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ABSTRACT Introduction: Currently there is a lack of clarity around the use of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to analyze the effect of creatine (Cr) supplementation on the secondary structures of skeletal muscle tissue protein subjected to exercise. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the spectral characteristics of the tibialis anterior muscle in rats subjected to exercise in a pool and to Cr supplementation. Methods: Experiment 1. First, an experiment was conducted to ensure that FT-IR would be able to detect change in the secondary structures of skeletal muscle tissue protein in the group of sedentary rats (SED) and in the group of rats that received creatine supplementation (CRE). Experiment 2. Next, the effect of physical exercise on the spectral characteristics of muscle tissue, especially when compared to the groups without exercise practice, was examined. Results: It was possible to verify that the peaks centered on 1658 cm-1 (amide I) and 1546 cm-1 (amide II) are characteristic spectra and indicated as markers of protein content. Conclusion: Thus, FT-IR spectroscopy proved to be able to monitor changes in secondary structures of skeletal muscle protein in both animals that received supplements and in those subjected to exercise and both cases reconciled. Furthermore, the FT-IR technique proved to be a viable method for the nondestructive evaluation of skeletal muscle protein structures. Level of evidence II, Investigation of treatment results.

RESUMEN Introducción: Actualmente, no hay claridad en lo que se refiere al uso de la técnica de espectroscopia de Infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) para análisis del efecto de la suplementación de creatina (Cr) sobre las estructuras secundarias de la proteína del tejido muscular esquelético sometido a ejercicio. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características espectrales del músculo tibial anterior de ratones sometidos a ejercicio en piscina y a la suplementación con Cr. Métodos: Experimento 1. En primer lugar, fue realizada una experiencia para asegurar que la FT-IR sería capaz de detectar la variación en las estructuras secundarias de la proteína del tejido muscular esquelético en el grupo de ratones sedentarios (SED) y el grupo de ratones que sólo recibieron suplemento de creatina (CRE). Experimento 2. A continuación, fue examinado el efecto del ejercicio físico sobre las características espectrales del tejido muscular, especialmente cuando comparado con los grupos sin práctica de ejercicio. Resultados: Fue posible verificar que los picos centrados en 1658 cm−1 (amida I) y 1546 cm−1 (amida II) son espectros característicos e indicados como marcadores del tenor proteico. Conclusión: Siendo así, la técnica de espectroscopia de FT-IR mostró ser capaz de monitorizar las variaciones en las estructuras secundarias de la proteína del tejido muscular esquelético, tanto en animales que recibieron suplementos, como en los que fueron sometidos a ejercicio y ambos casos conciliados. Además, la técnica FT-IR probó ser un método viable para la evaluación no destructiva de las estructuras proteicas en el músculo esquelético. Nivel de evidencia II, Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: Atualmente, não há clareza no que diz respeito ao uso da técnica de espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) para análise do efeito da suplementação de creatina (Cr) sobre as estruturas secundárias da proteína do tecido muscular esquelético submetido a exercício. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características espectrais do músculo tibial anterior de ratos submetidos a exercício em piscina e à suplementação com Cr. Métodos: Experimento 1. Em primeiro lugar, foi realizada uma experiência para assegurar que a FT-IR seria capaz de detectar a variação nas estruturas secundárias da proteína do tecido muscular esquelético no grupo de ratos sedentários (SED) e no grupo de ratos que só receberam suplemento de creatina (CRE). Experimento 2. Em seguida, foi examinado o efeito do exercício físico sobre as características espectrais do tecido muscular, especialmente quando comparado com os grupos sem prática de exercício. Resultados: Foi possível verificar que os picos centrados em 1658 cm−1(amida I) e 1546 cm−1(amida II) são espectros característicos e indicados como marcadores do teor proteico. Conclusão: Assim sendo, a técnica de espectroscopia de FT-IR mostrou ser capaz de monitorar as variações nas estruturas secundárias da proteína do tecido muscular esquelético tanto em animais que receberam suplementos, quanto nos que foram submetidos a exercício e ambos os casos conciliados. Além disso, a técnica FT-IR provou ser um método viável para a avaliação não destrutiva de estruturas proteicas no músculo esquelético. Nível de evidência II, Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

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Objective: To validate the PhisioPlay software for proprioceptive evaluation of the shoulder joint based on the data obtained by isokinetic dynamometry equipment. Methods: Thirty-one individuals constituted a single group for proprioceptive evaluation of both shoulder joints by means of joint position sense (JPS). The testing protocol of PhisioPlay consisted of the abduction movement of the shoulder to the target angles of 45° and 90° and the maintenance of these positions for 30 seconds. In the isokinetic dynamometer, the test was performed using its proprioceptive evaluation protocol for the same movement, target angles, and maintenance time established for the previous test. Results: For the 90° variables, statistical analysis pointed to agreement for the dominant limb in relation to the mean angulation and the absolute difference and for the non-dominant limb in relation to the absolute difference. The results of mean comparisons of the absolute differences via the Wilcoxon Test corroborate the literature regarding the behavior of the JPS considering joint amplitude, lateral dominance, and greater or lesser torque affecting the joint. Reliability and sensitivity measures also strengthen the conclusions. Conclusion: The results point to the construct validity of the PhisioPlay software for evaluating the JPS of the shoulder joint at 45° and 90° and suggest that the JPS is more influenced by the angle of the joint during the motor task than by the lateral dominance.

Objetivo: Validar do software PhisioPlay para avaliação proprioceptiva da articulação do ombro realizando movimento de abdução a 45º e 90º utilizando os dados obtidos por um equipamento de dinamometria isocinética. Métodos: Trinta e um indivíduos compuseram um único grupo de avaliação da propriocepção pelo senso de posição articular (SPA) do ombro. O protocolo de teste no PhisioPlay consistiu no movimento de abdução do ombro para o ângulo alvo de 45° e 90° e sua manutenção por 30 segundos. No dinamômetro isocinético o teste foi realizado utilizando seu protocolo de avaliação proprioceptiva para o mesmo movimento, ângulos alvo e tempo de manutenção no ângulo alvo estabelecidos para o teste anterior. Resultados: Para as variáveis de 90° foi observada concordância moderada para o membro dominante em relação à angulação média e à diferença absoluta, e para o membro não dominante em relação à diferença absoluta. O teste de Wilcoxon ao comparar os valores dos erros absolutos em relação ao ângulo alvo obtidos pelo PhisioPlay corroboram com a literatura sobre o comportamento do SPA observando amplitude articular, lateralidade e maior ou menor torque incidindo sobre a articulação. Medidas de confiabilidade e sensibilidade também reforçaram este comportamento. Conclusão: Os resultados apontam para validade de construto do software PhisioPlay para a avaliação do SPA da articulação do ombro a 45° e 90° e sugerem que o SPA é mais influenciado pela angulação da articulação durante a tarefa motora do que pela dominância lateral.

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ABSTRACT Introduction The rural worker involved in the coffee harvest is an important person for the economy of the many countries. However, scientific studies on the health of this worker are rare. Objective To analyze the lumbar paravertebral musculature and abdominal rectus of rural workers during coffee harvesting with the manual machines with different footrest bases (inclined, declined and horizontal), by means of electromyography. Methods Eight male rural workers from the region of Muzambinho participated in the study. All procedures and electromyographic routines were applied according to the SENIAN protocol. The workers made the usual coffee harvesting movements, using the manual machine for one minute. The data are expressed as means and standard deviations. The RMS (root mean square) signal and the median frequency (FM) were also analyzed. Results It was observed that the type of footrest base did not influence the electromyographic activity RMS or the FM, but we found that the paravertebral muscles have greater electromyographic activation when compared to the abdominal muscles, regardless of the type of footrest base. Conclusion For the task performed, the paravertebral muscles present greater electromyographic activation compared to the abdominal rectus. Level of Evidence III; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.

RESUMO Introdução O trabalhador rural envolvido na colheita de café é um personagem importante para a economia de muitos países. Contudo, são raros os estudos que envolvam a saúde desse trabalhador. Objetivo Analisar através da eletromiografia a musculatura paravertebral lombar e reto abdominal dos trabalhadores rurais durante a colheita de café com a derriçadeira manual, em diferentes bases de apoio para os pés (inclinado, declinado e horizontal). Métodos Participaram do estudo oito trabalhadores rurais da região de Muzambinho, do sexo masculino. Todos os procedimentos e rotinas eletromiográficas foram aplicados de acordo com o protocolo de SENIAN. Os trabalhadores realizaram os movimentos usuais da colheita do café utilizando a derriçadeira manual durante um minuto. Os dados foram expressos em média e desvio padrão com o sinal RMS (root mean square), além disso, foi analisada a frequência mediana (FM). Resultados Observou-se que os planos não influenciaram na atividade eletromiográfica RMS e nem na FM, no entanto, foi constatado que os músculos paravertebrais possuem maiores níveis de ativação eletromiográfica quando comparados aos músculos abdominais, independentemente dos planos. Conclusão Conclui-se que para a tarefa realizada os músculos paravertebrais apresentam maior ativação eletromiográfica em comparação aos retos abdominais. Nível de evidência III; Estudos diagnósticos-Investigação de exame para diagnósticos.

RESUMEN Introducción El trabajador rural involucrado en la cosecha de café es un personaje importante para la economía de muchos países. Sin embargo, son raros los estudios que abarquen la salud de este trabajador. Objetivo Analizar a través de electromiografía la musculatura paravertebral lumbar y recto abdominal de los trabajadores rurales durante la cosecha de café con la cosechadora manual, en diferentes bases de apoyo para los pies (inclinado, declinado y horizontal). Métodos Participaron en el estudio ocho trabajadores rurales de la región de Muzambinho, del sexo masculino. Todos los procedimientos y rutinas electromiográficas fueron aplicadas de acuerdo con el protocolo de SENIAN. Los trabajadores realizaron los movimientos usuales de la cosecha de café utilizando una cosechadora manual durante un minuto. Los datos fueron expresados en promedio y desviación estándar con la señal RMS (root mean square) y también fue analizada la frecuencia mediana (FM). Resultados Se observó que los planos no influenciaron en la actividad electromiográfica RMS y tampoco en la FM, sin embargo, fue constatado que los músculos paravertebrales poseen mayores niveles de activación electromiográfica cuando comparados a los músculos abdominales, independientemente de los planos. Conclusión Se concluye que para la tarea realizada los músculos paravertebrales presentan mayor activación electromiográfica en comparación a los rectos abdominales. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudios diagnósticos-Investigación de examen para diagnósticos.

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Objective: This study aimed to analyze the influence of environmental factors on the ICF activity-participation outcome, controlling for body function and personal factor dimensions of 75 diabetes patients. Method: Outcome measures included questionnaires on musculoskeletal pain (Nordic Questionnaire), physical and environment domains of World Health Organization Quality of Life version BRIEF (WHOQOL-brief) and clinical and personal data. Multiple linear regression with hierarchical entry of variables was used. Results: An assessment of WHOQOL-brief revealed a score of 66.6 (SD = 17.3) to physical domain and 58.8 (DP = 12.1) to environment domain. The factors associated with physical domain were lower limb pain, number of comorbidities, and environment barriers. The highest environmental barriers were financial constraints, availability of health services, deficiency of self-management, and inadequate family and social support. The final model explained 44.0% (F[12.02], p < 0.001) of variability of the physical domain. Conclusions: We confirmed the functional consequences of diabetes mellitus to be complex and multifactorial. An approach that considers the interaction between individual and environmental attributes is necessary due to the disabling nature of this health condition.

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RESUMO Introdução: A imersão em água fria (IAF) tem sido usada habitualmente para a recuperação muscular, mesmo com evidências limitadas sobre sua eficácia. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da IAF depois de uma sessão de treinamento de atletas de jiu-jitsu, sobre creatina quinase (CQ), testes funcionais de força e parâmetros isocinéticos. Métodos: Doze atletas de jiu-jitsu (idade 21,75 ± 3,10 anos; IMC 24,65 ± 3,81 kg/m2; tempo de treinamento 3,41 ± 0,51 anos) foram recrutados. Considerando que o estudo é cruzado, cada grupo teve a participação dos 12 atletas com wash-out de 30 dias. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais: (I) Grupo controle (CON), no qual os atletas não foram submetidos à IAF e (II) Grupo IAF, no qual os atletas foram submetidos à IAF (~12º C) durante seis minutos. O esforço físico foi realizado em uma sessão de treino com simulação de lutas de jiu-jitsu, com quatro lutas de cinco minutos cada e intervalo de três minutos entre elas. As variáveis CQ plasmática, protocolo estático e dinâmico do Kimono Grip Strength Test e parâmetros isocinéticos (pico de torque, trabalho e potência) foram avaliadas antes e depois dos procedimentos experimentais de recuperação. Para a análise estatística foi usada a análise de variância de dois fatores (tempo e tratamento). O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: Observou-se o efeito do tempo ao comparar CQ plasmática (incremento de 174,39 ± 99,95 UI/l para o CON e incremento de 187,91 ± 113,02 UI/l para o IAF) e teste estático do KGST (delta de -5,83 ± 9,35 s para o CON e delta de -2,83 ± 13,94 s para o IAF) antes e depois dos procedimentos experimentais de recuperação, porém, sem efeito do tratamento (P > 0,05). Os parâmetros isocinéticos não foram influenciados. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a IAF não promoveu recuperação pós-esforço em atletas de jiu-jitsu. Nível de Evidência II; ECRC de menor qualidade.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cold-water immersion (CWI) has been commonly used for muscle recovery, even with limited evidence of its efficacy. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CWI after a training session of jiu-jitsu athletes on creatine kinase (CK), functional strength tests, and isokinetic parameters. Methods: Twelve jiu-jitsu athletes (age 21.75 ± 3.10 years; BMI 24.65 ± 3.81 kg/m2; training time 3.41 ± 0.51 years) were selected. Considering that this is a crossover study, each group had the participation of 12 athletes with a 30-day wash-out. Participants were divided into two experimental groups: (I) control group (CON), in which the athletes did not underwent CWI, and (II) CWI group, in which athletes underwent CWI (~ 12 °C) for six minutes. The physical exertion was carried out in a training session with simulation of jiu-jitsu fights, with four fights five minutes each and an interval of three minutes between them. Plasma CK, static and dynamic protocols of the Kimono Grip Strength Test, and isokinetic parameters (peak torque, work, and power) were assessed before and after the experimental recovery procedures. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance (time and treatment). The level of significance was 5%. Results: The effect of time on the comparison of plasma CK (increase of 174.39 ± 99.95 IU/l for CON and increase of 187.91 ± 113.02 IU/l for CWI) and static test KGST (Δt of -5.83 ± 9.35 s for CON and Δt of -2.83 ± 13.94 s for CWI) was observed before and after the experimental recovery procedures, but without treatment effect (P> 0.05). Isokinetic parameters were not influenced (P>0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that the CWI did not promote post-exertion recovery in jiu-jitsu athletes. Level of Evidence II; Lesser quality RCT.

RESUMEN Introducción: La inmersión en agua fría (IAF) se ha utilizado habitualmente para la recuperación muscular, aun con evidencias limitadas sobre su eficacia. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los efectos de la IAF después de una sesión de entrenamiento de atletas de jiu-jitsu, sobre la creatina quinasa (CK), pruebas funcionales de fuerza y parámetros isocinéticos. Métodos: Doce atletas de jiu-jitsu (edad 21,75 ± 3,10 años, IMC 24,65 ± 3,81 kg/m2, tiempo de entrenamiento 3,41 ± 0,51 años) fueron reclutados. Considerando que el estudio es cruzado, cada grupo tuvo la participación de los 12 atletas con wash-out de 30 días. Los participantes fueron divididos en dos grupos experimentales: (I) Grupo control (CON), en el cual los atletas no fueron sometidos a la IAF y (II) Grupo IAF, en el cual los atletas fueron sometidos a la IAF (~ 12º C) durante seis minutos. El esfuerzo físico fue realizado en una sesión de entrenamiento con simulación de luchas de jiu-jitsu, con cuatro luchas de cinco minutos cada una y un intervalo de tres minutos entre ellas. Se evaluaron las variables CK plasmática, protocolo estático y dinámico del Kimono Grip Strength Test y los parámetros isocinéticos (pico de par, trabajo y potencia) antes y después de los procedimientos experimentales de recuperación. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba de varianza de dos factores (tiempo y tratamiento). El nivel de significación fue de 5%. Resultados: Se observó el efecto del tiempo al comparar la CKplasmática (aumento de 174,39 ± 99,95 UI/l para el CON y aumento de 187,91 ± 113,02 UI/l para la IAF) y prueba estática del KGST (Δt de -5,83 ± 9,35 s para CON y Δt de -2,83 ± 13,94 s para IAF) antes y después de los procedimientos experimentales de recuperación, sin el efecto del tratamiento (P > 0,05). Los parámetros isocinéticos no fueron influenciados. Conclusión: Se concluye que la IAF no promovió la recuperación después del esfuerzo en atletas de jiu-jitsu. Nivel de Evidencia II; ECRC de menor calidad.

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Hypercholesterolemia is associated with deterioration of bone tissue. Trough Raman spectroscopy, the present study aimed to assess the molecular changes in terms of mineral and organic bone-tissue remodeling in low-density lipoprotein receptor gene knockout mice (LDLr-/-) submitted to treadmill aerobic training. In order to evaluate alterations in trabecular bone and cartilage surface, neck and head femoral were assessed into four groups: (CON, n=7), the 1) animals did not perform any physical activity and had hypercholesterolemia (CON, n=7); The trained groups where animals underwent a protocols of low, moderate and high training for 8weeks and 4 times per week on a treadmill with progressive intensities: running speed (8-13m/min) and time of exercise (20-60min). These progressive intensities were needed to adjust the working load for the physical training to 2) 30-49% (LOW, n=7), 3) 50-79% (MOD, n=7), and 4) 80-100% (HIGH, n=7) of the maximum running speed. Each group was examined for molecular changes in both bone phases (mineral and organic) using principal components analysis (PCA). All exercised groups showed a significant increase (p<0.05) of bone remodeling in trabecular area and a higher content of proteins (organic content) in cartilage independently of physical activity intensity. Thus, this work demonstrated that physical training could act as a bone-protector factor in hyperlipidemic animal model as well as Raman technique associated with PCA analysis may be feasible methodology for assessment or monitoring of bone at the molecular level.

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BACKGROUND: Creatine (Cr) is a dietary supplement that presents beneficial effects in experimental models of heart and brain ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. It can improve adenosine 5'-triphosphate generation and reduce cell damage. This study evaluated the effects of Cr supplementation in a model of lung I/R. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: sham operated, Cr+sham, I/R, and Cr+I/R. We investigated the effects of 5 days of Cr supplementation (0.5 g/kg/day by gavage) before left pulmonary artery ischemia (90 minutes) and reperfusion (120 minutes) on pulmonary and systemic response. RESULTS: Cr inhibited the I/R-induced increase in exhaled nitric oxide (p < 0.05), total cells (p < 0.01), and neutrophils (p < 0.001) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in the systemic circulation (p < 0.001). The levels of interleukin-1ß (p < 0.05), tissue damping, and tissue elastance (p < 0.05) were also minimized. Cr also inhibited pulmonary edema formation (total proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, p < 0.001; histologic edema index, p < 0.001) and neutrophils accumulation in lung tissue (p < 0.001). As possible mechanisms underlying Cr effects, we observed a reduced expression of caspase 3 (p < 0.05), reduced expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, and increased expression of TLR7 in lung tissue (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Cr supplementation presents pulmonary and systemic protective effects in acute lung injury induced by I/R in rats. These beneficial effects seem to be related to the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Cr and modulation of TLRs.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the electrical behaviour of the upper rectus abdominis (URA) and lower rectus abdominis (LRA) by electromyography (EMG) during the following dynamic Pilates abdominal exercises: roll up, double leg stretch, coordination, crisscross and foot work. The results were compared with EMG findings of traditional abdominal exercises (sit up and crunch). METHODS: Seventeen female subjects (with no experience of the Pilates method) were recruited. The URA and LRA were evaluated while 12 isotonic contractions were performed using the Pilates principles or traditional abdominal exercises. The data were normalised by a maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Normality was accepted, and ANOVA followed by Tukey test was used to determine data differences (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Pilates exercises double leg stretch, coordination, crisscross and foot work promoted greater muscle activation than traditional exercises, mainly in URA. Thus, these exercises have the potential to be prescribed for muscle strengthening programmes.

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[Purpose] This study evaluated the acute cardiovascular responses during a session of Zumba(®) Fitness in a virtual reality environment. [Subjects] Eighteen healthy volunteers were recruited. [Methods] The following cardiovascular variables: heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and double product were assessed before and after the practice of virtual Zumba(®), which was performed as a continuous sequence of five choreographed movements lasting for 22 min. The game Zumba Fitness Core(®), with the Kinect-based virtual reality system for the XBOX 360, was used to create the virtual environment. Comparisons were made among mean delta values (delta=post-Zumba(®) minus pre-Zumba(®) values) for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and double product using Student's t-test for paired samples. [Results] After a single session, a significant increase was noted in all the analyzed parameters (Systolic blood pressure=18%; Diastolic blood pressure=13%; Heart rate=67%; and Double product=97%). [Conclusion] The results support the feasibility of the use of Zumba Fitness Core(®) with the Kinect-based virtual reality system for the XBOX 360 in physical activity programs and further favor its indication for this purpose.