Plectranthus barbatus Andrews, Matricaria chamomilla L. and Foeniculum vulgare Mill. The most frequent route of administration, part utilized and mode of preparation was oral (80.35%), leaves (89.47%) and infusion (61.90%), respectively. From 19 cited plants, 14 (73.7%) are mentioned in ethnoveterinary literature, whereas 11 (57.9%) are used for the same purposes. All plants reported in our study have at least one common use with ethnopharmacology. CONCLUSION: The survey provided evidence of ethnoveterinary use of medicinal plants for dogs and/or cats in urban area of São Paulo, complementarily with the official veterinary, and showed that the plants used in pets are also used in humans with the same purposes and routes of administration, as well as in other animals.
Assuntos
Hospitais Veterinários , Plantas Medicinais , Drogas Veterinárias , Adulto , Animais , Brasil , Gatos , Cães , Etnofarmacologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fitoterapia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM: To evaluate the effects of low or high salt intake during pregnancy on left ventricle of adult male offspring. METHODS AND RESULTS: Low- (LS, 0.15%), normal- (NS, 1.3%) or high-salt (HS, 8% NaCl) diet was given to Wistar rats during pregnancy. During lactation all dams received NS as well as the offspring after weaning. To evaluate cardiac response to salt overload, 50% of each offspring group was fed a high-salt (hs, 4% NaCl) diet from the 21st to the 36th week of age (LShs, NShs, HShs). The remaining 50% was maintained on NS (LSns, NSns and HSns). Echocardiography was done at 20 and 30 weeks of age. Mean blood pressure (MBP), histology and left ventricular angiotensin II content (AII) were analyzed at 36 weeks of age. Interventricular septum, left ventricular posterior wall and relative wall thickness increased from the 20th to the 30th week of age only in HShs, cardiomyocyte mean volume was higher in HShs compared to NShs, LShs and HSns. AII and left ventricular fibrosis were not different among groups. CONCLUSIONS: HS during pregnancy programs adult male offspring to a blood pressure and angiotensin II independent concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, with no fibrosis, in response to a chronic high-salt intake.
Assuntos
Miocárdio/ultraestrutura , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Angiotensina II/sangue , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Ventrículos do Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Ventrículos do Coração/fisiopatologia , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/etiologia , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/genética , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Potássio/sangue , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/etiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/fisiopatologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/genética , Sódio/sangue , Sódio/urinaRESUMO
Avaliou-se a influência da gestação e do puerpério no lipidograma de bovinos da raça Holandesa por meio da determinação de colesterol, triglicérides, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), β-hidroxibutirato (β-HBO) e glicose em 80 amostras de soro e plasma sangüíneo. Os animais foram distribuídos em cinco grupos (G) experimentais: G1 - constituído por 16 fêmeas não prenhes; G2 -18 fêmeas na fase inicial da gestação (com até três meses); G3 - 15 fêmeas prenhes, entre três e seis meses de gestação; G4 - 15 fêmeas na fase final da gestação (entre seis e nove meses); G5 - 16 fêmeas recém-paridas, com até 30 dias de puerpério. Houve influência da gestação sobre o lipidograma, pois os teores séricos de AGNE foram mais altos no terço final da gestação, enquanto os teores séricos de β - HBO foram mais elevados durante o terço inicial de gestação. O puerpério influenciou os constituintes do lipidograma, pois, nos primeiros 30 dias após a parição, os teores séricos de AGNE e β - HBO foram mais altos, enquanto os de triglicérides foram mais baixos nos animais no puerpério em relação aos que estavam em gestação.(AU)
In order to establish the influence of gestation and puerperium on the lipid profile of Holstein cattle, the concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxibutyrate (β-HBO), and glucose were determined in samples of serum and plasma from 80 animals distributed into five experimental groups (G): G1 - 16 non pregnant females; G2 - 18 females in the initial phase of gestation, up to three months; G3 -15 pregnant females, with gestation from three to six months; G4 - 15 females in the last stage of gestation, from six to nine months; G5 - 16 females soon after delivering, up to 30 days in puerperium. The lipid profile of healthy Holstein cows was influenced by gestation. The concentration of NEFA was higher in the last trimester of gestation while the serum concentration of β-HBO was higher in the first trimester of gestation. In the first 30 days after delivering, the concentrations of NEFA and β-HBO were higher, while those of triglycerides were lower when compared to those of cows during gestation.(AU)