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INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most prevalent neoplasm among men in the world. Its treatment has a wide spectrum of alternatives and variables, ranging from active surveillance through radio and/or brachytherapy, to surgery. OBJECTIVE: The present work aimed to identify the predictive factors for biochemical recurrence and to evaluate the toxicity of the treatment using the association of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) with high dose rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) applied in the treatment of patients with prostate cancer. METHODS: Longitudinal retrospective study, using a prospectively collected database between 2005 and 2014 of 186 consecutive patients records with a diagnosis of low, intermediate, or high-risk prostate cancer treated with EBRT combined with HDR-BT, in a single medical institution located in the city of Campinas, SP, Brazil (Radium Institute). PSA increase over 2 ng/ml above the nadir PSA was considered as biochemical recurrence, following the definition of the Phoenix Consensus. Continuous and clinically relevant categorical variables (age, initial PSA, delivered dose in EBRT, number of implants, number of positive cores in transrectal biopsy, use of hormone blockade, Gleason score, TNM staging, post treatment PSA and PSA Nadir) were evaluated with absolute (n) and percentage (%) values using multiple logistic regression and validated our previously described optimal PSA nadir as predictor of biochemical recurrence. RESULTS: Post treatment PSA was the only independent predictor of biochemical recurrence, P<0.0001. The lower the PSA nadir the lower the biochemical recurrence risk (P=0.0009). PSA nadir >1 was the best cutoff (P=0.018) determinant of biochemical recurrence. The incidence of grade 3 late toxicity to the genitourinary tract was 0.6%, and there were no cases of severe complications to the gastrointestinal tract. CONCLUSION: External Beam Radiation Therapy conjugated to Brachytherapy in the treatment of Prostate Cancer has demonstrated low biochemical recurrence rates, mainly when PSA nadir <1, with low toxicity into both GU and GI tracts.
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PURPOSE: To evaluate factors related to the length of hospital stay and costs in patients undergoing local multimodal anesthetic solution compared to neuraxial block, both in association with general anesthesia. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of 77 consecutive patients submitted to open radical prostatectomies: 42 under general anesthesia plus neuraxial block, and 35 under enhanced recovery multimodal general anesthesia associated with preemptive target anesthetic solution (3 phases-P.T.A.S). Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, and Spearman correlation were applied with a 5% significance level. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. The cost was positively and significantly related to the pathological report (PR), anesthetic time, use of crystalloid, and total drain volume. Length of hospital stay was positively and significantly related to the use of crystalloids and total drain volume, with a strong correlation with the latter. CONCLUSION: There was no statistically significant difference between the studied groups; however, there was a tendency to reduce the length of stay in the multimodal anesthetic solution group that may be better evidenced in studies with greater sampling power.
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The world is going through an unprecedented time in history, and Urologists are, like many other healthcare professionals, facing and combating on two fronts: against the pandemic itself and cancer. When looking at the fatality rates, bladder cancer overcomes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by far and can be as high as 52%, so Urologists must not postpone investigation. Cystoscopy remains the gold standard for the investigation of bladder cancer and computed tomography (CT) urography for obtaining images of the upper tract in cases of macroscopic hematuria. Whenever transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURB) is necessary, extra care must be taken to assure muscle sample, avoiding another surgical intervention and hospitalization, but when necessary it should not be postponed due to the elevated progression rate of the disease. Follow-up cystoscopies can be postponed for 6 months for low risk, 3 months for intermediate, 6 weeks for high risk, and not beyond 24 hours in case of emergencies as life-threatening hematuria, anemia, and urinary retention. Regarding chemotherapy, more than ever the key point is to evaluate each case individually. Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) must be considered only as an inducing course, in selected intermediate and most high-risk cancers. Whenever possible patients should be tested before surgery. Based on the current literature on optimal bladder cancer patients approach we comprehensively synthetize the major societies guidelines on the issue so far, adding a critical view to the topic. This article aims to guide Urologists on decision making against bladder cancer in the COVID-19 era.
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The "super-active surveillance" concept denotes any active surveillance optimization that allows longer surveillance periods, with the main intention of avoiding overtreatment, by safely eliminating or postponing radical treatment. Super-active surveillance might add to the oncological control with minimal functional impact and similar quality of life compared to active surveillance, which has proved to be safe in well-selected patients. Vascular targeted photodynamic therapy has pioneering shown to significantly reduce the upgrade on subsequent biopsies, resulting in fewer cases converted to radical therapy, and any energy source can be applied to the super-active surveillance concept allowing more men to consider a tissue-preserving therapy for prostate cancer.