RESUMO
The role of tonsils in oral immunity has been described. However, the pathogenesis of HIV infection in these organs is still unclear. The aim of this study is to perform histological and immunohistochemical analysis of the palatine and lingual tonsils of autopsied individuals with or without HIV infection. Twenty-six autopsied individuals with HIV infection (HI) (n=13) and without HIV infection (CO) (n=13) were selected. Palatine and lingual tonsil fragments were collected for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. We found in the HI group a higher frequency of hyaline degeneration in both palatine and lingual tonsils; smaller follicle areas, and a higher percentage of collagen in comparison with the CO group. In the HI group, there was higher density of blood vessels in palatine tonsils than in the CO group. In the HI group, there were significant positive correlations between palatine and lingual tonsils and the area of lymphoid follicles, and between the percentage of blood vessels and collagen in palatine tonsils. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between the percentage of collagen and lymphoid follicle area in both palatine and lingual tonsils in the HI group. These findings suggest that the immune functions of these tonsils are prejudiced by fibrosis. Therapies to reduce the neoformation of collagen are required to improve immune function of organs against pathogens.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Linfonodos/imunologia , Tonsila Palatina/imunologia , Língua/patologia , Adulto , Feminino , Fibrose , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/virologia , Linfonodos/virologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tonsila Palatina/virologia , Língua/imunologiaRESUMO
The determination of measurements of teeth facilitates various procedures in dentistry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total length and the area of the non-extracted upper central incisors (UCI). Periapical radiographies of 42 UCI were placed over a lighted box. The outlines of the teeth and the pulp cavity were traced onto sheets and then measured using an image analyzer. The area of the upper left central incisor tooth (tooth 21) was statistically significantly larger in males than in females (p = 0.02). The total length of the right UCI was similar to that of the left one. This study demonstrates that computer-assisted morphometry is an important tool for the evaluation of the total length and areas of teeth and their pulp cavities. The significantly larger area of tooth 21 in males compared to females has anthropomorphic and clinical implications.
Assuntos
Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Incisivo/anatomia & histologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Cavidade Pulpar/anatomia & histologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In chronic Chagas' disease (CD), an increase in collagen intensity and mast cell density has been described individually in the myocardium and tongue muscles. The aim of this study was to compare the percentage of collagen, mast cell tryptase (MCT) density, and mast cell chymase (MCH) density in the lingual muscles and myocardium from autopsied chagasic (CP) and nonchagasic patients (NCP). The selected cases were divided into two groups: (1) CP (n = 10) and (2) NCP (n = 10). Fragments were removed from the tongue and heart. After histological processing, the slices were stained with picrosirius, and immunohistochemistry was performed for MCH and MCT. The CP group showed the highest MCH and MCT densities and the highest percentage of collagen in the lingual muscles and myocardium when compared with the NCP group (p < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was observed between the collagen intensity and MCH density in the myocardium of the CP group. Although there are no reports in the literature of MCT and MCH in CD, its higher densities as well as higher percentage of collagen were found in the lingual muscles and myocardium in the CP group, suggesting that tryptase and chymase are associated with the pathogenesis of CD in these organs. Furthermore, the positive and significant correlation between the percentage of collagen and MCH density in the myocardium of the CP group suggests that the chymase is associated with fibrosis in CD, as demonstrated in other diseases.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/patologia , Colágeno/metabolismo , Mastócitos/fisiologia , Miocárdio/patologia , Língua/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Doença Crônica , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mastócitos/citologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Miocárdio/citologia , Língua/citologiaRESUMO
Chagas' disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and continues to be a significant public health problem, since 10 million people are still infected in Latin America. The purpose of this study was to analyze the microvasculature alterations as well the expression of cytokines and chemokines in the tongues from patients with chronic Chagas' disease (CC; n = 18), comparatively with a non-chagasic group (NC; n = 22). We observed several vascular alterations in the tongue of CC such as a greater vascular diameter, increased vascular wall area, high density of the blood vessels, and increased thickening of the capillary basement membrane. The expression of cytokines interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha and chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha were significantly down-regulated in the tongue of CC group. These results demonstrated that, in the tongue of chagasic patients, a microvascular abnormality and immunological impairment occurs, probably due to chronic inflammation evoked by T. cruzi antigens.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/patologia , Citocinas/biossíntese , Regulação para Baixo , Microvasos/patologia , Língua/patologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , América Latina , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Therapy with stem cells has showed to be promising for acute kidney injury (AKI), although how it works is still controversial. Modulation of the inflammatory response is one possible mechanism. Most of published data relies on early time and whether the protection is still maintained after that is not known. Here, we analyzed whether immune modulation continues after 24 h of reperfusion. MSC were obtained from male Wistar rats. After 3-5 passages, cells were screened for CD73, CD90, CD44, CD45, CD29 and CD 31. In addition, MSC were submitted to differentiation in adipocyte and in osteocyte. AKI was induced by bilaterally clamping of renal pedicles for 60 min. Six hours after injury, MSC (2 x 10(5) cells) were administered intravenously. MSC-treated animals presented the lowest serum creatinine compared to non-treated animals (24 h: 1.3+/-0.21 vs. 3.23+/-0.89 mg/dl, p<0.05). The improvement in renal function was followed by a lower expression of IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-alpha and higher expression of IL-4 and IL-10. However, 48 h after reperfusion, this cytokine profile has changed. The decrease in Th1 cytokines was less evident and IL-6 was markedly up regulated. PCNA analysis showed that regeneration occurs faster in kidney tissues of MSC-treated animals than in controls at 24 h. And also ratio of Bcl-2/Bad was higher at treated animals after 24 and 48 h. Our data demonstrated that the immunomodulatory effects of MSC occur at very early time point, changing the inflammation profile toward a Th2 profile.
Assuntos
Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/imunologia , Insuficiência Renal/cirurgia , Células Th2/imunologia , Adipócitos/citologia , Adipócitos/metabolismo , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Creatinina/sangue , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/cirurgia , Interleucina-1beta/imunologia , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Masculino , Osteócitos/citologia , Osteócitos/metabolismo , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula em Proliferação/imunologia , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula em Proliferação/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/imunologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Insuficiência Renal/imunologia , Proteína de Morte Celular Associada a bcl/imunologia , Proteína de Morte Celular Associada a bcl/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Even though there are clinical studies emphasizing the diagnosis and the perinatal intercurrent diseases of the Hypertensive Syndromes in Pregnancy, few of these studies establish the clinical forms of the specific hypertensive syndromes with the associated morphological placental alterations. The lack of studies on placental morphology and the etiopathogenesis of the different clinical standards for HSP, together with the need to objectively characterize these morphological placental lesions justify this study. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study was carried out with 91 placentas examined throughout the period from 2000 to 2003. All placentas from patients presenting HSP in this period were included in the study. These were classified according to features well established by the literature such as laboratory and clinical criteria into: gestational hypertension (GH), chronic hypertension (CH), pre-eclampsia (PE) and pre-eclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension (PSCH). RESULTS: The number of knots presented a positive correlation with the length of time and severity of the hypertension during gestation (Spearman correlation: 0.253; P = 0.0158). The fibrin deposit was greater in all HSP groups but the pattern of distribution changes in the most severe cases from perivillous to intravillous as in the PSCH group (P = 0.002). There was no statistically significant difference in the area of the stem vessel walls among the groups. The cases with PE and CH presented a larger number of terminal villi vessels (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This report suggests, that although they could be different types of hypertension or an evaluation of the same disease, the final pathway that leads to microscopic lesions in the placenta is the same, with only different intensity due to the severity of the disease.
Assuntos
Hipertensão Induzida pela Gravidez/patologia , Placenta/patologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Fibrina/metabolismo , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Hipertensão/metabolismo , Hipertensão/patologia , Hipertensão Induzida pela Gravidez/metabolismo , Placenta/metabolismo , Gravidez , Nascimento Prematuro/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
FAK (focal adhesion kinase) has been shown to mediate the hypertrophic growth of the left ventricle. Experimental results also suggest that FAK may contribute to the structural and functional deterioration of the chronically overloaded left ventricle. In the present study, we postulated that FAK expression and phosphorylation may be altered in the volume-overloaded heart in humans. FAK expression and phosphorylation at Tyr(397) were detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry in samples from endomyocardial biopsies from patients with MR (mitral regurgitation; n=21) and donor subjects (n=4). Hearts from patients with MR had degenerated cardiac myocytes and areas of fibrosis. In this group, the myocardial collagen area was increased (18% in MR hearts compared with 3% in donor hearts respectively) and correlated negatively with left ventricular ejection fraction (r=-0.74; P>0.001). FAK expression and phosphorylation at Tyr(397) (a marker of the enzyme activity) were increased in samples from MR hearts compared with those from donor hearts (3.1- and 4.9-fold respectively). In myocardial samples from donor hearts, anti-FAK staining was almost exclusively restricted to cardiac myocytes; however, in myocardial samples from MR hearts, staining with the anti-FAK antibody was found to occur in myocytes and the interstitium. There was a positive correlation between collagen and the interstitial areas stained with the anti-FAK antibody (r=0.76; P>0.001). Anti-FAK and anti-vimentin staining of the interstitial areas of samples from MR hearts were extensively superimposed, indicating that most of the interstitial FAK was located in fibroblasts. In conclusion, FAK expression and phosphorylation are increased and may contribute to the underlying structural and functional abnormalities in the volume-overloaded heart in humans.
Assuntos
Proteína-Tirosina Quinases de Adesão Focal/metabolismo , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/enzimologia , Fibrose Endomiocárdica/enzimologia , Fibrose Endomiocárdica/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/complicações , Insuficiência da Valva Mitral/patologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/enzimologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/ultraestrutura , Fosforilação , Transdução de Sinais , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/enzimologia , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/etiologiaRESUMO
The effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on pancreatic islet function of aged rats, an animal model with impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion, was investigated. The following parameters were examined: morphological analysis of endocrine pancreata by immunohistochemistry; protein levels of insulin receptor, IRS-1, IRS-2, PI 3-kinase, Akt-1, and Akt-2; and static insulin secretion in isolated pancreatic islets. Pancreatic islets from DHEA-treated rats showed an increased beta-cell mass accompanied by increased Akt-1 protein level but reduced IR, IRS-1, and IRS-2 protein levels and enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The present results suggest that DHEA may be a promising drug to prevent diabetes during aging.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Tamanho Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Desidroepiandrosterona/administração & dosagem , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Envelhecimento/patologia , Animais , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus/metabolismo , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Proteínas Substratos do Receptor de Insulina , Secreção de Insulina , Células Secretoras de Insulina/patologia , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Masculino , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/biossíntese , Fosfoproteínas/biossíntese , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The Budd-Chiari syndrome has not been described in young patients with gastric cancer. A case of Budd-Chiari syndrome and carcinomatous Iymphangitis is reported in a 28 years-old white man with unsuspected gastric cancer, presenting jaundice, hematemesis and dyspnea. Autopsy disciosed gastric adenocarcinoma invading vessels of the submucous and serous layers, with gastric and intestinal bleeding, liver and lung metastases. Multiple mixed (fibrin, platelets and tumor cells) microthrombi were observed in small pulmonary blood vessels, and both subpleural Iymph vessels and lung interstitium contained metastatic tumor cells.
Assuntos
Masculino , Adulto , Humanos , Adenocarcinoma , Síndrome de Budd-Chiari , Neoplasias Gástricas , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologiaRESUMO
Com o aumento dos métodos invasivos que são utilizados para o diagnóstico de doencas do trato respiratório é de se esperar que as alteracões das pregas vestibulares (PV) sejam mais freqüentes. Além disso, recentemente tem sido discutida a importância das PV na protecão do organismo contra agentes infecciosos e pouco se sabe sobre as lesões microscópicas em pacientes autopsiados, pois o estudo das cordas vocais não é rotina no exame post mortem. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as alteracões microscópicas das pregas vestibulares e realizar a sua relacão com as causas de óbito e doenca de base de adultos autopsiados. FORMA DE ESTUDO: coorte transversal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas microscopicamente 82 laringes coletadas de adultos autopsiados sendo realizada a coloracão da Hematoxilina-eosina para visualizar as alteracões morfológicas microscópicas das PV. RESULTADOS: Das 82 PV analisadas, observamos que 42 (51 por cento) apresentaram reacão inflamatória, sendo esta a única lesão encontrada. Quinze (18,3 por cento) casos apresentaram hiperplasia dos folículos linfóides, onze (13,4 por cento) casos infiltrado inflamatório difuso intenso e 16 (19,5 por cento), reacão inflamatória aguda. As doencas de base mais freqüentemente encontradas foram as do grupo de doencas do aparelho circulatório 31 (37,8 por cento) e nestas 20 (67,8 por cento) apresentavam reacão inflamatória das PV. As doencas infecciosas foram a causa de morte mais freqüente nos pacientes com reacão inflamatória das pregas vestibulares. CONCLUSAO: Além da funcão anatômica as PV parecem possuir uma funcão imunológica em relacão à infecccão das vias aéreas inferiores. Nosso estudo demonstrou a presenca de reacão inflamatória nas cordas vocais em pacientes com doencas infecciosas como causa de morte, podendo este achado estar relacionado com o processo séptico generalizado que levou o indivíduo à morte ou ser uma das formas do organismo prevenir a penetracão de agentes infecciosos.