RESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy of the essential oils (EOs) of Aniba rosaeodora (EOAR) and Aniba parviflora (EOAP) and one of their main compounds, linalool, in two forms: synthetic and extracted from EOAR (linalool-AR) in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). In the first experiment, the anesthetic induction and recovery of juveniles exposed to 25- 200 µL L-1 of EOAR or 50- 300 µL L-1 of EOAP or synthetic linalool or linalool-AR was evaluated. The second experiment observed the behavioral effects of long-term exposure (12h) of these EOs and linalools (5 and 10 µL L-1). Fish exposed to 50-200 µL L-1 of EOAR and 100-300 µL L-1 of EOAP and both linalools reached deep anesthesia between 1-10 min. Induction time for all anesthesia stages decreased with the increasing concentration of the anesthetics. Linalool-AR showed lengthier time for anesthesia induction in some stages and for recovery at 100 and 200 µL L-1 in comparison to synthetic linalool. Normal equilibrium and swimming behavior was observed in fish exposed to the EOs and linalools throughout the 12 h of exposure. In conclusion, both EOs and linalools can be used as anesthetics and sedatives in tambaqui.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a eficácia anestésica dos óleos essenciais (OEs) de Aniba rosaeodora (OEAR) Aniba parviflora (OEAP) e um de seus compostos majoritários, linalol, em duas formas: sintética e extraída a partir de OEAR (linalol-AR) em tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). No primeiro experimento avaliou-se a indução anestésica e a recuperação de juvenis expostos a 25- 200 µL L-1 de EOAR ou 50- 300 µL L-1 de EOAP ou linalol sintético ou linalol-AR. No segundo experimento observaram-se os efeitos comportamentais de uma longa exposição (12h) a estes OEs e linalois (5 e 10 µL L-1). Os peixes expostos a 50-200 µL L-1 de EOAR e 100-300 µL L-1 de OEAP e ambos os linalois alcançaram anestesia profunda entre 1-10 min. Tempo de indução a todos os estágios de anestesia diminuiu com o aumento na concentração dos anestésicos. Linalol-AR levou um maior tempo para induzir anestesia e para recuperação com 100 e 200 µL L-1 em comparação ao composto sintético. Peixes expostos aos OES e linalois por 12 h apresentaram equilíbrio e comportamento natatório normais. Em conclusão, tanto os OEs como o linalol sintético ou natural de AR podem ser usados como anestésicos e sedativos em tambaqui.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Anestesia/efeitos adversos , Caraciformes/fisiologia , Sedação Consciente/veterináriaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the composition of gastrointestinal content and protease and lipase activities in summer and winter as well as to evaluate the relationship between digestive enzyme activity and centesimal composition of gastrointestinal content and feeding habits of two omnivorous species, Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) and Pimelodus maculatus (LaCèpede, 1803), and of two detritivorous species, Loricariichthys anus (Valenciennes, 1835) and Hypostomus commersoni (Valenciennes, 1836). The activities of pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and lipase, and the levels of proteins and lipids in the gastrointestinal tract, were evaluated. The enzyme activities were not related to the centesimal composition of gastrointestinal content or feeding habits. This finding could be associated with the variations of nutrient availability over time in the environment, as was observed in the centesimal composition of food ingested by the fish in summer and winter. The analyzed enzymes exhibited a constitutive character in these species; that is, the digestive enzymes are always available in the gastrointestinal tract to digest any food that the fish may find as an adaptation to better utilize the nutrients available in the environment in winter and summer.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Peixes-Gato , Conteúdo Gastrointestinal/enzimologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Composição de Alimentos , Adaptação FisiológicaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy of the essential oils (EOs) of Aniba rosaeodora (EOAR) and Aniba parviflora (EOAP) and one of their main compounds, linalool, in two forms: synthetic and extracted from EOAR (linalool-AR) in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). In the first experiment, the anesthetic induction and recovery of juveniles exposed to 25- 200 µL L-1 of EOAR or 50- 300 µL L-1 of EOAP or synthetic linalool or linalool-AR was evaluated. The second experiment observed the behavioral effects of long-term exposure (12h) of these EOs and linalools (5 and 10 µL L-1). Fish exposed to 50-200 µL L-1 of EOAR and 100-300 µL L-1 of EOAP and both linalools reached deep anesthesia between 1-10 min. Induction time for all anesthesia stages decreased with the increasing concentration of the anesthetics. Linalool-AR showed lengthier time for anesthesia induction in some stages and for recovery at 100 and 200 µL L-1 in comparison to synthetic linalool. Normal equilibrium and swimming behavior was observed in fish exposed to the EOs and linalools throughout the 12 h of exposure. In conclusion, both EOs and linalools can be used as anesthetics and sedatives in tambaqui.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a eficácia anestésica dos óleos essenciais (OEs) de Aniba rosaeodora (OEAR) Aniba parviflora (OEAP) e um de seus compostos majoritários, linalol, em duas formas: sintética e extraída a partir de OEAR (linalol-AR) em tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). No primeiro experimento avaliou-se a indução anestésica e a recuperação de juvenis expostos a 25- 200 µL L-1 de EOAR ou 50- 300 µL L-1 de EOAP ou linalol sintético ou linalol-AR. No segundo experimento observaram-se os efeitos comportamentais de uma longa exposição (12h) a estes OEs e linalois (5 e 10 µL L-1). Os peixes expostos a 50-200 µL L-1 de EOAR e 100-300 µL L-1 de OEAP e ambos os linalois alcançaram anestesia profunda entre 1-10 min. Tempo de indução a todos os estágios de anestesia diminuiu com o aumento na concentração dos anestésicos. Linalol-AR levou um maior tempo para induzir anestesia e para recuperação com 100 e 200 µL L-1 em comparação ao composto sintético. Peixes expostos aos OES e linalois por 12 h apresentaram equilíbrio e comportamento natatório normais. Em conclusão, tanto os OEs como o linalol sintético ou natural de AR podem ser usados como anestésicos e sedativos em tambaqui.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Caraciformes/fisiologia , Anestesia/efeitos adversos , Sedação Consciente/veterináriaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the composition of gastrointestinal content and protease and lipase activities in summer and winter as well as to evaluate the relationship between digestive enzyme activity and centesimal composition of gastrointestinal content and feeding habits of two omnivorous species, Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) and Pimelodus maculatus (LaCèpede, 1803), and of two detritivorous species, Loricariichthys anus (Valenciennes, 1835) and Hypostomus commersoni (Valenciennes, 1836). The activities of pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and lipase, and the levels of proteins and lipids in the gastrointestinal tract, were evaluated. The enzyme activities were not related to the centesimal composition of gastrointestinal content or feeding habits. This finding could be associated with the variations of nutrient availability over time in the environment, as was observed in the centesimal composition of food ingested by the fish in summer and winter. The analyzed enzymes exhibited a constitutive character in these species; that is, the digestive enzymes are always available in the gastrointestinal tract to digest any food that the fish may find as an adaptation to better utilize the nutrients available in the environment in winter and summer.
Assuntos
Animais , Comportamento Alimentar , Composição de Alimentos , Conteúdo Gastrointestinal/enzimologia , Peixes-Gato , Adaptação FisiológicaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: The goal of this study was to investigate the sedative and anesthetic properties of essential oils (EOs) in map treefrog tadpoles (Hypsiboas geographicus) and to determine the sedation and deep anesthesia induction times as well as the recovery time. The tadpoles were exposed to one of the EOs from three plant species: Aniba rosaeodora (EOAR - 25, 50, 100 or 200µL L-1), Lippia origanoides (EOLO - 13, 25, 50, 100 or 200µL L-1), and Lippia alba (either chemotype citral [EOL-C - 25, 50, 100 or 200µL L-1] or linalool [EOL-L - 50, 75, 100 or 200µL L-1]) (n = 8 per replicate). The tadpoles exposed to 25 and 50µL L-1 EOL-C and EOL-L, respectively, were not anesthetized within 30min (the maximum time of observation), and those exposed to 200µL L-1 EOLO did not recover within 30min. Sedation, deep anesthesia and recovery times showed a concentration-dependent relationship for all EOs tested, with the exception of the recovery with EOLO. The results allowed concluding that all investigated EOs can be used to anesthetize tadpoles of H. geographicus, but the use of EOLO must not exceed 100µL L-1.
RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as propriedades sedativas e anestésicas de óleos essenciais (OEs) em girinos da perereca Hypsiboas geographicus e determinar os tempos de indução à sedação e anestesia profunda, bem como o de recuperação. Os girinos foram expostos a um dos OEs de três espécies de plantas: Aniba rosaeodora (OEAR - 25, 50, 100 ou 200µL L-1), Lippia origanoides (OELO - 13, 25, 50, 100 ou 200µL L-1 ) ou Lippia alba quimiotipos citral (OEL-C - 25, 50, 100 ou 200µL L-1) ou linalol (OEL-L - 50, 75, 100 ou 200µL L-1) (n = 8 cada repetição). Girinos expostos a 25 e 50µL L-1 OEL-C e OEL-L, respectivamente, não foram anestesiados dentro de 30min (tempo máximo de observação) e aqueles expostos a 200µL L-1 OELO não recuperaram dentro de 30min. Os tempos de sedação, anestesia profunda e recuperação apesentaram uma relação concentração-resposta para todos os OEs testadas, exceto a recuperação com OELO. Os resultados permitem concluir que todos os OEs investigados podem ser usados para anestesiar os girinos de H. geographicus, mas o uso de OELO não deve ser superior a 100µL L-1.
RESUMO
The goal of this study was to investigate the sedative and anesthetic properties of essential oils (EOs) in map treefrog tadpoles (Hypsiboas geographicus) and to determine the sedation and deep anesthesia induction times as well as the recovery time. The tadpoles were exposed to one of the EOs from three plant species: Aniba rosaeodora (EOAR - 25, 50, 100 or 200μL L-1), Lippia origanoides (EOLO - 13, 25, 50, 100 or 200μL L-1), and Lippia alba (either chemotype citral [EOL-C - 25, 50, 100 or 200μL L-1] or linalool [EOL-L - 50, 75, 100 or 200μL L-1]) (n = 8 per replicate). The tadpoles exposed to 25 and 50μL L-1 EOL-C and EOL-L, respectively, were not anesthetized within 30min (the maximum time of observation), and those exposed to 200μL L-1 EOLO did not recover within 30min. Sedation, deep anesthesia and recovery times showed a concentration-dependent relationship for all EOs tested, with the exception of the recovery with EOLO. The results allowed concluding that all investigated EOs can be used to anesthetize tadpoles of H. geographicus, but the use of EOLO must not exceed 100μL L-1.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as propriedades sedativas e anestésicas de óleos essenciais (OEs) em girinos da perereca Hypsiboas geographicus e determinar os tempos de indução à sedação e anestesia profunda, bem como o de recuperação. Os girinos foram expostos a um dos OEs de três espécies de plantas: Aniba rosaeodora (OEAR - 25, 50, 100 ou 200μL L-1), Lippia origanoides (OELO - 13, 25, 50, 100 ou 200μL L-1 ) ou Lippia alba quimiotipos citral (OEL-C - 25, 50, 100 ou 200μL L-1) ou linalol (OEL-L - 50, 75, 100 ou 200μL L-1) (n = 8 cada repetição). Girinos expostos a 25 e 50μL L-1 OEL-C e OEL-L, respectivamente, não foram anestesiados dentro de 30min (tempo máximo de observação) e aqueles expostos a 200μL L-1 OELO não recuperaram dentro de 30min. Os tempos de sedação, anestesia profunda e recuperação apesentaram uma relação concentração-resposta para todos os OEs testadas, exceto a recuperação com OELO. Os resultados permitem concluir que todos os OEs investigados podem ser usados para anestesiar os girinos de H. geographicus, mas o uso de OELO não deve ser superior a 100μL L-1.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Anuros , Óleos Voláteis/administração & dosagem , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Anestésicos/administração & dosagem , Anestésicos/análise , Anestésicos/farmacocinética , Lippia/efeitos dos fármacos , AnfíbiosRESUMO
This study investigated the effects of prolonged exposure of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) to the essential oil (EO) of Hesperozygis ringens. Ventilatory rate (VR), stress and metabolic indicators, energy enzyme activities, and mRNA expression of adenohypophyseal hormones were examined in specimens that were exposed for 6 h to 0 (control), 30 or 50 µL L(-1) EO of H. ringens in water. Reduction in VR was observed in response to each treatment, but no differences were found between treatments. Plasma glucose, protein, and osmolality increased in fish exposed to 50 µL L(-1). Moreover, lactate levels increased after exposure to both EO concentrations. Plasma cortisol levels were not changed by EO exposure. Fish exposed to 30 µL L(-1) EO exhibited higher glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) activity, while exposure to 50 µL L(-1) EO elicited an increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), fructose-biphosphatase (FBP), and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (HOAD) activities compared with the control group. Expression of growth hormone (GH) only decreased in fish exposed to 50 µL L(-1) EO, while somatolactin (SL) expression decreased in fish exposed to both concentrations of EO. Exposure to EO did not change prolactin expression. The results indicate that GH and SL are associated with energy reorganization in silver catfish. Fish were only slightly affected by 30 µL L(-1) EO of H. ringens, suggesting that it could be used in practices where a reduction in the movement of fish for prolonged periods is beneficial, i.e., such as during fish transportation.
Assuntos
Aquicultura/métodos , Peixes-Gato/fisiologia , Lamiaceae/química , Óleos Voláteis/efeitos adversos , Estresse Fisiológico/efeitos dos fármacos , 3-Hidroxiacil-CoA Desidrogenases/metabolismo , Análise de Variância , Animais , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Sanguíneas/efeitos dos fármacos , Primers do DNA/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Frutose-Bifosfatase/metabolismo , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Glicerolfosfato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , Hormônio do Crescimento/metabolismo , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Concentração Osmolar , Consumo de Oxigênio/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônios Hipofisários/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Espectrofotometria/veterinária , Estresse Fisiológico/fisiologiaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to investigate δ-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA-D) activity and metabolic parameters of Cyprinus carpio exposed to clomazone herbicide. Fish were exposed 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg L(-1) of clomazone for 192 h. Results indicated that δ-ALA-D activity was decreased in the gills at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg L(-1). Liver glycogen increased, while muscle and gill glycogen levels decreased at 5, 10 and 20 mg L(-1). Glucose was increased in the gills and plasma. Lactate decreased in the gills and liver and increased in the muscle. Protein and amino acids levels increased in the liver and gills and decreased in the muscle. At a clomazone concentration of 20 mg L(-1), ammonia increased in the gills and muscle and decreased in the liver. The results indicated that the metabolic parameters of glycogen, lactate, protein and amino acids in liver, muscle and gills, blood glucose levels, and the enzyme δ-ALA-D in gills may be useful indicators of clomazone toxicity in carp.
Assuntos
Ácido Aminolevulínico/metabolismo , Carpas/metabolismo , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Isoxazóis/toxicidade , Oxazolidinonas/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , AnimaisRESUMO
Changes in carbohydrate and protein metabolism were studied in silver catfish Rhamdia quelen exposed to cadmium (0; 0.236 or 0.414 mg/L) during 7 and 14 days. After exposure time the fish were exposed to recovery period (water without cadmium), during 7 and 14 days. Different alterations in the metabolic parameters were observed such as an increase in lactate, protein, amino acid and ammonia levels as well as a reduction in glucose values after the exposure periods in liver. In muscle, glycogen and glucose values enhanced after cadmium exposure at both concentrations for 7 days; however, at 0.414 mg/L cadmium, protein levels decreased while amino acids and ammonia levels enhanced. An increase in the lactate values was found in plasma after 7 days of exposure and a reduction in the lactate, glucose and protein levels occurred after 14 days of exposure. Results indicated that the metabolic alterations after cadmium exposure were dependent on the tissue type and exposure time. Cadmium exposure for 14 days and recovery period also of 14 days seem to be less harmful to the liver and muscle. However, even after recovering from some changes, fish health may be affected making them more sensitive to some environmental changes.
Assuntos
Cádmio/toxicidade , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/efeitos dos fármacos , Peixes-Gato/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Glucose/metabolismo , Glicogênio/metabolismo , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Músculos/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculos/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares , Proteínas/metabolismoRESUMO
The anesthetic activities of the essential oils (EOs) of Hesperozygis ringens (EOHR) and Lippia alba (EOLA) and their effects in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after anesthesia and recovery were investigated. Fish (32.19 ± 1.24 g) were submitted to one of the following treatments for each EO: basal group, control, or anesthesia (150, 300, or 450 µL L(-1) EO). After that the anesthesia was induced or simulated and the biometric measurements were completed, fish were transferred to anesthetic-free aquaria to allow for recovery. Fish were sampled at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 240 min after recovery. At time 0 of recovery, the ventilatory rate was lower in the groups anesthetized with either EO. In comparison with the basal group, control fish showed an increase in plasma glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Na(+) levels and a reduction in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity at 0 min of recovery. Plasma levels of ammonia and Na(+) were lower in the fish anesthetized with EOLA (450 µL L(-1)) and EOHR (all concentrations), respectively, than in the control fish. Additionally, lactate, AST, alanine aminotransferase, K(+) plasma levels, and gill Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and H(+)-ATPase activities were higher in the fish anesthetized with either EOHR or EOLA than in the control fish. The EOs promoted slight changes in silver catfish that enabled both an adaptive response and the recovery of most of the measured parameters after 240 min regardless of concentration or EO that was used. These findings support the use of EOHR and EOLA as anesthetics for fish.