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(1) Background: Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne disease that has become a serious public health problem in the Yucatan Peninsula. Although more than 60% of cases originate from the state of Quintana Roo, it is one of the least explored areas in terms of incriminating vectors of the Leishmania parasite. Additionally, cases of leishmaniasis have increased substantially in that region in recent years. For this reason, we explored and provided primary evidence of Leishmania DNA in sand fly species from four localities during outbreaks of leishmaniasis in Quintana Roo. We also contributed information on the regional genetic diversity of Leishmania parasites. (2) Methods: Sand flies were collected during several periods from November 2022 to April 2023 using Mosquito Light Circle and Shannon traps, as well as an active entomological search in refuges. For Leishmania detection, we amplified a fragment of 300-350 bp of the internal transcribed spacer subunit 1 (ITS-1). (3) Results: Of the 242 females collected, we detected Leishmania DNA in 25 specimens represented by Bichromomyia olmeca (1), Psathyromyia shannoni (17), Lutzomyia cruciata (4), Psathyromyia undulata (2), and Dampfomyia deleoni (1). The detection of Leishmania in these last two species represents new records for the Yucatan Peninsula and for Mexico. Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana was the only species detected in the Phlebotominae species, with prevalence values that ranked between 7.41% and 33.33% from specimens collected in the sylvatic areas of Cozumel Island and Petcacab. (4) Conclusions: This study provides the first evidence of infection of Da. deleoni and Pa. undulata by L. (L.) Mexicana. In addition, the presence of three dominant haplotypes in all the evaluated localities was evidenced using the analysis of genetic diversity, and the locality of Petcacab was the one with the circulation of two new haplotypes not previously described in Mexico or neighboring countries. These results highlight the importance of intensive epidemiological surveillance due to the dynamics of transmission of Leishmania between different species.
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Environmental changes triggered by deforestation, urban expansion and climate change are present-day drivers of the emergence and reemergence of leishmaniasis. This review describes the current epidemiological scenario and the feasible influence of environmental changes on disease occurrence in the state of Yucatan, Mexico. Relevant literature was accessed through different databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google, and Mexican official morbidity databases. Recent LCL autochthonous cases, potential vector sandflies and mammal hosts/reservoirs also have been reported in several localities of Yucatan without previous historical records of the disease. The impact of deforestation, urban expansion and projections on climate change have been documented. The current evidence of the relationships between the components of the transmission cycle, the disease occurrence, and the environmental changes on the leishmaniasis emergence in the state shows the need for strength and an update to the intervention and control strategies through a One Health perspective.
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Deer encompass a group of large-sized vertebrates that serve as hosts for a wide variety of ectoparasites, mainly ticks. In Mexico, ticks have relevance as vectors of pathogenic microorganisms, and 20 species of hard ticks are associated with four species of deer, although only a single study has been conducted to detect bacterial agents associated with ticks from deer in the country. In February, 2019 three white-tailed deers (Odocoileus virginianus) were hunted from the locality of Chiná from the municipality of Campeche, Mexico. The sampled deers were parasitized by 26 ticks belonged to three species: Amblyomma mixtum (5â, 1â), Amblyomma ovale (2â, 1â), and Ixodes sp. cf. Ixodes affinis (15â, 2â). Specimens were screened individually for Anaplasma, Borrelia, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia DNA by the amplification of several fragments of 16S rRNA, gltA, 17-kDa, and flaB genes. This study report for the first time the presence of Rickettsia sp. cf. Rickettsia monacensis in Ixodes sp. cf. Ixodes affinis in Mexico.
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Cervos/parasitologia , Ixodes/microbiologia , Rickettsia/isolamento & purificação , Anaplasma/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Borrelia/isolamento & purificação , Ehrlichia/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Masculino , México , RNA Bacteriano , RNA Ribossômico 16SRESUMO
The genus Rickettsia encompasses 35 valid species of intracellular, coccobacilli bacteria that can infect several eukaryotic taxa, causing multiple emerging and re-emerging diseases worldwide. This work aimed to gather and summarise the current knowledge about the genus Rickettsia in Mexico, updating the taxonomy of the bacteria and their hosts by including all the records available until 2020, to elucidate host-parasite relationships and determine the geographical distribution of each Rickettsia species present in the country. Until now, 14 species of Rickettsia belonging to four groups have been recorded in Mexico. These species have been associated with 26 arthropod species (14 hard ticks, three soft ticks, two sucking lice, and seven fleas) and 17 mammal species distributed over 30 states in Mexico. This work highlights the high biological inventory of rickettsias for Mexico and reinforces the need to approach the study of this group from a One Health perspective.
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Anoplura/microbiologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Mamíferos/microbiologia , Rickettsia/fisiologia , Sifonápteros/microbiologia , Carrapatos/microbiologia , Animais , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , MéxicoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Triatomine bugs are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. METHODS: Triatomine bugs were collected and identified following established protocols. In addition, infection with T. cruzi was detected by microscopic and molecular analysis. RESULTS: We captured an adult male specimen of the Eratyrus cuspidatus species that has not been reported in the state of Campeche. CONCLUSIONS: This finding provides new information on the distribution of E. cuspidatus in Mexico. However, more studies are needed to determine their epidemiological significance.
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Insetos Vetores/anatomia & histologia , Insetos Vetores/classificação , Triatominae/anatomia & histologia , Triatominae/classificação , Animais , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMO
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Triatomine bugs are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. METHODS: Triatomine bugs were collected and identified following established protocols. In addition, infection with T. cruzi was detected by microscopic and molecular analysis. RESULTS: We captured an adult male specimen of the Eratyrus cuspidatus species that has not been reported in the state of Campeche. CONCLUSIONS: This finding provides new information on the distribution of E. cuspidatus in Mexico. However, more studies are needed to determine their epidemiological significance.
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Animais , Masculino , Triatominae/anatomia & histologia , Triatominae/classificação , Insetos Vetores/anatomia & histologia , Insetos Vetores/classificação , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , MéxicoRESUMO
Murine typhus is a flea-borne disease caused by Rickettsia typhi, which was first detected in Mexico in 1927. It was not until 1996 that the first systematized study involving this pathogen was conducted in two coastal states of Mexico. We now report the first confirmed case of murine typhus in the state of Campeche, which occurred in a male patient who exhibited fever, thrombocytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, and a rash. Furthermore, the patient reported having had previous contact with Rickettsia reservoirs.
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Tifo Endêmico Transmitido por Pulgas/diagnóstico , Adulto , Ceftriaxona/uso terapêutico , Doxiciclina/uso terapêutico , Exantema , Febre , Humanos , Masculino , México , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Rickettsia typhi , Trombocitopenia , Tifo Endêmico Transmitido por Pulgas/sangue , Tifo Endêmico Transmitido por Pulgas/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Abstract Murine typhus is a flea-borne disease caused by Rickettsia typhi, which was first detected in Mexico in 1927. It was not until 1996 that the first systematized study involving this pathogen was conducted in two coastal states of Mexico. We now report the first confirmed case of murine typhus in the state of Campeche, which occurred in a male patient who exhibited fever, thrombocytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, and a rash. Furthermore, the patient reported having had previous contact with Rickettsia reservoirs.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Tifo Endêmico Transmitido por Pulgas/diagnóstico , Rickettsia typhi , Trombocitopenia , Ceftriaxona/uso terapêutico , Tifo Endêmico Transmitido por Pulgas/tratamento farmacológico , Tifo Endêmico Transmitido por Pulgas/sangue , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Doxiciclina/uso terapêutico , Exantema , Febre , MéxicoRESUMO
Among the infectious diseases characterized by a febrile picture are: dengue, leptospirosis, rickettsiosis and salmonellosis, among others. The objective of this study was to identify IgM antibodies against dengue and Leptospira in febrile patientes. The seropositivity for IgM antibodies to dengue was 34%; 26.3% for women and 7.6% for men, without differences significant (p = 0.181). The seropositivity for IgM antibodies to Leptospira was 3.2%, being found only in women. Positive serology for both dengue and Leptospira was 1%. The serovars detected were Pomona and Canicola by the microagglutination technique. It was possible to identify the unsuspected presence of leptospirosis and dengue in atypical months for the latter, an important fact to consider the study of serology in the differential diagnosis of febrile diseases.
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Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Dengue/epidemiologia , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Dengue/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Hospitais Gerais , Humanos , Leptospirose/diagnóstico , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Resumen Entre las enfermedades infecciosas febriles se encuentran: dengue, leptospirosis, rickettsiosis y salmonelosis, entre otras. El objetivo de este estudio fue detectar la presencia de anticuerpos IgM a dengue y Leptospira en pacientes febriles. La seropositividad para IgM frente al dengue fue 34%; 26,3% en mujeres y 7,6% en varones, sin diferencias significativas (p = 0,181). La seropositividad para los anticuerpos IgM a Leptospira fue 3,2%; encontrándose sólo en mujeres. La serología positiva para leptospirosis y dengue fue 1%. Los serovares detectados fueron Pomona y Canicola por la técnica de microaglutinación. Se pudo identificar la presencia insospechada de leptospirosis y dengue en meses atípicos para este último, hecho importante para considerar el estudio de serología en el diagnóstico diferencial de enfermedades febriles.
Among the infectious diseases characterized by a febrile picture are: dengue, leptospirosis, rickettsiosis and salmonellosis, among others. The objective of this study was to identify IgM antibodies against dengue and Leptospira in febrile patientes. The seropositivity for IgM antibodies to dengue was 34%; 26.3% for women and 7.6% for men, without differences significant (p = 0.181). The seropositivity for IgM antibodies to Leptospira was 3.2%, being found only in women. Positive serology for both dengue and Leptospira was 1%. The serovars detected were Pomona and Canicola by the microagglutination technique. It was possible to identify the unsuspected presence of leptospirosis and dengue in atypical months for the latter, an important fact to consider the study of serology in the differential diagnosis of febrile diseases.