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INTRODUCTION:: Bottlenecks still exist during human immunodeficiency virus care that may delay the achievement of better outcomes. METHODS:: We established a monitoring system to trace patients throughout the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome care process in Juiz de Fora, Brazil, to identify potential bottlenecks. RESULTS:: Among 250 patients, 17.6% abandoned follow-up. Our monitoring system tracked 86.4% of patients through the medication logistics control system and 2.3% through the mortality information system. Two percent of patients were not located by our monitoring system. CONCLUSIONS:: A pathway care process contributes to a better understanding of the barriers to the treatment cascade.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION: Bottlenecks still exist during human immunodeficiency virus care that may delay the achievement of better outcomes. METHODS: We established a monitoring system to trace patients throughout the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome care process in Juiz de Fora, Brazil, to identify potential bottlenecks. RESULTS: Among 250 patients, 17.6% abandoned follow-up. Our monitoring system tracked 86.4% of patients through the medication logistics control system and 2.3% through the mortality information system. Two percent of patients were not located by our monitoring system. CONCLUSIONS: A pathway care process contributes to a better understanding of the barriers to the treatment cascade.

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One of the main aspects related to non-adherence to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) for patients infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) refers to the abandonment of outpatient care. This study was aimed to estimate the loss to follow-up in outpatient HIV care at a Regional Referral Clinic (SAE) for HIV/AIDS in the city of Juiz de Fora, Brazil, and to identify associated factors and predictors. This is a prospective cohort of patients older than 18 years, under cART and regular outpatient care. The study included patients who attended medical visits during July-August 2011. Those who did not return to the clinic for new medical appointments within 90 days after the sixth month of follow up were considered lost to follow-up in outpatient care. Variables with P value ≤0.25 in the univariate analysis were included in a logistic regression model, adopting a significance level of 0.05. Among the 250 patients included in the study, 44 (17.6 %) were lost to follow up in outpatient care. Among these, 38 (86.4 %) were located in the cART delivery database system (SICLOM). Younger patients (≤43 versus >43 years) (OR 2.30 CI 1.06-5.00, P = 0.04), and patients attended by physician "E", when compared with physicians "A", "B", "C" or "D" (OR 5.90 CI 2.64-13.18, P = 0.00) were more likely to be lost to follow-up. Patients admitted in the service for 7 years or more were also more likely to be to lost to follow-up (OR 2.27 CI 1.2-4.4, P = 0.01), although this association did not remain statistically significant in the multivariate analysis. Although the purpose of the study, to identify individual factors associated to loss to follow-up, positives associations with a specific physician and with patients admitted in the service for 7 years or more suggest organizational factors. Although the majority of patients lost to follow-up in outpatient care were detected by SICLOM, a detectable viral load in most of these patients suggest a quality of outpatient HIV care proved ineffective, despite the availability of cART. We conclude on the need for further studies to investigate structural factors associated to loss to follow-up when enhanced retention strategies should be implemented in order to maintain an effective outpatient HIV care.

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OBJECTIVES: We assessed mortality associated with immunologic and virologic patterns of response at 6 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-infected individuals from resource-limited countries in Africa and South America. METHODS: Patients who initiated HAART between 1996 and 2007, aged 16 years or older, and had at least 1 measurement (HIV-1 RNA plasma viral load or CD4 cell count) at 6 months of therapy (3-9 month window) were included. Therapy response was categorized as complete, discordant (virologic only or immunologic only), and absent. Associations between 6-month response to therapy and all-cause mortality were assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression. Robust standard errors were calculated to account for intrasite correlation. RESULTS: A total of 7160 patients, corresponding to 15,107 person-years, were analyzed. In multivariable analysis adjusted for age at HAART initiation, baseline clinical stage and CD4 cell count, year of HAART initiation, clinic, occurrence of an AIDS-defining condition within the first 6 months of treatment, and discordant and absent responses were associated with increased risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to reports from high-income countries, discordant immunologic and virologic responses were associated with intermediate risk of death compared with complete and no response in this large cohort of HIV-1 patients from resource-limited countries. Our results support a recommendation for wider availability of plasma viral load testing to monitor antiretroviral therapy in these settings.

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Yellow fever (YF), an arboviral infection of major public health importance in Brazil, is associated with high mortality and high epidemic potential. We analysed confirmed YF cases from the National Surveillance System from 1998-2002 and assessed risk factors for death among hospitalised patients. Variables assessed included age, gender, clinical signs and laboratory findings. A logistic regression model was used to identify independent predictors of death among hospitalised patients. From 1998-2002, among 2117 suspected YF cases reported to Brazil's Ministry of Health, 251 (11.9%) had confirmed YF, of whom 217 (86.5%) were hospitalised and the case fatality rate was 44.2%. Factors associated with higher mortality in univariate analysis included male gender (relative risk (RR) 1.96, 95% CI 1.17-2.28), age >40 years (RR 2.61, 95% CI 1.25-5.45), jaundice (RR 2.66, 95% CI 2.12-3.35), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) >1200 IU/l (RR 1.84, 95% CI 1.23-2.74), alanine aminotransferase >1500 IU/l (RR 2.09, 95% CI 1.38-3.17), total bilirubin >7.0mg/dl (RR 2.33, 95% CI 1.44-3.78), direct bilirubin >5.0mg/dl (RR 2.29, 95% CI 1.33-3.94) and blood urea nitrogen >100mg/dl (RR 5.77, 95% CI 1.43-23.22). In multivariate analysis, elevated AST and jaundice remained independently associated with higher mortality. These findings suggest that selected clinical and laboratory indicators may help clinicians recognise potentially fatal cases of YF.

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In response to antiretroviral therapy, some patients experience what has been termed a discordant response, characterized either by a sustained CD4+ cell count rise despite persistent viraemia or by HIV-1 RNA plasma levels below the limit of detection accompanied by a blunted CD4+ cell count response. In part because of a lack of universally accepted definitions, published estimates of the frequency of discordant responses vary considerably. Little is known about the pathogenesis of discordant responses, which seems to depend on the interaction of a multitude of viral, host and treatment-related factors. Available evidence indicates that discordant responses are associated with an intermediate risk of death or clinical progression. At present, recommendations for the clinical management of patients with discordant responses to antiretroviral therapy are largely based on observational, uncontrolled data. The development of standardized and universally accepted definitions of discordant responses is necessary to allow meaningful comparisons between studies to be made, as well as to help in the design of trials of possible therapeutic interventions.

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Entre junho e setembro de 2000, 9 pessoas de uma área pobre da zona norte do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, desenvolveram uma doença febril hemorrágica e morreram. Foi conduzida uma busca ativa para determinar a extensão do surto e um estudo de caso-controle para identificar a etiologia e os fatores de risco para aquisição da doença. Um paciente-caso foi definido como residente da área afetada apresentando febre, cefaléia e um ou mais dos seguintes sintomas - mialgia, artralgia, diarréia, manifestações hemorrágicas ou icterícia - durante o período de junho a setembro de 2000, tendo procurado serviço médico. Quarenta e três pessoas enquadraram-se na definição de caso e foram comparados com 86 controles, pareados por área de residência e faixa etária. Vinte e três (53,3%) eram do sexo masculino e a idade mediana foi de 19 anos. Na análise univariada, contato com esgoto (mOR=2,5; p=0,02); contato com ratos (mOR=3,0; p=0,006), contato com rio (mOR=3,3; p=.009), e mortandade de animais no peridomicílio (mOR=2,7; p=0,04), foram significantemente associados ao desenvolvimento de doença. Na análise multivariada, contato com ratos (OR=5,1; p=0,03) e contato com rio (OR=4,9; 95%; p=0,04) permaneceram como fatores de risco independentemente associados ao desenvolvimento de doença. A imunohistoquímica de uma amostra de tecido de um caso fatal foi positiva para leptospirose. Exames adicionais para outros potenciais agentes estão pendentes. Com base nas evidências epidemiológicas fornecidas pela investigação, recomendamos a implementação de desratização na área afetada e educação em saúde aos residentes, para que evitassem contato com o rio local. Após a implementação das medidas de controle nenhum caso novo foi notificado. Esta investigação ressalta a importância de se instituir recomendações de saúde pública com base em resultados de investigações epidemiológicas quando exames laboratoriais não estão prontamente disponíveis.

In June-September 2000, nine persons from a poor area north of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, developed a febrile hemorrhagic illness and died. We conducted case finding to determine the outbreak size, and a case-control study to identify disease etiology and risk factors. A case-patient was defined as a resident of the affected area who sought medical care during June-September 6, 2000, presenting with fever, headache, and one or more of the following symptoms: myalgia, arthralgia, diarrhea, hemorrhagic manifestations, or jaundice. Forty-three persons met the case definition and were compared with eighty-six controls matched by area of residence and age group. Twenty-three (53.3%) were males with a median age of 19 years. In univariate analysis, contact with sewage (matched Odds Ratio [mOR]=2.5; p=0.02), contact with rats (mOR=3.0; p=0.006), contact with local creek (mOR=3.3; p=0.009), and mortality of household animals (mOR=2.7; p=0.04), were associated with development of the disease. In multivariate analysis, contact with rats (mOR=4.7; p= 0.03), and contact with local creek (mOR=4.8; 95%; p= 0.04) remained as independent risk factors. Immunohistochemical evaluation of tissue samples from one fatal case was positive for leptospirosis. Further laboratory testing for potential etiologies is pending. Based on the epidemiologic evidence provided by our investigation we recommended implementation of rodent extermination in the affected area, and education of residents to avoid contact with the local creek. Following implementation of these control measures, further cases were not reported. This investigation highlights the value of implementing public health recommendations based on results from epidemiologic investigations when laboratory testing is not immediately available.

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