RESUMO
The use of supplementary irrigation to sustain the plantation during moments of severe water stress or moments of high water demand is becoming almost a norm to keep sustainable crops, especially due to the climate changes and the high frequency in which climate extremes are occurring lately. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance and expression of genetic variability among genotypes of Coffea arabica L. cultivated in farming systems with different levels of water supply, focusing on rainfed or supplementary irrigated systems. The experiment was developed in competition field, testing 8 genotypes of C. arabica L. in rainfed or supplementary irrigated systems. The growth and production were evaluated during 2 consecutive cycles (2014-2015 and 2015-2016). Among the growth gains, it was observed large gains in coffee yield, but the magnitude of the gains varied among genotypes. For crop yield, for example, Paraíso MG/H 419-1 presented 136% gain, while Oeiras MG-6851 was capable of yielding as much more coffee in rainfed conditions than in irrigated system. The expression of variability for some agronomic traits (such as coffee yield, canopy size, growth rate, and number of new buds) may be intensified by the supplementary water supply, which promotes gains in production and growth, increases the magnitude of variation among genotypes and allows to identify different patterns for selection, which may not be observed in the rainfed systems.
Assuntos
Irrigação Agrícola , Coffea/genética , Produtos Agrícolas/genética , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Característica Quantitativa Herdável , Coffea/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The present study was developed to respond to the need for an increase in crop yield in the mountain region of Caparaó (southern Espírito Santo State, Brazil), an area of traditional coffee production. This study aimed to analyze the diversity and characterize the crop yield of genotypes of Coffea arabica L. with potential for cultivation in high plant density systems. In addition, it also aimed to quantify the expression of agronomic traits in this cultivation system and provide information on the genotypes with the highest cultivation potential in the studied region. The experiment followed a randomized block design with 16 genotypes, four repetitions, and six plants per experimental plot. Plant spacing was 2.00 x 0.60 m, with a total of 8333 plants per hectare, representing a high-density cultivation system. Coffee plants were cultivated until the start of their reproductive phenological cycles and were evaluated along four complete reproductive cycles. Genotypes with high crop yield and beverage quality, short canopy, and rust resistance were selected. C. arabica genotypes showed variability in almost all characteristics. It was possible to identify different responses among genotypes grown in a high plant density cultivation system. Although the chlorophyll a content was similar among genotypes, the genotypes Acauã, Araponga MG1, Sacramento MG1, Tupi, and Catuaí IAC 44 showed a higher chlorophyll b content than the other genotypes. Among these, Sacramento MG1 also showed high leafiness and growth of vegetative structures, whereas Araponga MG1, Pau-Brasil MG1, and Tupi showed high fruit production. In addition, Araponga MG1 had also a higher and more stable crop yield over the years.
Assuntos
Agricultura/métodos , Coffea/genética , Característica Quantitativa Herdável , Sementes/genética , Biometria , Clorofila/biossíntese , Clorofila A , Coffea/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Coffea/metabolismo , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Fenótipo , Melhoramento Vegetal , Folhas de Planta/genética , Folhas de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/metabolismoRESUMO
The expansion of agriculture to new areas in order to increase the competitiveness of coffee producing countries has resulted in cultivation expanding into regions with lower natural fertility. This scenario has created the need to differentiate genotypes of Conilon coffee based on their tolerance to low levels of nutrients in the soil, especially phosphorus, which imposes high limitations on crop yield in tropical regions. In this context, the objective of this study was to identify differential tolerance among genotypes of Conilon coffee cultivated in environments with different levels of phosphorus availability in the soil. The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment, following a completely randomized design, with three replications in a factorial scheme 13 x 3, the factors were as follows: 13 genotypes of Conilon coffee from groups of different ripening cycles and three environments with different levels of phosphorus availability in the soil (fertilization without phosphorus supply, and phosphorus supply at 50 and 100% of recommendations). Discrimination of tolerance was based on 14 variables, including vegetative growth, accumulation of dry matter, nutrient content, and nutritional efficiencies. Estimates of genetic parameters indicated high genotypic variability for genotypes cultivated in environments with low phosphorus availability in the soil. It was possible to classify genotypes 22, 23, 24, 67, 76, 77, and 83 as tolerant of a low availability of phosphorus in the soil during early development. There was no clear relationship between ripening cycles and the tolerance of the genotypes to low phosphorus availability in the soil.
Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Coffea/efeitos dos fármacos , Genótipo , Fósforo/deficiência , Solo/química , Agricultura , Transporte Biológico , Coffea/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Coffea/metabolismo , Análise Fatorial , Fertilizantes/análise , Variação Genética , Humanos , Fósforo/farmacologiaRESUMO
Peripheral-nerve injuries are a common clinical problem and often result in long-term functional deficits. Reconstruction of peripheral-nerve defects is currently undertaken with nerve autografts. However, there is a limited availability of nerves that can be sacrificed and the functional recovery is never 100% satisfactory. We have previously shown that gene therapy with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) significantly improved nerve regeneration, neuronal survival, and muscle activity. Our hypothesis is that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) synergizes with VEGF to improve the functional outcome after sciatic nerve transection. The left sciatic nerves and the adjacent muscle groups of adult mice were exposed, and 50 or 100 µg (in 50 µl PBS) of VEGF and/or G-CSF genes was injected locally, just below the sciatic nerve, and transferred by electroporation. The sciatic nerves were transected and placed in an empty polycaprolactone (PCL) nerve guide, leaving a 3-mm gap to challenge nerve regeneration. After 6 weeks, the mice were perfused and the sciatic nerve, the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), the spinal cord and the gastrocnemius muscle were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Treated animals showed significant improvement in functional and histological analyses compared with the control group. However, the best results were obtained with the G-CSF+VEGF-treated animals: quantitative analysis of regenerated nerves showed a significant increase in the number of myelinated fibers and blood vessels, and the number of neurons in the DRG and motoneurons in the spinal cord was significantly higher. Motor function also showed that functional recovery occurred earlier in animals receiving G-CSF+VEGF-treatment. The gastrocnemius muscle showed an increase in weight and in the levels of creatine phosphokinase, suggesting an improvement of reinnervation and muscle activity. These results suggest that these two factors acted synergistically and optimized the nerve repair potential, improving regeneration after a transection lesion.
Assuntos
Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/uso terapêutico , Regeneração Nervosa/fisiologia , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/fisiologia , Neuropatia Ciática/terapia , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/uso terapêutico , Análise de Variância , Animais , Creatina Quinase/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Gânglios Espinais/metabolismo , Gânglios Espinais/patologia , Gânglios Espinais/ultraestrutura , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/genética , Humanos , Locomoção/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microscopia Eletrônica , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Músculo Esquelético/ultraestrutura , Regeneração Nervosa/genética , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/genética , Neuropatia Ciática/patologia , Medula Espinal/patologia , Medula Espinal/ultraestrutura , Transplante , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genéticaRESUMO
We studied the effect of pulsed ultrasound therapy (UST) and antibothropic polyvalent antivenom (PAV) on the regeneration of mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle following damage by Bothrops jararacussu venom. Animals (Swiss male and female mice weighing 25.0 ± 5.0 g; 5 animals per group) received a perimuscular injection of venom (1 mg/kg) and treatment with UST was started 1 h later (1 min/day, 3 MHz, 0.3 W/cm², pulsed mode). Three and 28 days after injection, muscles were dissected and processed for light microscopy. The venom caused complete degeneration of muscle fibers. UST alone and combined with PAV (1.0 mL/kg) partially protected these fibers, whereas muscles receiving no treatment showed disorganized fascicules and fibers with reduced diameter. Treatment with UST and PAV decreased the effects of the venom on creatine kinase content and motor activity (approximately 75 and 48%, respectively). Sonication of the venom solution immediately before application decreased the in vivo and ex vivo myotoxic activities (approximately 60 and 50%, respectively). The present data show that UST counteracts some effects of B. jararacussu venom, causing structural and functional improvement of the regenerated muscle after venom injury.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Antivenenos/farmacologia , Bothrops , Venenos de Crotalídeos/intoxicação , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Mordeduras de Serpentes/terapia , Terapia por Ultrassom/métodos , Creatina Quinase/metabolismo , Venenos de Crotalídeos/administração & dosagem , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Fatores Imunológicos/imunologia , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/enzimologia , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Necrose , Teste de Desempenho do Rota-Rod , Regeneração/efeitos dos fármacos , Mordeduras de Serpentes/complicaçõesRESUMO
We studied the effect of pulsed ultrasound therapy (UST) and antibothropic polyvalent antivenom (PAV) on the regeneration of mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle following damage by Bothrops jararacussu venom. Animals (Swiss male and female mice weighing 25.0 ± 5.0 g; 5 animals per group) received a perimuscular injection of venom (1 mg/kg) and treatment with UST was started 1 h later (1 min/day, 3 MHz, 0.3 W/cm(2), pulsed mode). Three and 28 days after injection, muscles were dissected and processed for light microscopy. The venom caused complete degeneration of muscle fibers. UST alone and combined with PAV (1.0 mL/kg) partially protected these fibers, whereas muscles receiving no treatment showed disorganized fascicules and fibers with reduced diameter. Treatment with UST and PAV decreased the effects of the venom on creatine kinase content and motor activity (approximately 75 and 48%, respectively). Sonication of the venom solution immediately before application decreased the in vivo and ex vivo myotoxic activities (approximately 60 and 50%, respectively). The present data show that UST counteracts some effects of B. jararacussu venom, causing structural and functional improvement of the regenerated muscle after venom injury.
Assuntos
Antivenenos/farmacologia , Bothrops , Venenos de Crotalídeos/intoxicação , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Mordeduras de Serpentes/terapia , Terapia por Ultrassom/métodos , Animais , Creatina Quinase/metabolismo , Venenos de Crotalídeos/administração & dosagem , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Feminino , Fatores Imunológicos/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/enzimologia , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Necrose , Regeneração/efeitos dos fármacos , Teste de Desempenho do Rota-Rod , Mordeduras de Serpentes/complicaçõesRESUMO
AIMS: Recent studies have emphasized the beneficial effects of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on neurone survival and Schwann cell proliferation. VEGF is a potent angiogenic factor, and angiogenesis has long been recognized as an important and necessary step during tissue repair. Here, we investigated the effects of VEGF on sciatic nerve regeneration. METHODS: Using light and electron microscopy, we evaluated sciatic nerve regeneration after transection and VEGF gene therapy. We examined the survival of the neurones in the dorsal root ganglia and in lumbar 4 segment of spinal cord. We also evaluated the functional recovery using the sciatic functional index and gastrocnemius muscle weight. In addition, we evaluated the VEGF expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran) fluorescence of nerves and muscles revealed intense staining in the VEGF-treated group. Quantitative analysis showed that the numbers of myelinated fibres and blood vessels were significantly higher in VEGF-treated animals. VEGF also increased the survival of neurone cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia and in spinal cord. The sciatic functional index and gastrocnemius muscle weight reached significantly higher values in VEGF-treated animals. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate a positive relationship between increased vascularization and enhanced nerve regeneration, indicating that VEGF administration can support and enhance the growth of regenerating nerve fibres, probably through a combination of angiogenic, neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects.
Assuntos
Terapia Genética/métodos , Regeneração Nervosa/fisiologia , Traumatismos dos Nervos Periféricos/terapia , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/fisiologia , Nervo Isquiático/fisiologia , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genética , Animais , Feminino , Camundongos , Músculo Esquelético/inervação , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Traumatismos dos Nervos Periféricos/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Although the majority of peripheral-nerve regeneration studies are carried out on the sciatic nerve, lesions of the upper extremities are more common in humans and usually lead to significant physical disabilities. The present study was driven by the hypothesis that a combination of strategies, namely grafts of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and resorbable polycaprolactone (PCL) conduits would improve median-nerve regeneration after transection. Mouse median nerves were transected and sutured to PCL tubes that were filled with either green fluorescent protein (GFP(+)) MSC in DMEM or with DMEM alone. During the post-operative period, animals were tested weekly for flexor digitorum muscle function by means of the grasping test. After 8 weeks, the proximal and middle portions of the PCL tube and the regenerating nerves were harvested and processed for light and electron microscopy. The flexor digitorum muscle was weighed and subjected to biochemical analysis for creatine phosphokinase (CK) levels. Scanning electron microscopy of the PCL tube 8 weeks after implantation showed clear signs of wall disintegration. MSC-treated animals showed significantly larger numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers and blood vessels compared with DMEM-treated animals. The flexor digitorum muscle CK levels were significantly higher in the MSC-treated animals, but muscle weight values did not differ between the groups. Compared with the DMEM-treated group, MSC-treated animals showed, by the grasping test, improved functional performance throughout the period analyzed. Immunofluorescence for S-100 and GFP showed, in a few cases, double-labeled cells, suggesting that transplanted cells may occasionally transdifferentiate into Schwann cells. Our data demonstrate that the polycaprolactone conduit filled with MSC is capable of significantly improving the median-nerve regeneration after a traumatic lesion.