RESUMO
A pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a produção de leite bovino em diferentes níveis produtivos no município de Pejuçara-RS. Utilizou-se a metodologia de amostragem semiestratificada, não probabilística e de população finita. A pesquisa foi realizada com 35 produtores (90% de intervalo de confiança e 10% de margem de erro). As propriedades foram agrupadas em três estratos de produção: de 0 a 200 litros/dia; de 201 a 500 litros/dia; e acima de 501 litros/dia. A maioria dos produtores de leite possuem idade superior a 50 anos e mais de 20 anos de experiência nessa atividade. Do total apenas 7 produtores possuíam menos de 40 anos de idade. Os sistemas de produção são semi-intensivos, onde os animais são criados em pastagem cultivada e recebem ração e silagem de milho após as ordenhas. Esse sistema, atrelados a boa genética dos animais e o adequado manejo sanitário, promove uma adequada produção de leite animal/dia. Grande parte da renda do município de Pejuçara é oriunda da atividade leiteira, com isso o trabalho de extensão serve de apoio na tomada de decisão visando melhorias nos pontos críticos e o aprimoramento nos pontos positivos nas diversas propriedades do município.
The research had the objective of analyzing the production of bovine milk at different productive levels in the municipality of Pejuçara-RS. The semi-standardized, non-probabilistic and finite population sampling methodology was used. The research was carried out with 35 producers (90% confidence interval and 10% margin of error). The properties were grouped into three production strata: 0 to 200 liters / day; From 201 to 500 liters / day; And above 501 liters / day. Most dairy farmers are over 50 years old and over 20 years of experience in this activity. Of the total only 7 producers were under 40 years of age. The production systems are semi-intensive, where the animals are raised in cultivated pasture and receive feed and corn silage after the milking. This system, coupled with good animal genetics and adequate sanitary management, promotes an adequate production of animal milk / day. Much of the income of the municipality of Pejuçara is derived from the dairy activity, so the extension work serves as a support in the decision making aiming at improvements in the critical points and the improvement in the positive points in the diverse properties of the municipality.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Bovinos , Indústria de Laticínios/estatística & dados numéricos , Indústria de Laticínios/organização & administração , Leite/economia , Zona RuralRESUMO
A pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a produção de leite bovino em diferentes níveis produtivos no município de Pejuçara-RS. Utilizou-se a metodologia de amostragem semiestratificada, não probabilística e de população finita. A pesquisa foi realizada com 35 produtores (90% de intervalo de confiança e 10% de margem de erro). As propriedades foram agrupadas em três estratos de produção: de 0 a 200 litros/dia; de 201 a 500 litros/dia; e acima de 501 litros/dia. A maioria dos produtores de leite possuem idade superior a 50 anos e mais de 20 anos de experiência nessa atividade. Do total apenas 7 produtores possuíam menos de 40 anos de idade. Os sistemas de produção são semi-intensivos, onde os animais são criados em pastagem cultivada e recebem ração e silagem de milho após as ordenhas. Esse sistema, atrelados a boa genética dos animais e o adequado manejo sanitário, promove uma adequada produção de leite animal/dia. Grande parte da renda do município de Pejuçara é oriunda da atividade leiteira, com isso o trabalho de extensão serve de apoio na tomada de decisão visando melhorias nos pontos críticos e o aprimoramento nos pontos positivos nas diversas propriedades do município.(AU)
The research had the objective of analyzing the production of bovine milk at different productive levels in the municipality of Pejuçara-RS. The semi-standardized, non-probabilistic and finite population sampling methodology was used. The research was carried out with 35 producers (90% confidence interval and 10% margin of error). The properties were grouped into three production strata: 0 to 200 liters / day; From 201 to 500 liters / day; And above 501 liters / day. Most dairy farmers are over 50 years old and over 20 years of experience in this activity. Of the total only 7 producers were under 40 years of age. The production systems are semi-intensive, where the animals are raised in cultivated pasture and receive feed and corn silage after the milking. This system, coupled with good animal genetics and adequate sanitary management, promotes an adequate production of animal milk / day. Much of the income of the municipality of Pejuçara is derived from the dairy activity, so the extension work serves as a support in the decision making aiming at improvements in the critical points and the improvement in the positive points in the diverse properties of the municipality.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Bovinos , Indústria de Laticínios/estatística & dados numéricos , Leite/economia , Indústria de Laticínios/organização & administração , Zona RuralRESUMO
Carnitine is well-known for its role in the transport of fatty acids to the mitochondrial matrix, where beta-oxidation takes place. This work describes novel functions for this compound and novel data on its pharmacokinetics.
Assuntos
Acil Coenzima A/metabolismo , Carnitina/metabolismo , Acetilação , Animais , Apoptose , Transporte Biológico , Carnitina/farmacocinética , Humanos , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions Orgânicos/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions Orgânicos/fisiologia , Membro 5 da Família 22 de Carreadores de SolutoRESUMO
Susceptibility of strain S288c of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to fluconazole was assayed in the presence and absence of KCl. Addition of 150 mM KCl renders the strain more sensitive to the antifungal agent. The effect is caused by the K(+) ion rather than the anion or the osmolarity of the medium. The increase in sensitivity does not modify the values of intracellular and extracellular pH established in the presence of KCl.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Fluconazol/farmacologia , Cloreto de Potássio/farmacologia , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efeitos dos fármacos , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Interações Medicamentosas , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Severe mycotic infections are a source of concern in immunocompromised patients or in those who receive chemotherapy for hematological malignant diseases. One of the causes is referred to the appearance of antimycotic resistant microorganisms. Fluconazole is one of the antimycotic used for invasive mycoses treatment. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate the factors that originate this resistance. In the present report the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c was used as a model system. In resistant strains the accumulation of the lipophilic cation Rhodamine 6G, L-leucine uptake and growth inhibition by crystal violet dye were determined. The results presented herein demonstrate the correlation between the membrane potential and the resistance to fluconazole presented by S. cerevisiae strain S288c.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Fluconazol/farmacologia , Potenciais da Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Rodaminas/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Meios de Cultura/farmacologia , Fluconazol/metabolismo , Violeta Genciana/metabolismo , Violeta Genciana/farmacologia , Leucina/metabolismo , Lipídeos de Membrana/metabolismo , Prolina/farmacologia , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efeitos dos fármacos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esteróis/metabolismoRESUMO
Severe mycotic infections are a source of concern in immunocompromised patients or in those who receive chemotherapy for hematological malignant diseases. One of the causes is referred to the appearance of antimycotic resistant microorganisms. Fluconazole is one of the antimycotic used for invasive mycoses treatment. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate the factors that originate this resistance. In the present report the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c was used as a model system. In resistant strains the accumulation of the lipophilic cation Rhodamine 6G, L-leucine uptake and growth inhibition by crystal violet dye were determined. The results presented herein demonstrate the correlation between the membrane potential and the resistance to fluconazole presented by S. cerevisiae strain S288c.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Fluconazol , Potenciais da Membrana , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Rodaminas , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Meios de Cultura , Esteróis/metabolismo , Fluconazol , Violeta Genciana , Leucina , Lipídeos de Membrana/metabolismo , Prolina , Saccharomyces cerevisiaeRESUMO
Severe mycotic infections are a source of concern in immunocompromised patients or in those who receive chemotherapy for hematological malignant diseases. One of the causes is referred to the appearance of antimycotic resistant microorganisms. Fluconazole is one of the antimycotic used for invasive mycoses treatment. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate the factors that originate this resistance. In the present report the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c was used as a model system. In resistant strains the accumulation of the lipophilic cation Rhodamine 6G, L-leucine uptake and growth inhibition by crystal violet dye were determined. The results presented herein demonstrate the correlation between the membrane potential and the resistance to fluconazole presented by S. cerevisiae strain S288c.(AU)
Assuntos
Estudo Comparativo , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Fluconazol/farmacologia , Potenciais da Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Rodaminas/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Meios de Cultura/farmacologia , Fluconazol/metabolismo , Violeta Genciana/metabolismo , Violeta Genciana/farmacologia , Leucina/metabolismo , Lipídeos de Membrana/metabolismo , Prolina/farmacologia , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efeitos dos fármacos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esteróis/metabolismoRESUMO
Severe mycotic infections are a source of concern in immunocompromised patients or in those who receive chemotherapy for hematological malignant diseases. One of the causes is referred to the appearance of antimycotic resistant microorganisms. Fluconazole is one of the antimycotic used for invasive mycoses treatment. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate the factors that originate this resistance. In the present report the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c was used as a model system. In resistant strains the accumulation of the lipophilic cation Rhodamine 6G, L-leucine uptake and growth inhibition by crystal violet dye were determined. The results presented herein demonstrate the correlation between the membrane potential and the resistance to fluconazole presented by S. cerevisiae strain S288c.
RESUMO
Leucine uptake by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by three transport systems, the general amino acid transport system (GAP), encoded by GAP1, and two group-specific systems (S1 and S2), which also transport isoleucine and valine. A new mutant defective in both group-specific transport activities was isolated by employing a gap1 leu4 strain and selecting for trifluoroleucine-resistant mutants which also showed greatly reduced ability to utilize L-leucine as sole nitrogen source and very low levels of [14C]L-leucine uptake. A multicopy plasmid containing a DNA fragment which complemented the leucine transport defect was isolated by selecting for transformants that grew normally on minimal medium containing leucine as nitrogen source and subsequently assaying [14C]L-leucine uptake. Transformation of one such mutant, lep1, restored sensitivity to trifluoroleucine. The complementing gene, designated LEP1, was subcloned and sequenced. The LEP1 ORF encodes a large protein that lacks characteristics of a transporter or permease (i.e., lacks hydrophobic domains necessary for membrane association). Instead, Lep1p is a very basic protein (pI of 9.2) that contains a putative bipartite signal sequence for targeting to the nucleus, suggesting that it might be a DNA-binding protein. A database search revealed that LEP1 encodes a polypeptide that is identical to Sac3p except for an N-terminal truncation. The original identification of SAC3 was based on the isolation of a mutant allele, sac3-1, that suppresses the temperature-sensitive growth defect of an actin mutant containing the allele act1-1. Sac3p has been previously shown to be localized in the nucleus. When a lep1 mutant was crossed with a sac3 deletion mutant, no complementation was observed, indicating that the two mutations are functionally allelic.
Assuntos
Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Leucina/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Alelos , Sistemas de Transporte de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Transporte Biológico , Clonagem Molecular , DNA Fúngico , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Genes Fúngicos , Teste de Complementação Genética , Leucina/análogos & derivados , Leucina/farmacologia , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas de Transporte Nucleocitoplasmático , Porinas , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efeitos dos fármacos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genéticaRESUMO
Fluconazole inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c growth was evaluated in media containing ammonia, L-proline or L-leucine as a nitrogen source. Growth inhibition by fluconazole was maximum when L-proline was used as a nitrogen source, while rhodamine 6G accumulation and fluconazole resistance were the highest when ammonia was the sole nitrogen source.