RESUMO
A series of studies have shown that the heavy burdens of diarrheal diseases in the first 2 formative years of life in children living in urban shanty towns have negative effects on physical and cognitive development lasting into later childhood. We have shown that APOE4 is relatively common in shanty town children living in Brazil (13.4%) and suggest that APOE4 has a protective role in cognitive development as well as weight-for-height in children with heavy burdens of diarrhea in early childhood (64/123; 52%), despite being a marker for cognitive decline with Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases later in life. APOE2 frequency was higher among children with heaviest diarrhea burdens during the first 2 years of life, as detected by PCR using the restriction fragment length polymorphism method, raising the possibility that ApoE-cholesterol balance might be critical for growth and cognitive development under the stress of heavy diarrhea burdens and when an enriched fat diet is insufficient. These findings provide a potential explanation for the survival advantage in evolution of genes, which might raise cholesterol levels during heavy stress of diarrhea burdens and malnutrition early in life.
Assuntos
Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Diarreia Infantil/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Apolipoproteínas E/metabolismo , Brasil , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Pré-Escolar , Cognição , Estudos de Coortes , Diarreia Infantil/complicações , Diarreia Infantil/metabolismo , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Mucosa Bucal/citologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
A series of studies have shown that the heavy burdens of diarrheal diseases in the first 2 formative years of life in children living in urban shanty towns have negative effects on physical and cognitive development lasting into later childhood. We have shown that APOE4 is relatively common in shanty town children living in Brazil (13.4 percent) and suggest that APOE4 has a protective role in cognitive development as well as weight-for-height in children with heavy burdens of diarrhea in early childhood (64/123; 52 percent), despite being a marker for cognitive decline with Alzheimers and cardiovascular diseases later in life. APOE2 frequency was higher among children with heaviest diarrhea burdens during the first 2 years of life, as detected by PCR using the restriction fragment length polymorphism method, raising the possibility that ApoE-cholesterol balance might be critical for growth and cognitive development under the stress of heavy diarrhea burdens and when an enriched fat diet is insufficient. These findings provide a potential explanation for the survival advantage in evolution of genes, which might raise cholesterol levels during heavy stress of diarrhea burdens and malnutrition early in life.
Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Diarreia Infantil/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Apolipoproteínas E/metabolismo , Brasil , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Cognição , Estudos de Coortes , Diarreia Infantil/complicações , Diarreia Infantil/metabolismo , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Mucosa Bucal/citologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Street-vendors in Mexico City provide ready-to-eat food to a high proportion of the inhabitants. Nevertheless, their microbiological status, general hygienic and trading practices are not well known. During spring and summer 2000, five tianguis (open markets) were visited and 48 vendors in 48 stalls interviewed. A total of 103 taco dressings were sampled for E. coli and Salmonella spp.: 44 (43%) contained E. coli and 5 (5%) Salmonella (2 S. Enteritidis phage type 8, 1 S. Agona, 2 S. B group). Both E. coli and salmonellas were isolated from three samples. Of Salmonella-positive stalls 80% (4/5) had three or more food-vendors and 80% of vendors were males, compared with 37.3% (16/43) and 46.4% (20/43) in the Salmonella-negative stalls respectively. Food-vendors kept water in buckets (reusing it all day), lacked toilet facilities, and prepared taco dressings the day before which remained at the tianguis without protection for 7.8 h on average. Consumption of street-vended food by local and tourist populations poses a health risk.
Assuntos
Infecções por Escherichia coli/transmissão , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Contaminação de Alimentos , Higiene , Infecções por Salmonella/transmissão , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Cidades , Comércio , Coleta de Dados , Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Humanos , México , Prevalência , Saúde Pública , Medição de Risco , Salmonella/patogenicidade , Estações do AnoRESUMO
The street-vended food industry provides employment and cheap ready-to-eat meals to a large proportion of the population in developing countries like Mexico, yet little is known about its role in the transmission of food borne diseases (FBD). Because of its wide consumption, street-vended chili sauces in Mexico are potential vehicles of FBD. An observational study was performed in Mexico City collecting 43 street-vended chili sauces. These sauces were prepared under poor hygienic conditions of handling and selling. Consumers add 4-8 ml of chili sauce per taco, ingest 2-5 tacos per meal and on average, 50 consumers frequent a stall per day. Seventeen (40%) samples were faecally contaminated and 2(5%) sauces harboured sufficient enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to cause disease. Weestimate that the consumption of only one of these chili sauces could result in ETEC disease inat least 21,000 consumers per year, making them important potential vehicles of FBD.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/microbiologia , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Saúde Pública , Manipulação de Alimentos , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
The pathological anatomy of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder joint is discussed. A note is made of the occurrence of loose bodies in some shoulders which suffer from recurrent dislocation. The treatment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder is considered from the point of view of the pathological anatomy. It is suggested that the Putti-Platt operation is an ideal one for this condition and a brief description of the operation is given (AU)