RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) has a high prevalence and is associated with poorer quality of life. To find a practical clinical tool to assess DIP in patients with severe mental illness (SMI), the association between blink rate and drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) was assessed. METHODS: In a cohort of 204 SMI patients receiving care from the only mental health service of the previous Dutch Antilles, blink rate per minute during conversation was assessed by an additional trained movement disorder specialist. DIP was rated on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) in 878 assessments over a period of 18 years. Diagnostic values of blink rate were calculated. RESULTS: DIP prevalence was 36%, average blink rate was 14 (standard deviation (SD) 11) for patients with DIP, and 19 (SD 14) for patients without. There was a significant association between blink rate and DIP (p < 0.001). With a blink rate cut-off of 20 blinks per minute, sensitivity was 77% and specificity was 38%. A 10% percentile cut-off model resulted in an area under the ROC curve of 0.61. A logistic prediction model between dichotomous DIP and continuous blink rate per minute an area under the ROC curve of 0.70. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant association between blink rate and DIP as diagnosed on the UPDRS. However, blink rate sensitivity and specificity with regard to DIP are too low to replace clinical rating scales in routine psychiatric practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was started over 20 years ago in 1992, at the time registering a trial was not common practice, therefore the study was never registered.
Assuntos
Antipsicóticos/efeitos adversos , Piscadela/fisiologia , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/diagnóstico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Adulto , Idoso , Doenças dos Gânglios da Base/induzido quimicamente , Doenças dos Gânglios da Base/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Gânglios da Base/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Curaçao/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/epidemiologia , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy of current treatment recommendations for parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia (TD) severity in patients with severe mental illness (SMI). METHODS: We present an 18-year prospective study including all 223 patients with SMI (as defined by the 1987 US National Institute of Mental Health, which were based on DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria) receiving care from the only psychiatric hospital of the former Netherlands Antilles. Eight clinical assessments (1992-2009) focused on movement disorders and medication use. Tardive dyskinesia was measured by the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale and parkinsonism by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Antipsychotics were classified into first-generation antipsychotic (FGA) versus second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) and high versus low dopamine 2 (D2) affinity categories. The effect that switching has within each category on subsequent movement scores was calculated separately by using time-lagged multilevel logistic regression models. RESULTS: There was a significant association between reduction in TD severity and starting/switching to an FGA (B = -3.54, P < .001) and starting/switching to a high D2 affinity antipsychotic (B = -2.49, P < .01). Adding an SGA to existing FGA treatment was associated with reduction in TD severity (B = -2.43, P < .01). For parkinsonism, stopping antipsychotics predicted symptom reduction (B = -7.76, P < .01 in FGA/SGA-switch model; B = -7.74, P < .01 in D2 affinity switch model), while starting a high D2 affinity antipsychotic predicted an increase in symptoms (B = 3.29, P < .05 in D2 affinity switch model). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that switching from an FGA to an SGA does not necessarily result in a reduction of TD or parkinsonism. Only stopping all antipsychotics reduces the severity of parkinsonism, and starting an FGA or a high D2 affinity antipsychotic may reduce the severity of TD.
Assuntos
Antipsicóticos/efeitos adversos , Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Substituição de Medicamentos , Transtornos Mentais/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Parkinson Secundária/induzido quimicamente , Doença de Parkinson Secundária/epidemiologia , Discinesia Tardia/epidemiologia , Adulto , Antipsicóticos/administração & dosagem , Estudos Transversais , Dopaminérgicos/efeitos adversos , Dopaminérgicos/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antilhas Holandesas , Exame Neurológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that children with abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders have a general hypersensitivity for sensory stimuli. STUDY DESIGN: Auditory startle reflexes were assessed in 20 children classified according to Rome III classifications of abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders (13 irritable bowel syndrome [IBS], 7 functional abdominal pain syndrome; mean age, 12.4 years; 15 girls) and 23 control subjects (14 girls; mean age, 12.3 years) using a case-control design. The activity of 6 left-sided muscles and the sympathetic skin response were obtained by an electromyogram. We presented sudden loud noises to the subjects through headphones. RESULTS: Both the combined response of 6 muscles and the blink response proved to be significantly increased in patients with abdominal pain compared with control subjects. A significant increase of the sympathetic skin response was not found. Comorbid anxiety disorders (8 patients with abdominal pain) or Rome III subclassification did not significantly affect these results. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates an objective hyperresponsivity to nongastrointestinal stimuli. Children with abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders may have a generalized hypersensitivity of the central nervous system.