RESUMO
Las Representaciones Sociales son un conjunto de conocimientos, opiniones e imágenes que nos permiten evocar un evento, persona u objeto en particular. Estas representaciones son el resultado de la interacción social, que son comunes a un determinado grupo de individuos. El representante principal de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales es Serge Moscovici. Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir la Representación Social a partir de una revisión de la literatura sobre la a) Historia de la Psicología Social y de las Representaciones Sociales; b) Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales como una forma de conocerse a sí mismo; c) Representación social, historia y memoria colectiva del sujeto; d) Objetivación y anclaje: la dinámica sociocognitiva de las representaciones sociales; e) La Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales como metodología de investigación; y f) Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales y la superación de algunas dicotomías AU
As Representações Sociais são oconjunto de conhecimentos, opiniões e imagens que nos permitem evocar um determinado acontecimento, pessoa ou objeto. Essas representações são o resultado da interação social, que são comuns aum determinado grupo de indivíduos. O principal representante da Teoria das Representações Sociais é Serge Moscovici. Este artigo tem como objetivo discorrer sobre a Representacao Social a partir de uma revisão da literatura sobre a) História da Psicologia Social e Representações Sociais; b) Teoria das Representações Sociais como forma de se conhecer; c) Representação social, história e memória coletiva do sujeito; d) Objetivação e ancoragem: a dinâmica sociocognitiva das representações sociais; e) A Teoria das Representações Sociais como metodologia de pesquisa; e f) Teoria das Representações Sociais e superação de algumas dicotomias AU
Social Representations are the set of knowledge, opinions and images that allow us to evoke a particular event, person or object. These representations are the result of social interaction, which are common to a certain group of individuals. The main representative of the Theory of Social Representations is Serge Moscovici. This article aims to discuss Social Representation from a literature reviewon a) History of Social Psychology and Social Representations; b) Theory of Social Representations as a way of getting to know each other; c) Social representation, history and collective memory of the subject; d) Objectification and anchoring: the socio-cognitive dynamics of social representations; e) The Theory of Social Representations as a research methodology; and f) Theory of Social Representations and overcoming some dichotomies AU
Assuntos
Literatura de Revisão como Assunto , Representação Social/métodos , Psicologia Social/história , Cognição SocialRESUMO
El proceso de envejecimiento se percibe de manera diferente en cada cultura y puede estar marcado por aspectos positivos y negativos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los pensamientos y sentimientos sobre el envejecimiento de pequeños y grandes productores rurales de la ciudad de Diamantino -MT. Para el análisis se utilizó la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales y el método de Análisis de Contenido del Discurso. Los significados sobre el envejecimiento se clasificaron en las siguientes categorías: Posibilidad de envejecer, Afrontar el envejecimiento, Determinismo en la vida, Autorrealización, Negatividad del envejecimiento y habla sin sentido. Los sentimientos y pensamientos sobre el envejecimiento se clasificaron en las siguientes categorías: afrontamiento, desesperación, integridad, sujeción / sumisión, agresión y sin sentido. Las categorías atribuidas al envejecimiento están relacionadas con el bienestar y calidad de vida, capacidad funcional, nivel socioeconómico, estado emocional, interacción social, actividad intelectual, autocuidado, apoyo familiar, estado de salud, religiosidad, entre otrasAU.
The aging process is seen differently in each culture and can be marked by positive and negative aspects. This study aimed to analyze the thoughts and feelings about aging for small and large rural producers in the municipality of Diamantino -MT. For analysis, the Social Representations Theory and the Discourse Content Analysis method were used. The meanings about aging were classified in the following categories: Possibility of aging, Coping with aging, Determinism in life, Self-realization, Negativeness of aging and meaningless speech. The feelings and thoughts about aging were classified into: Confrontation, Despair, Integrity, Subjection / Submission, Aggression and senseless. The categories attributed to aging are related to well-being and quality of life, and functional capacity, socioeconomic status, emotional state, social interaction, intellectual activity, self-care, family support, health status, religiosity, among othersAU.
O processo de envelhecer é visto de forma diferenciada em cada cultura, podendo ser marcado por aspectos positivos e negativos. O presente estudo objetivou analisar os pensamentos e sentimentos sobre envelhecimento para pequenos e grandes produtores rurais do município de Diamantino MT. Para a análise, utilizou-se a Teoriadas Representações Sociais e o método de análise de conteúdo dodiscurso. Os significados sobre envelhecimento foram clasificados nas seguintes categorías: Positividad do envejecimiento, Enfrentamiento do envejecimiento, Determinismo na vida, Auto realização, Negatividad del envejecimiento e discurso sem sentido. Os sentimentos e pensamentos sobre envelhecimento foram classificadas nas seguintes categorias: Enfrentamento, Desespero, Integridade, Sujeição/Submissão, Agressãoe sem sentido. As categorías atribuídas ao envelhecimento estão relacionadas ao bem-estar e qualidade de vida, e a capacidade funcional, nível socioeconômico, estadoemocional, interação social, atividade intelectual, autocuidado, suportefamiliar, estado de saúde, religiosidade, entre outrosAU.
Assuntos
Humanos , Qualidade de Vida , Envelhecimento , Adaptação Psicológica , Dominação-Subordinação , RespeitoRESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO: O envelhecimento humano é um fenômeno mundial que pode ser analisado como um processo natural, contínuo, progressivo e irreversível, onde há alterações orgânicas, psicológicas e morfofuncionais. O processo de envelhecer é visto de forma diferenciada em cada cultura, podendo ser marcado por aspectos positivos e negativos. OBJETIVOS: O presente estudo objetivou analisar os pensamentos e sentimentos sobre envelhecimento para pequenos e grandes produtores rurais do município de Diamantino MT. MÉTODOS: Participaram da pesquisa 28 produtores rurais do município de Diamantino MT, do sexo masculino, e idade entre 65 e 87 anos; 64,3% tem Ensino Fundamental Incompleto; 67,9% é casado e moram com suas esposas, e/ou filhos e/ou netos. A respeito do recebimento sócio assistencial, 50% recebem aposentadoria, 17,9% recebem algum Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) e 17,9% não recebe aposentadoria e nem benefício. Os entrevistados foram divididos em dois grupos: o primeiro composto por produtores rurais cuja posse de propriedade(s) não ultrapassa 100 hectares classificado como pequeno produtor, e o segundo por produtores com propriedade(s) que totalizam mais de 100 hectares. Para a análise, utilizou-se a Teoria das Representações Sociais e o método de análise de conteúdo do discurso. RESULTADOS: Os sentimentos e pensamentos sobre envelhecimento foram classificadas nas seguintes categorias emergentes do construto envelhecimento: Enfrentamento (46,42%), Desespero (21,42%), Integridade (14,28%), Sujeição/Submissão (3,57%), Agressão (3,57%) e sem sentido (10,71%), que são apresentadas neste artigo pela amostra geral, contendo as informações dos pequenos e grandes produtores. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Os pensamentos e sentimentos atribuídos ao envelhecimento estão relacionados ao bem-estar e qualidade de vida, e a capacidade funcional, nível socioeconômico, estado emocional, interação social, atividade intelectual, autocuidado, suporte familiar, estado de saúde, religiosidade, entre outros.
INTRODUCTION: Human aging is a worldwide phenomenon that can be analyzed as a natural, continuous, progressive, and irreversible process, where there are organic, psychological, and morphofunctional changes. The aging process is seen differently in each culture and can be marked by positive and negative aspects. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the thoughts and feelings about aging for small and large rural producers in the municipality of Diamantino - MT. METHODS: Participated in the research, 28 rural producers of Diamantino - MT, male and aged between 65 and 87 years old; 64.3% have incomplete Elementary Education; 67.9% are married and live with their wives, and/or children and/or grandchildren. Regarding the social assistance receipt, 50% receive retirement, 17.9% receive some Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) and 17.9% receive none. The interviewees were divided into two groups: the first composed of rural producers whose ownership of property (ies) does not exceed 100 hectares classified as a small producer, and the second by producers with property (ies) that total more than 100 hectares. For analysis, the Social Representations Theory and the Discourse Content Analysis method were used. RESULTS: The feelings and thoughts about aging were classified into the following categories emerging from the aging construct: Confrontation (46.42%), Despair (21.42%), Integrity (14.28%), Subjection / Submission (3.57%), Aggression (3.57%) and senseless (10.71%), presented in this article, show a general sample, containing the information of two small and large producers. CLOSING REMARKS: The thoughts and feelings attributed to aging are related to well-being and quality of life, and functional capacity, socioeconomic status, emotional state, social interaction, intellectual activity, self-care, family support, health status, religiosity, among others.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Adaptação Psicológica , RespeitoRESUMO
We have reported Riparin A as a promising antiparasitic molecule ââagainst Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes. This work evaluated the acute oral toxicity of Riparin A and its anxiolytic effects using in vivo models and computational tools. Mice were submitted to acute oral toxicity tests (Guideline OECD 423). Later, anxiety assays with Riparin A (50, 100 and 200â¯mg/kg: elevated plus maze, light/dark box and marble burying) were performed. Theoretical calculations analyzed interaction of Riparin A with gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) receptors. Only Riparin A at 2000â¯mg/kg alter body weight, food and water consumption and urine production after 7 and/or 14 days treatment and increased serum triglycerides. There was increase in the time spent in the open arms (TSOA) and number of transitions between compartments (NTC) and decrease in number of hidden balls (NHB) in Riparin A-treated animals at 200â¯mg/kg (Pâ¯<â¯0.05), whose approximate ED50 was 283.1 (156.5-397.1) mg/kg. The functional amide of Riparin A interacted with the GABAA receptor mainly at subunits α2 and ß1 and presented strong interaction with the Asp68 residue, which is part of the pharmacophore group. Riparin A was toxically safe and pharmacologically active for anxiolytic purposes, revealed NOAEL of 200â¯mg/kg and probably interacts with Asp68 residues of benzodiazepine receptors by hydrogen bonds.
Assuntos
Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Ansiolíticos/toxicidade , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Benzamidas/toxicidade , Fenetilaminas/farmacologia , Fenetilaminas/toxicidade , Receptores de GABA-A/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/patologia , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Nível de Efeito Adverso não Observado , Baço/efeitos dos fármacos , Baço/patologia , Testes de Toxicidade AgudaRESUMO
Casearia sylvestris Swartz is a medicinal plant widely distributed in Brazil. It has anti-inflammatory, antiulcer and antitumor activities and is popularly used to treat snakebites, wounds, diarrhea, flu and chest colds. Its leaves are rich in oxygenated tricyclic cis-clerodane diterpenes, particulary casearins. Herein, we evaluated the antioxidant activities of a fraction with casearins (FC) isolated from C. sylvestris and histological changes on the central nervous system and livers of Mus musculus mice. Firstly, in vitro studies (0.9, 1.8, 3.6, 5.4 and 7.2 µg/mL) revealed EC50 values of 3.7, 6.4 and 0.16 µg/mL for nitrite, hydroxyl radical and TBARS levels, respectively. Secondly, FC (2.5, 5, 10 and 25 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally administered to Swiss mice for 7 consecutive days. Nitrite levels in the hippocampus (26.2, 27.3, 30.2 and 26.6 µM) and striatum (26.3, 25.4, 34.3 and 27.5 µM) increased in all treated animals (P < 0.05). Lower doses dropped reduced glutathione, catalase and TBARS levels in the hippocampus and striatum. With the exception of this reduction in TBARS formation, FC displayed only in vitro antioxidant activity. Animals exhibited histological alterations suggestive of neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, indicating the need for precaution regarding the consumption of medicinal formulations based on Casearia sylvestris.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Casearia/química , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Encéfalo/patologia , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , CamundongosRESUMO
Cashew apple is a tropical pseudofruit consumed as juice due to its excellent nutritional and sensory properties. In spite of being well known for its important antioxidant properties, the cashew apple has not been thoroughly investigated for its therapeutic potential. Thereby, this study evaluated the antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing activities of cashew apple juice. Juices from ripe and immature cashew apples were analyzed for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. Those were evaluated in murine models of xylene-induced ear edema and wound excision. Swiss mice were treated with cashew juice by gavage. Edema thickness was measured and skin lesions were analyzed by planimetry and histology. Both antioxidant content and total antioxidant activity were higher in ripe cashew apple juice (RCAJ) than in unripe cashew apple juice (UNCAJ). The UNCAJ presented the main anti-inflammatory activity by a significant inhibition of ear edema (66.5%) when compared to RCAJ (10%). Moreover, UNCAJ also showed the best result for wound contraction (86.31%) compared to RCAJ (67.54%). Despite of higher antioxidant capacity, RCAJ did not promote better anti-inflammatory, and healing responses, which may be explained by the fact that treatment increased antioxidants level leading to a redox "imbalance" turning down the inflammatory response modulation exerted by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results suggest that UNCAJ presents a greater therapeutic activity due to a synergistic effect of its phytochemical components, which improve the immunological mechanisms as well as an optimal balance between ROS and antioxidants leading to a better wound healing process.
Assuntos
Anacardium/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Fitoterapia/métodos , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Frutas/química , Masculino , Camundongos , Otite/tratamento farmacológico , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/patologiaRESUMO
Herbal compounds rich in triterpenes are well known to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism and to have beneficial effects on metabolic disorders. The present study investigated the antiobesity properties of resin from Protium heptaphyllum (RPH) and the possible mechanisms in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 15 weeks. Mice treated with RPH showed decreases in body weight, net energy intake, abdominal fat accumulation, plasma glucose, amylase, lipase, triglycerides, and total cholesterol relative to their respective controls, which were RPH unfed. Additionally, RPH treatment, while significantly elevating the plasma level of ghrelin hormone, decreased the levels of insulin, leptin, and resistin. Besides, HFD-induced increases in plasma levels of proinflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 were significantly lowered by RPH. Furthermore, in vitro studies revealed that RPH could significantly inhibit the lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (measured by Oil-Red O staining) at concentrations up to 50 µg/mL. These findings suggest that the antiobese potential of RPH is largely due to its modulatory effects on various hormonal and enzymatic secretions related to fat and carbohydrate metabolism and to the regulation of obesity-associated inflammation.
RESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate a microemulsion system (ME) containing phenobarbital in epilepsy model induced by pilocarpine in rats and to oxidative stress and histologic lesions in hippocampus. The microemulsion was applied to the shaved back of Wistar rats. The animals were divided into the following groups: control group (P400); ME50 40mg/kg, topically-t.p.; ME100, 40mg/kg, t.p.; EM50, 40mg/kg, t.p.; phenobarbital solution 40mg/kg (PS), oral. After 60min, behavioral changes were evaluated for 1h in the model of epileptical crisis induced by pilocarpine. Phenobarbital in microemulsion was able to increase the latency for status epilepticus (SE) (p<0.05), decrease the number of epileptical crisis (ME50: p<0.001; ME100: p<0.01) and decrease mortality rate by 80% compared to P400. In EM50 and PS groups, deaths were decreased by 53.3% and 100% respectively. The ME50 and ME100 groups were able to reduce oxidative stress in experimental animals when compared to the P400. The microemulsion was still capable of reducing neuronal damage in the hippocampal areas. The results of this study come in an innovative way, demonstrating the ability of transdermal ME50 and ME100 to reduce pilocarpine-induced epileptical crisis, oxidative stress, besides neuronal damages.
Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes/administração & dosagem , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Fenobarbital/administração & dosagem , Pilocarpina/farmacologia , Convulsões/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Cutânea , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Emulsões/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenobarbital/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Convulsões/induzido quimicamenteRESUMO
Background: Frequently the equine oral cavity is target of dental alterations, irregular wear of the dentition, tartar accumulation, gums inflammation, and other oral mucosa lesions. Therapeutically, active plants have been proposed to actpreventively against oral infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate a mouthrinse prepared with Lippia sidoidesCham. essential oil in equine dental diseases and oral wound healing treatment.Materials, Methods & Results: The experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Use of Animals(CEUA) of the State University of Ceara (UECE), n° 1158255-0/75. Mouthrinse was prepared with essential oil extractedfrom leaves of L. sidoides (EOLS). Thymol was the main constituent of the oil, up to 70%. Horses were chosen basedon clinical and oral examination. Dental calculus and gingivitis grade from incisor and canine teeth were scored duringevaluation. Two groups were used; OELS group (n = 10), and control group (n = 6), treated with mouthwash without EO(MR). A surgical scar (0.5 x 2 cm) was made near tooth 106 with the animals sedated. The lesions were observed on days 0(D0), 3 (D3), 7 (D7), and 14 (D14) after treatment that was applied once in 48 h for 14 days. Recovery of oral mucosa was,blindly, evaluated in tissue samples. EOLS treatment reduced teeth calculus scores from D0 to D14 (P ≤ 0.05). In relationto histological parameters, EOLS treatment induced discreet proliferation of fibroblasts and a moderated inflammation onD3; moderated proliferation of fibroblasts and moderated inflammation, intense angiogenesis and re-epithelization on D7,and intense fibroblast proliferation, intense angiogenesis, and reduced inflammation with complete...
Assuntos
Animais , Antissépticos Bucais/administração & dosagem , Cavalos , Lippia , Mucosa Bucal/lesões , Óleos Voláteis/administração & dosagem , Doenças Periodontais/terapia , Doenças Periodontais/veterináriaRESUMO
Background: Frequently the equine oral cavity is target of dental alterations, irregular wear of the dentition, tartar accumulation, gums inflammation, and other oral mucosa lesions. Therapeutically, active plants have been proposed to actpreventively against oral infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate a mouthrinse prepared with Lippia sidoidesCham. essential oil in equine dental diseases and oral wound healing treatment.Materials, Methods & Results: The experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Use of Animals(CEUA) of the State University of Ceara (UECE), n° 1158255-0/75. Mouthrinse was prepared with essential oil extractedfrom leaves of L. sidoides (EOLS). Thymol was the main constituent of the oil, up to 70%. Horses were chosen basedon clinical and oral examination. Dental calculus and gingivitis grade from incisor and canine teeth were scored duringevaluation. Two groups were used; OELS group (n = 10), and control group (n = 6), treated with mouthwash without EO(MR). A surgical scar (0.5 x 2 cm) was made near tooth 106 with the animals sedated. The lesions were observed on days 0(D0), 3 (D3), 7 (D7), and 14 (D14) after treatment that was applied once in 48 h for 14 days. Recovery of oral mucosa was,blindly, evaluated in tissue samples. EOLS treatment reduced teeth calculus scores from D0 to D14 (P ≤ 0.05). In relationto histological parameters, EOLS treatment induced discreet proliferation of fibroblasts and a moderated inflammation onD3; moderated proliferation of fibroblasts and moderated inflammation, intense angiogenesis and re-epithelization on D7,and intense fibroblast proliferation, intense angiogenesis, and reduced inflammation with complete...(AU)