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ABSTRACT Objective: Despite its recognized importance, primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA) remains an underdiagnosed condition in clinical practice. The objective of the present study was to evaluate PHA screening practices by general practitioners and specialists in endocrinology and cardiology. Subjects and methods: This cross-sectional, observational study invited physicians to respond voluntarily to an online survey. The survey collected the respondents' sociodemographic data and answers to five hypothetical clinical cases meeting Endocrine Society criteria for PHA screening. Results: In all, 126 physicians responded to the online survey. Endocrinologists were the specialists who most often chose PHA screening, although the screening rates were overall low, ranging from 36.5% to 92.9%, depending on the case and the respondents' specialty. The survey also assessed the reasons for not choosing PHA screening, which included limited availability of tests within the public health services, interference of antihypertensive medications on hormone levels, and failure to identify the screening indication. Being an endocrinologist was an independent predictor for choosing PHA screening for the patients in Cases #1 and #5 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Conclusion: Endocrinologists were the specialists who most often chose PHA screening, although the screening rates were overall low among all specialists. These findings highlight a need for continuing medical education programs addressing PHA screening and making the diagnosis of PHA more present in the daily clinical practice of physicians treating patients with hypertension.
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Resumo: Introdução: O cuidado paliativo foi recentemente incluído no currículo da graduação em Medicina no Brasil, mas a colocação do seu ensino em prática representa um grande desafio. Ensinar cuidado paliativo envolve abordar o sofrimento e o cuidado de questões que vão além dos sintomas físicos, aspectos com os quais os alunos de Medicina estão geralmente pouco acostumados. O Photovoice (PV) é uma ferramenta multifacetada que pode servir ao propósito do trinômio ensino, pesquisa e extensão. Na sua aplicação como instrumento pedagógico, os alunos atuam geralmente como participantes e o docente como facilitador. Os alunos são convidados a tirar fotografias (photo) e narrar essas imagens (voice) atribuindo significado e interpretação dentro de um contexto. Relato de experiência: Um grupo de alunos foi convidado a produzir um trabalho com o tema "Cuidados paliativos na visão de um estudante do terceiro ano de Medicina". O trabalho foi desenvolvido ao longo de 12 encontros semanais sob a forma de rodas de conversa, que versavam sobre materiais previamente enviados aos alunos, como música, vídeos e textos. Cada aluno produziu um PV individual. Os PV preparados pelos alunos se dividiram espontaneamente em três grupos: experiências familiares de cuidados paliativos, experiências profissionais vivenciadas nos cenários de prática da faculdade e desenvolvimento do tema de maneira mais conceitual. Discussão: A despeito das limitações e dificuldades do tema e da metodologia utilizada, o saldo final da experiência foi muito positivo não só pelo aprendizado dos alunos, mas também pela criação de um grande vínculo no grupo, que manifestou profunda gratidão pelo trabalho desenvolvido ao longo do semestre. Conclusão: Diante dos nove PV produzidos, fruto da reflexão individual de cada aluno, percebe-se que cada integrante do grupo foi tocado de uma forma diferente pelo assunto, ainda que todas as reflexões tenham sido realizadas de forma coletiva durante os nossos encontros. A produção dos PV permitiu a externalização de visões diferentes sobre o mesmo assunto de maneira pessoal e humanística, ou seja, percepção do que é cuidado paliativo na visão de um estudante de Medicina do terceiro ano.
Abstract: Introduction: Palliative care was recently included in the undergraduate medical curriculum in Brazil, but putting its teaching into practice represents a major challenge. Palliative care involves intimate contact with suffering and caring for issues that go beyond physical symptoms, aspects generally unfamiliar to medical students. Photovoice (PV) is a multifaceted tool that can support the teaching, research and extension trinomial. In its application as a pedagogical tool, students generally act as participants and the teacher as facilitator. Students are invited to take photographs (photo) and narrate these images (voice) ascribing meaning and interpretation within a context. Experience Report: A group of students was invited to produce a manuscript with the theme "Palliative care from the point of view of a third-year medical student". The work was developed over 12 weekly meetings in the form of conversation circles that dealt with materials previously sent to students such as music, videos and texts. Each student produced an individual PV. Photovoices prepared by the students were spontaneously divided into three groups: family experiences of palliative care, professional experiences in practice scenarios and development of the theme in a more conceptual manner. Discussion: Despite the limitations and difficulties of the theme and the methodology used, the final balance of the experience was very positive, not only in relation to student learning, but also to the creation of a strong bond within the group, which expressed deep gratitude for the work developed over the course of the semester. Conclusion: In view of the nine PVs produced, as a result of each student's individual reflection, it is clear that each member of the group was touched in a different way by the subject, even though all the reflections were presented collectively during our meetings. The production of a PV allowed the externalization of different views on the same subject in a personal and humanistic way, in other words, the perception of palliative care in the view of a third-year medical student.
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Inflammation and oxidative stress are linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this work, we analyzed patients' blood markers of antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress and inflammation in individuals with T2DM, in pre-diabetes state (pre-DM) and controls without diabetes. Patients were divided into three groups, according to glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): <7%, 7-9%, and >9%. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, total thiols, nitric oxide (â¢NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) levels of the individuals were measured. Plasma SOD activity was higher in T2DM subjects compared to the controls. While total thiols levels were lower in T2DM groups when compared to pre-DM, the values remained unchanged when compared to controls. ICAM-1 levels of T2DM groups were lower than in controls, while GPx activity, â¢NO, and TNF-α levels were similar among all groups. A positive correlation was found between SOD and HbA1c levels. Concluding, individuals with T2DM present altered SOD activity, total thiols, and ICAM-1 levels, which might contribute to further complications. There is a positive correlation between SOD activity and HbA1c levels. No apparent correlation exists between total thiols and ICAM-1 levels and with any other of the parameters evaluated in this study.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/sangue , Superóxido Dismutase/sangue , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Humanos , Inflamação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estresse Oxidativo , Estado Pré-Diabético/sangue , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
ABSTRACT: CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency varies from 5.8% to 30% among patients undergoing long-term treatment with metformin. Because of the paucity of data on Brazilian patients, this study aimed to determine the frequency of B12 deficiency and related factors among Brazilian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using metformin. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at a public university hospital. METHODS: Patients with T2DM and a control group of non-diabetics were included. Serum B12 levels were measured and biochemical B12 deficiency was defined as serum levels < 180 pg/ml. Associations between B12 deficiency and age, duration of T2DM, duration of use and dosage of metformin, and use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or histamine H2 antagonists were determined. RESULTS: 231 T2DM patients using metformin (T2DM-met) and 231 controls were included. No difference in the frequency of PPI or H2-antagonist use was seen between the groups. B12 deficiency was more frequent in the T2DM-met group (22.5% versus 7.4%) and this difference persisted after excluding PPI/H2-antagonist users (17.9% versus 5.6%). The factors that interfered with serum B12 levels were PPI/H2-antagonist use and duration of metformin use ≥ 10 years. Use of PPI/H2-antagonists was associated with B12 deficiency, with an odds ratio of 2.60 (95% confidence interval, 1.34-5.04). CONCLUSIONS: Among T2DM patients, treatment with metformin and concomitant use of PPI/H2-antagonists are associated with a higher chance of developing B12 deficiency than among non-diabetics.
RESUMO: CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A prevalência de deficiência de vitamina B12 varia de 5,8% a 30% nos pacientes em tratamento a longo prazo com metformina. Devido à escassez de dados em pacientes brasileiros, este estudo determinou a frequência de deficiência de B12 e fatores relacionados em pacientes brasileiros com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) usando metformina. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal em hospital público universitário. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com DM2 e um grupo controle de não diabéticos foram incluídos. Os níveis séricos de vitamina B12 foram dosados e deficiência bioquímica de B12 foi definida como níveis séricos < 180 pg/ml. Foi investigada a associação entre deficiência de B12 e idade, duração do DM2, duração do uso e dose de metformina, uso de inibidores de bomba de prótons (IBP) ou antagonistas dos receptores histamínicos H2 (antagonistas-H2). RESULTADOS: 231 pacientes DM2 usando metformina (DM2-met) e 231 controles foram incluídos. Não houve diferença na frequência de uso de IBP/antagonistas-H2 entre os grupos. Deficiência de B12 foi mais frequente no grupo DM2-met (22,5% versus 7,4%) e essa diferença persistiu após exclusão dos usuários de IBP/antagonistas-H2 (17,9% versus 5,6%). Fatores que interferiram nos níveis séricos de B12 foram: uso de IBP/antagonistas-H2 e duração do uso de metformina ≥ 10 anos. O uso de IBP/antagonistas-H2 associou-se com deficiência de B12, com um risco relativo de 2,60 (95% intervalo de confiança, 1,34-5,04). CONCLUSÕES: Considerando pacientes com DM2, o tratamento com metformina e uso concomitante de IBP/antagonistas-H2 estão associados com maior chance de desenvolver deficiência de B12 quando comparado aos não diabéticos.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/induzido quimicamente , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Metformina/efeitos adversos , Vitamina B 12/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Modelos Logísticos , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Inibidores da Bomba de Prótons/efeitos adversos , Antagonistas dos Receptores H2 da Histamina/efeitos adversos , Hospitais PúblicosRESUMO
The purpose of this case series is to report eight patients with giant prolactinomas emphasizing presentations and a treatment complication. The study group included six men and two women. The median age was 29 years (18-54 years); median serum prolactin level was 4,562 ng/ml (1,543-18,690 ng/ml); three patients (37.5%) had panhypopituitarism; median tumor diameter was 50 mm (41-60 mm). Five patients (62.5%) had visual field defects and three had improvement during treatment; six patients (75%) reached prolactin normalization, with a median time of 10.5 months (7-84 months) and median dose of 2.0 mg/week (1.0 to 3.0 mg/week). One patient presented as a true incidentaloma. One patient presented a cerebrospinal fluid leakage during medical treatment and refused surgery, however this resolved with conservative measures. This case series illustrate a rare subtype of macroprolactinomas, the importance of considering unusual presentations at the diagnosis, the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment and its possible complications.
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Neoplasias Hipofisárias/patologia , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/terapia , Prolactinoma/patologia , Prolactinoma/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Cabergolina , Vazamento de Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/patologia , Agonistas de Dopamina/uso terapêutico , Ergolinas/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/diagnóstico por imagem , Prolactina/sangue , Prolactinoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Sela Túrcica/patologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Carga Tumoral , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ABSTRACT The purpose of this case series is to report eight patients with giant prolactinomas emphasizing presentations and a treatment complication. The study group included six men and two women. The median age was 29 years (18–54 years); median serum prolactin level was 4,562 ng/ml (1,543–18,690 ng/ml); three patients (37.5%) had panhypopituitarism; median tumor diameter was 50 mm (41–60 mm). Five patients (62.5%) had visual field defects and three had improvement during treatment; six patients (75%) reached prolactin normalization, with a median time of 10.5 months (7–84 months) and median dose of 2.0 mg/week (1.0 to 3.0 mg/week). One patient presented as a true incidentaloma. One patient presented a cerebrospinal fluid leakage during medical treatment and refused surgery, however this resolved with conservative measures. This case series illustrate a rare subtype of macroprolactinomas, the importance of considering unusual presentations at the diagnosis, the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment and its possible complications.
RESUMO O objetivo desta série de casos é relatar oito pacientes com prolactinomas gigantes enfatizando as formas de apresentação e uma complicação do tratamento. O estudo incluiu seis homens e duas mulheres. A mediana de idade foi 29 anos (18–54); e dos níveis de prolactina foi 4.562 ng/ml (1.543–18.690); três pacientes (37,5%) apresentaram pan-hipopituitarismo; a mediana do máximo diâmetro tumoral foi 50 mm (41–60 mm). Cinco pacientes (62,5%) apresentaram alterações no campo visual e três tiveram melhora durante o tratamento; seis pacientes (75%) alcançaram normalização da prolactina em 10,5 meses (7–84) com dose mediana de cabergolina de 2,0 mg / semana (1,0 a 3,0). Um paciente se apresentou como um verdadeiro incidentaloma. Um paciente apresentou uma fistula liquórica durante o tratamento medicamentoso e recusou correção cirúrgica. No entanto a fistula foi resolvida com medidas conservadoras. Esta série de casos ilustra um subtipo raro de macroprolactinomas, a importância de considerar apresentações incomuns no diagnóstico, a eficácia do tratamento farmacológico e suas possíveis complicações.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/patologia , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/terapia , Prolactinoma/patologia , Prolactinoma/terapia , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/diagnóstico por imagem , Prolactina/sangue , Sela Túrcica/patologia , Fatores de Tempo , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Prolactinoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Seguimentos , Resultado do Tratamento , Agonistas de Dopamina/uso terapêutico , Carga Tumoral , Ergolinas/uso terapêutico , Vazamento de Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/patologia , Cabergolina , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To perform a clinical, biochemical, and molecular evaluation of patients with CYP17A1 defects, including ovarian imaging. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Tertiary care center. PATIENT(S): Sixteen patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to CYP17A1 defects with a median chronological age of 20 years and belonging to 10 unrelated families. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Clinical and biochemical parameters, molecular diagnosis, ovarian imaging, and therapeutic management. RESULT(S): Seventy-one percent of patients presented with primary amenorrhea, 50% had no breast development, and pubic hair was absent or sparse in all patients; 88% had high blood pressure at diagnosis. Basal LH and P levels were high, and androgen levels were low in all patients. Ultrasound revealed ovarian enlargement in 68.7% and ovarian macrocysts in 62.5% of patients before treatment; three patients had a previous surgical correction of ovarian torsion or rupture. Molecular analysis revealed inactivating CYP17A1 mutations in all patients. The most prevalent mutation was p.W406R, and one patient bore a novel p.G478S/p.I223Nfs*10 compound heterozygous mutation. Treatment with dexamethasone, estrogen, and P resulted in reduction of ovarian volume. CONCLUSION(S): Amenorrhea, absent/sparse pubic hair, hypertension, and ovarian macrocysts, whichincrease the risk of ovarian torsion, are important elements in the diagnosis of 46,XX patients with CYP17A1 defects. High basal P levels in patients with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism point to the diagnosis of CYP17A1 defects. Fertility can be achieved in these patients with novel reproductive techniques.
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Transtornos 46, XX do Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Corticosteroides , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/genética , Doenças Ovarianas/genética , Esteroide 17-alfa-Hidroxilase/genética , Transtornos 46, XX do Desenvolvimento Sexual/sangue , Transtornos 46, XX do Desenvolvimento Sexual/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Corticosteroides/sangue , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/sangue , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/diagnóstico , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Doenças Ovarianas/sangue , Doenças Ovarianas/diagnóstico , Linhagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:: The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency varies from 5.8% to 30% among patients undergoing long-term treatment with metformin. Because of the paucity of data on Brazilian patients, this study aimed to determine the frequency of B12 deficiency and related factors among Brazilian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using metformin. DESIGN AND SETTING:: Cross-sectional study at a public university hospital. METHODS:: Patients with T2DM and a control group of non-diabetics were included. Serum B12 levels were measured and biochemical B12 deficiency was defined as serum levels < 180 pg/ml. Associations between B12 deficiency and age, duration of T2DM, duration of use and dosage of metformin, and use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or histamine H2 antagonists were determined. RESULTS:: 231 T2DM patients using metformin (T2DM-met) and 231 controls were included. No difference in the frequency of PPI or H2-antagonist use was seen between the groups. B12 deficiency was more frequent in the T2DM-met group (22.5% versus 7.4%) and this difference persisted after excluding PPI/H2-antagonist users (17.9% versus 5.6%). The factors that interfered with serum B12 levels were PPI/H2-antagonist use and duration of metformin use ≥ 10 years. Use of PPI/H2-antagonists was associated with B12 deficiency, with an odds ratio of 2.60 (95% confidence interval, 1.34-5.04). CONCLUSIONS:: Among T2DM patients, treatment with metformin and concomitant use of PPI/H2-antagonists are associated with a higher chance of developing B12 deficiency than among non-diabetics.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Metformina/efeitos adversos , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/induzido quimicamente , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/epidemiologia , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Antagonistas dos Receptores H2 da Histamina/efeitos adversos , Hospitais Públicos , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Inibidores da Bomba de Prótons/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Risco , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Vitamina B 12/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We report our surgical series of 35 patients with giant nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (GNFPA). We analyzed the rule of Ki-67 antigen expression in predicting recurrence. METHODS: Thirty-five patients were operated between 2000 and 2010. Suprassellar extension of the tumors were classified according to Hardy and Mohr based on magnetic resonance (MR) studies. Pituitary endocrine function and MR scans were assessed preoperatively and at 1, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Immunohistochemical studies were based in regard to the expression of the proliferative Ki-67 index and the hormonal receptor for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and prolactin. Tumors specimens were obtained from 35 patients with GNFPA. Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery was the approach of choice. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were submitted to 49 surgeries, 44 (89.8%) were transsphenoidal and 5 (10.2%) were transcranial. The most frequent preoperative complaints were visual acuity impairment and visual field defect in 25 (71.2%) and 23 (65.7%) cases, respectively. Improvement of visual acuitiy and visual field deficit after surgery was seen in 20 (80%) and 17 (73.9%) patients, respectively. Endocrinological deficits were encountered in 20 patients (57.1%). After surgery, 18 patients (51.4%) required hormonal replacement. Three patients had visual symptoms related to pituitary apoplexy and recovered after surgery. The Ki-67 labeling index (LI) ranged from <1% to 4.8%. The rate of recurrence in tumors with Ki-67 <3% was 7.7% (2 patients), Ki-67 >3% was present in 5 patients and the recurrence committed 3 patients. CONCLUSION: In our series, regardless the improvement of visual function and compressing symptoms, 5 patients with expression of Ki-67 LI more than 3% experienced a recurrence.
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INTRODUCTION: It has been reported in some series that gsp+ somatotropinomas are more sensitive to somatostatin analogues (SA) and dopamine's actions which may be related to their somatostatin receptor (SSTR) and dopamine receptor (DR) profile. No previous studies have been undertaken to evaluate the SSTR and DR profile related with the gsp status in somatotropinomas. OBJECTIVES: To determine if (1) gsp status is correlated with response to octreotide LAR (LAR) and tumor expression patterns of SSTR1-5 and DR1-5 and (2) cAMP level can directly modulate SSTR and DR mRNA levels. METHODS: Response to SA was evaluated by GH and IGF-I percent reduction after 3 and 6 months of treatment with LAR. Conventional PCR and sequencing were used to identify gsp+ tumors. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine SSTR and DR tumor expression. Primary pituitary cell cultures of primates were used to study whether SSTR and DR expression is regulated by forskolin. RESULTS: The response to LAR did not significantly differ between patients with gsp+ and gsp- tumors; however, gsp+ tumors expressed higher levels of SSTR1, SSTR2, DR2 and a lower level of SSTR3. Forskolin increased SSTR1, SSTR2, DR1 and DR2 expression in cell cultures. CONCLUSION: Elevated SSTR1, SSTR2, and DR2 tumor expression may help improve responsiveness to SA and DA therapy; however, this study may not have been appropriately powered to observe significant effects in the clinical response. Elevated cAMP levels could be directly responsible for the upregulation in SSTR1, SSTR2 and DR2 mRNA levels observed in gsp+ patients.